Learning from the Luchtsingel

Transcription

1 Learning from the Luchtsingel prof. dr. Derk Loorbach R. van Raak, M. Verhagen, M. Lodder G.J. Peek, M. Meijer 22 april 2014, theater Zuidplein Rotterdam

2 Who DRIFT (Dutch Research Institute for Transitions) Research Institute Erasmus University Research and consultancy societal transitions Interdisciplinary and cross sectoral research, education and experimental governance Hogeschool Rotterdam Lectoraat Gebiedsontwikkeling & Transitiemanagement Research and education new forms of area development Integral approach sectors, life-cycle fases, sustainability and economy

3 Core messages We live in an era of change Socially, ecologically, economically and institutionally The city is the testing ground for transitions Government and society reinvent themselves Luchtsingel as urban transition lab For new type of area development and participation Burgerkracht requires organizational power Bottom-up and top-down need each other

4 THE TRANSITION PERSPECTIVE

5 Symptoms of unsustainability

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8 Transition = regime change Long-term (one or two generations) fundamental change of structure, culture and practices in a societal (sub)system culture: collective set of values, norms, perspectives (shared orientation), paradigms structure: physical infrastructure, economic infrastructure, institutions, rules, regulations, collective routines practices: behavior, operation, implementation Periodic, non-linear systemic shift common in ecological and socioeconomic systems Paradigm to analyse and influence complex societal change

9 Transition levels Macro-level: landscape Sustainability, ICT, ageing population, economic crisis Meso-level: regime Growth orientation, planning, specilisation, topdown Micro-level: niches innovative ideas, projects, technologies, niche actors Based on Geels and Kemp, 2001

10 Transition phases stabilisation Sustainable Society? reconfiguration enhanced lock-in predevelopment tipping phase decline Based on Rotmans et al, 2001 Time

11 Transitions in (Urban) Area Development Government driven focused on building production Governance driven focused on development profits Participation driven focussed on dealing with temporality

12 Transitions in governance Government creates society top-down Governments facilitates markets and formal participation Governance with increased civil society initiative

13 Rotterdam s current regime Fossile, stoney and large scale Little diversity, green and small scale Blueprints, plans and project development Planned city made by professionals Always changing, rebuilding, destroying and doing Little vision, reflection, learning and balance

14 Vision city development

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16 Luchtsingel

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18 Elements Pedestrian bridge Dakakker Parkpompenburg Boxingschool Hofbogendak Accelerating developments ( aanzwengelen ) Communicationplatform

19 Luchtsingel was elected by cross-section of the citizens New burgerpanel survey indicates support from citizens of all age groups, educational levels and etnicities Source: uitslag verkiezingen Stadsinitiatief / analyse COS

20 Why this research Research into impact of all city initiatives Learning for policy innovation, area development and next phase Luchtsingel Reorienting complex spatial development Central District

21 How: methods Combination of methods (triangulation): Previous studies/date Interviews Questionnaires (firms in the area, citizens) Documentanalysis Plans, policy documents Media analysis, online blogs and debates Expert- & stakeholder session

22 4 stories + 2 reflections Story of gradual area transformation Story of city branding and image Reflection from the perspective of area development Story of civil society initiative on major scale Story of doubt and criticism Reflection from new governance perspective Luchtsingel, March

23 PERSPECTIVE AREA DEVELOPMENT

24 AREA DEVELOPMENT Gradual area transformation Strong bottom-up development in the area, driven by a vision on long-term value development Luchtsingel builds upon, connects and accelerates these developments Crucial question whether Luchtsingel sustains and strengthens local scale bottom-up initiative or creates springboard for next phase of a new type of area development

25 Source: ZUS

26 AREA DEVELOPMENT Majority of local firms observes and expects impact. Question to firms in the area: How big do you estimate the impacts of the Luchtsingel are on the local economy and real estate prices now and in the coming years? Luchtsingel, March

