The child with abnormal liver function tests
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1 The child with abnormal liver function tests Dr Jane Hartley Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist Birmingham Children s Hospital, UK 1 st Global Congress CIP, Paris 2011
2 Contents Over view of liver anatomy, histology and pathophysiology What is meant by liver function tests Liver diseases that occur in childhood How to investigate a child with abnormal liver function tests Patterns of abnormal biochemistry
3 The normal liver
4 The normal liver
5 The normal liver Central vein Hepatic artery Portal vein
6 What is the function of the normal liver? The liver is very complex and has hundreds of functions Interacts with all other systems / organs In summary Processing of digested food from the intestine Control levels of proteins, fats and glucose Combat infection Manufacture and excretion of bile Store iron and vitamins Excretion of drugs and toxins Regulation of hormones Regulation of blood clotting
7 Liver investigations Biochemical liver function tests:- Hepatic or biliary damage Liver dysfunction Specific investigations for cause of liver disease
8 Liver biochemistry: bilirubin A breakdown product of heme (part of the haemoglobin in red blood cells) The hepatocytes takes up bilirubin, conjugates it to make it more water soluble and secretes it onto the bile ducts for excretion via the intestine Increased bilirubin causes jaundice Prehepatic: too much red cell break down (unconjugated) Hepatic: unable to metabolise the bilirubin (mixed) Reduced conjugation Unable to secrete bilirubin Post hepatic: obstruction to the excretion of bile (conjugated)
9 Liver transaminases Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT): intracellular enzymes Raised if hepatocytes are damaged (often measured as multiples of upper limit of normal) ALT more liver specific but longer half life AST is an early marker of liver damage
10 Liver biochemistry: bile ducts Alkaline phosphatase (alk phos) elevated in bile epithelium damage Also found in kidney, bone and intestine γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) found in biliary epithelium and elevated in many forms of liver disease If normal despite high bilirubin it is diagnostic of specific intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes
11 Liver function Clotting factors: prothrombin (PT) very specific for liver dysfunction / liver failure Albumin: low in chronic liver disease Glucose: hypoglycaemia indicates severe hepatic dysfunction
12 Liver pathology Normal liver Cirrhotic liver Acute hepatic necrosis
13 Causes of liver disease European transplant registry; Available at:
14 Types of liver disease Cholestasis: Biliary atresia, PFIC, Alagille syndrome, parenteral nutrition Infection: hepatitis A, B, C, E, EBV, CMV Chemical damage: drugs, chemotherapy Hereditary: Wilsons disease, haemochromatosis Vascular damage: Budd-Chiari Autoimmunity: autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis Congenital anomalies: biliary atresia, Caroli s disease Metabolic disease: galactosemia, fatty liver disease
15 How to investigate a child with History abnormal liver biochemistry Examination Biochemistry Liver function Specific investigations Liver imaging Histology Endoscopy/ ERCP MRI Bone marrow Ophthalmology
16 Investigating the cause of liver disease FBC Culture TORCH screen Infection hepatitis A, B, C, E, EBV Alpha 1-antitrypsin Copper, ceruloplasmin C3, C4, ANA, SMA, LKM Immunoglobulins Serum iron and ferritin Amino acids Organic acids Cholesterol & triglycerides Lactate, free fatty acids Ketones Ammonia Acyl carnitines Alpha fetoprotein DNA
17 Case 1: patterns of abnormal biochemistry 4/52 female Term (3.4kg), thriving, cannabis during pregnancy Well baby jaundiced with pale stool Bottle fed
18 Initial blood investigations FBC - normal Electrolytes - normal Liver function tests - Bilirubin (0-24) 203 mol/l Conjugated (0-17) 197 Alkaline phosphatase (Alkphos) ( ) Alanine transferase (ALT) (5-45) Aspartate transferase (AST) (0-80) Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (0-115) Prothrombin time (PT) (8-15) Albumin (34-42) 469 IU/l 246 IU/l 354 IU/l 507 IU/l 12 seconds 40 g/l
19 Imaging -ultrasound -radionucleotide excretion scan
20
21 Diagnosis case 1 Biliary atresia Kasai operation at 6 weeks Bile flow established Nutrition Vitmains Cholangitis prophylaxis
22 Case 2: patterns of abnormal biochemistry 13 years old boy Tired Weight loss of 1 Kg Abdominal discomfort and stools 4x per day Intermittent jaundice
23 Initial blood investigations Iron deficient anaemia Electrolytes - normal Liver function tests - Bilirubin (0-24) 63 mol/l Conjugated (0-17) 61 Alkaline phosphatase (Alkphos) ( ) Alanine transferase (ALT) (5-45) Aspartate transferase (AST) (0-80) Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (0-115) Prothrombin time (PT) (8-15) Albumin (34-42) 469 IU/l 1246 IU/l 1345IU/l 56 IU/l 17 seconds 31 g/l
24 ANA 1:340 TTG: 33.8 U/ml (0-15) IgG: 34 Imaging: Nodular liver, hilar lymphadenopathy Histology:
25 Case 2 Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis Treatment Immunosuppression Steroids Azathioprine Support with vitamin supplementation (vitamin K) Look for other autoimmune entities Coeliac disease Diabetes Thyroid function
26 Case 3:patterns of abnormal biochemistry 2/52 boy Not feeding well, irritable Blood in nappy 2 nd baby, normal pregnancy and antenatal scans Normal delivery Mother well and no family history
27 Initial blood investigations Haemoglobin & white cell count : normal Platelets low Electrolytes - normal Bilirubin (0-24) 210 mol/l Conjugated (0-17) 100 Alkaline phosphatase (Alkphos) ( ) Alanine transferase (ALT) (5-45) Aspartate transferase (AST) (0-80) Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (0-115) Prothrombin time (PT) (8-15) Albumin (34-42) 469 IU/l 478 IU/l 547 IU/l 46 IU/l 52 seconds 28 g/l
28 Investigations Lactate 5mmol/l ( ) Ferritin 3478 µg/l (32-233) Amino & organic acids normal Ammonia 128 µmol/l (<125) Acyl carnitines normal Serology negative including herpes simplex Lip biopsy: iron in salivary glands
29 Case 3: diagnosis Neonatal haemochromatosis Intensive care Antioxidant therapy Exchange transfusion Super urgent liver transplant Alloimmune disease and therefore could occur in subsequent pregnancies Maternal immunoglobulin infusions from 18 weeks gestation
30 Summary Acute and chronic liver disease Early referral and recognition of liver disease Referral to Specialist centre Early diagnosis Consideration of Treatment Improve outcomes for children
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