Cadena de suministro. Mtro. William H. Delano Frier

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1 Cadena de suministro Mtro. William H. Delano Frier

2 Module 4 Location Strategics

3 Facility Location Location Planning Models Qualitative Quantitative

4 Location Planning The need of a Location Planning Influence based on company s organization and control Reasons to change Effectiveness and efficiency of conversion process Costs Available labor / Unions Production Volume / Capacity Distance to Suppliers and customers

Effectiveness and efficiency of conversion process Costs Available

5 Decision Long term decisions Not easily turned back They affect fixed and variable costs Transportation Taxes, salaries, rent Objective: Maximize benefit for the company

6 Decisions / Service Investment Approach Cost varies between plants The Facility is an important source of investment Directly affects customer contact Affects business volume

7 Decisions / Industry Cost Approach Income varies little between plants The location directly impacts the costs Shipments, production Cost varies between plants

8 Decision Sequence Country Region /Community Location

9 Alternative Evaluation / Methods Preliminary study Detailed Analysis Qualitative Factors Quantitative Breake-even point Gravity Center Minisum Minimax Transportation

10 Preliminary Study Factors / Country Government Culture and Economy Market Labor availability, attitude, productivity, costs Infrastructure Exchange Rate

11 Preliminary Study Factors / Region Objectives / Business Weather and Environment Community acceptance Labor Energy Costs Government Closeness to Suppliers and Customers Land and Building William Delano Frier

acceptance Labor Energy Costs Government Closeness

12 Preliminary Study Factors / Location Size Cost Transportation Services Closeness to services Environmental Impact

13 Detailed Analysis Qualitative Models System based on the factor evaluation Explains why a destintation is preferred Uses measurement factors with an adjustable weight for each situation Decision is taken by consensus

preferred Uses measurement factors with an adjustable

14 Factor Evaluation Factors Relative Weight Score Evaluation Advantages granted by the state Labor ability Distance to customers Distance to suppliers Availability and water quality Community acceptance Education System Qualoty Transportation System Weather Energetics

5 2 10 Availability and water quality 1 3 3 Community acceptance 5 4 20 Education

15 Detailed Analysis Quantitative Models Break-even Point Analysis Identifies the operation level needed in order to recover all the costs. Depends on: Sales Price Operations Cost Structure PE= Fixed Costs Incomes/unit - variable cost/unit

16 Break-even point analysis Graphical view of the relations between: Production Volumes Income Costs Fixed: Do not depend on the production level Variable : Vary proportionally based on volume produced

17 Break-even Point Analysis High FC Low VC Location A Total Income Profit CT High VC Low FC Location B Total Income CT $ Losses CV $ Losses CV CF CF 0 V BE Volume Produced V BE Volume Produced

18 Break-even Point We are considering buiding a new plant and are looking at 3 locations: Texcoco, Mexico City and Toluca The fixed costs / year are: $30k, $60k, & $110k respectively Variable costs / case are: $75, $45, & $25 respectively Price / case $120 Which is the best location for 2000 units?

$30k, $60k, & $110k respectively Variable costs / case are: $75, $45, &

19 Break-even Point Data Texcoco D.F. Toluca Fixed Costs Variable Costs Volume 2000 Results Breakeven Point Units Dollars Texcoco vs DF Texcoco vs Toluca Volume units Texcoco D.F. Toluca Total Cost $ 180,000 $ 150,000 $ 160,000

Results Breakeven Point Units Dollars Texcoco vs DF 1000 105000 Texcoco vs

20 Break-even Point Cost-volume analysis $ Texcoco D.F Units Toluca Texcoco D.F. Toluca

100000 50000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

21 Center of Gravity Locates an optimal point to provide service to multiple destinations Considers : Existing coordinates Example: Markets, suppliers Shipping volume Distance traveled (or cost) The cost/unit/km remains constant

22 Center of Gravity / Steps Obtain the coordinates from available web based information Google Maps, INEGI, other Calculate coordinates X&Y for the center of gravity Determine center of gravity coordinates Minimize distribution costs

23 Center of Gravity / Methodology Coordinate X C Coordinate Y C x y i i d i d i ix W iy W i W i i W i d ix = coordinate x of location i W i = Number of transactions of / for each location d iy = Coordinate Y of location i

24 Center of Gravity.. Example

25 Minisum Location Model Rectilinear distances in right angles Considers the shipping volume Considers existing coordinates Movements are made: East - West, North - South Diagonal movements are not considered

26 Minisum Location Model Methodology Calculate the median of the total number of shipments / movements Starting at the origin and traveling through the x axis, find the value of coordinate x where the number of total shipments is >= to M Starting at the origin and traveling through the y axis, find the value of coordinate y where the number of total shipments >= to M

27 Minisum Location Model Exercise Western University has purchased video equipment that will be used by 6 campus buildings The location of the 6 buildings and number of people that will use the equipment is: School Location People Administration (5,13) 31 Education (8,18) 28 Engineering (0,0) 19 Humanities (6,3) 53 Laws (14,20) 32 Sciences (10,12) 41

28 Minisum Location Model

29 Minisum Location Model

30 Minisum Location Model Exercise ,12 óptimo

31 Determining Cost Transportation Cost n CiLiD i 1 i C i = Cost of moving a shipment / person one distance unit L i = Quantity of shipments / people moved D i = Distance between location i and the new plant D x i xi + y-yi

32 Total Movement Cost Median CT 6 CiLi i 1 ( x xi y yi ) i=1 1* 31 * (abs(6-5) + abs(12-13)) = $62 i=2 1* 28 * (abs(6-8) + abs(12-18)) = $224 i=3 1* 19 * (abs(6-0) + abs(12-0)) = $342 i=4 1* 53 * (abs(6-6) + abs(12-3)) = $477 i=5 1* 32 * (abs(6-14) + abs(12-20)) = $512 i=6 1* 41 * (abs(6-10) + abs(12-12)) = $164 Total $1781

33 Minimax Location Model

34 Minimax Location Model Methodology Values to be defined:

35 Minimax Location Model Methodology All points in the line that join (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are optimal. The optimal solution to the problem can be expressed as follows: x* x 1 y* y 1 (1 ) x 2 (1 ) y El The valor optimal óptimo value c de laof función the objective objetivofunction es 5 is c5/2 2

36 Minimax Location Model Example.. 6 locations with the following coordinates: (5,13), (0,0), (14,20), (8,18), (6,3), (10,12). Objective: Locate a new building that minimizes the maximum distance to the current locations

37 Minimax Location Model Exercise ,15.5 Todos los puntos de la recta son óptimos ,5

38 Lineal Programming Transportation Method Finite number of destinations and sources Volume Cost Origin-Destination Minimizes the Total Transportation Cost The final result determines: Optimal quantity to be shipped from source i to destination j

39 Global Distribution of Auto-Parts (VW)

Variable Costs. Breakeven Analysis. Examples of Variable Costs. Variable Costs. Mixed

Variable Costs. Breakeven Analysis. Examples of Variable Costs. Variable Costs. Mixed Breakeven Analysis Variable Vary directly in proportion to activity: Example: if sales increase by 5%, then the Variable will increase by 5% Remain the same, regardless of the activity level Mixed Combines