27 AREA DEVELOPMENT in different ways Luchtsingel, March

28 AREA DEVELOPMENT Indicators for impact LS Tangible indicators for economic impact and future development: Co-investment Lower than originally proposed Spin-offs Already visible on modest scale Expectations turn-over growth local firms Over 80% expects positive impact on business in area, 40% on own firm. Luchtsingel, March

29 AREA DEVELOPMENT Indicators for impact LS expected effect on own firm s turn-over and/or value Luchtsingel, March Source: DRIFT/online survey local firms

30 AREA DEVELOPMENT Iconic function? Broad impact across various media Traditional and new professional media General media (paper, TV, internet) Various target groups Urban planning and project development (office space location) Tourism Creative industry Talk of the town Luchtsingel, March

31 IMPACT Awareness in city Citizen panel: do you know the city initiative of the Luchtsingel? Source: Burgerpanel gem. R dam/cos, preliminary results

32 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PERSPECTIVE

33 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Stadsinitiatief: citizen participation on enormous scale Adaptive Luchtsingel versus one-shot Stadsinitiatief Larger scale means more impact? Emphasis on elections Initiative in the public space Different phases and scales of participation Before and after elections City and direct area Luchtsingel, March

34 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Citizen s satisfaction with LS Question to citizen panel: how satisfied are you with the Stadsinitiatief LS? Source: Burgerpanel gem. R dam/cos, preliminary results

35 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION Local firms see unique opportunities Local firms on Stadsinitiatief: The approach has resulted in a positive change, which conventional parties could not have realised The approach is a good way to develop from citizen s initiatives Source: DRIFT / online survey local firms

36 DOUBTS AND CRITICISM Doubts and criticism Very diverse criticisms, both on Stadsinitiatief and Luchtsingel Broader debates can be considered form of impact Well-founded debates and criticisms related to governance and area development, spending public money Extreme expectations and ambitious-realistic plan Polarising all-or-nothing debate Enormuous public participation budget, but quite modest public-space budget, no iconic budget Seemingly toned-down plan because of budget control Perception of only elite support, at least not true for voters Luchtsingel, March

37 DOUBTS AND CRITICISM Dissatisfied Rotterdammers voted differently or not AGREE LS has no added value for the city DISAGREE Those who voted for LS Those who did not vote Those who voted different Source: Burgerpanel gem. R dam/cos, preliminary results

38 REFLECTIONS

39 AREA DEVELOPMENT Transition in Urban Area Development Move away from a process of city-making to city-being Although cities will keep growing in numbers of inhabitants, workers and visitors, most of the real estate is already built Development turns into redevelopment as (vacant) supply, such as office-buildings, does not match demand Temporary use is key in the redevelopment process of a city district; keeping it alive and altering it s image Temporary use allows start-ups and creative class to A- locations they otherwise could not afford and, as such, supporting their growth

40 AREA DEVELOPMENT Lessons from the Luchtsingel Investment in urban infrastructure might lead to a dispersal of scarce property development potential, yet it stimulates bottom-up urban development Involvement of professional civil-servants is essential for success Investments in city-making upfront prevent districts from dying during a lengthy redevelopment process Investments in public space can be kick-starter of a bottom-up regeneration process, rather than as finally spending some of the development s profit

41 NEW GOVERNANCE Participatory governance? Unorthodox approach created breakthrough Working SMART and based on consensus could not have Local government internally divided and confused Participating, gedogen, facilitating, directing, legitimizing, blocking,? Underestimated potential for learning and experimenting More a continuous struggle Area developing coalition sub-optimal Low-levels of participation and transparency in the process Luchtsingel as experiment demonstrates potential But also the need for synergetic top-down and bottom-up forces Luchtsingel, March

42 Conclusions Luchtsingel exemplifies the dilemmas and possibilities of a new style urban area development Luchtsingel connects, strengthens, opens up Impact already noticeable, expectations for the future high and ambiguous New phase requires broader vision and new style of governance

43 Conclusions Government struggles with participation if not supporting policy Participatory governance requires redefining every role as well as playing multiple roles Stadsinitiatief should be complemented by other (smaller scale) innovative instruments Rotterdam should more consciously organize and experiment with such spaces as urban transition labs

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