U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program

Transcription

1 U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program PHEV Operations, Performance and Charging Profiles Jim Francfort Hawaiian Electric Company Webcast - October 9 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or sensitive information Idaho National Laboratory Eastern Idaho based U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal laboratory 9 square mile site with 3,6 staff Support DOE s strategic goal: Increase U.S. energy security and reduce the nation s dependence on foreign oil Multi-program DOE laboratory Nuclear Energy Fossil, Biomass, Wind, Geothermal and Hydropower Energy Advanced Vehicles and Battery Development Energy Critical Infrastructure Protection Nuclear Bio-mass Wind Hydropower Geothermal

2 AVTA Background and Goals The Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA) is part of DOE s Vehicle Technologies Program The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation (ETEC) conduct the AVTA. Argonne National Laboratory performs dynamometer testing The AVTA goals: Provide benchmark data to technology modelers, research and development programs, vehicle manufacturers (via VSATT), and target and goal setters Assist fleet managers in making informed early adaptor vehicle purchase, deployment and operating decisions 3 AVTA Testing by Technology Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) models, 7 vehicles, 5, fleet test miles Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) 7 models, 5 vehicles,.5 million test miles Neighborhood electric vehicles 3 models,, test miles Hydrogen ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles 7 models, 5, test miles Full-size battery electric vehicles (BEVs) EV models, 5+ million test miles Urban electric vehicles 3 models, million test miles

3 PHEVs Models in Testing/Demonstrations Hymotion Prius (A3Systems) Hymotion Escape (A3Systems) Ford E5 Escape (Johnson Controls/Saft) EnergyCS Prius, models (Valance and Altair Nano) Electrovaya Escape (Electrovaya) Hybrids Plus Escape, models (Hybrids Plus and K Energy Solutions) Hybrids Plus Prius (Hybrids Plus) Manzanita Prius (lead acid) Manzanita Prius (Thunder Sky) Renault Kangoo (Saft NiCad) (All batteries are Lithium unless noted) 5 PHEV Testing Methods and Objectives Perform independent testing of PHEVs, using: Baseline performance testing: closed test tracks and dynamometers Accelerated testing: dedicated drivers operating on defined onroad loops Fleet testing: everyday unstructured \ non-directed fleet and public use, with onboard data loggers Laboratory testing of PHEV batteries Testing used to document: Battery life, charging patterns and profiles Vehicle operations, fuel use (electricity and gasoline) and infrastructure requirements Driver influences on fuel use Individual PHEV models and PHEV concepts PHEV life-cycle costs 6 3

4 PHEV Operating Modes Charge sustaining (CS) mode: from start to finish of a single trip, there is no energy available for electric drive propulsion in the PHEV battery. Therefore, the battery state-of-charge (SOC) is sustained Charge depleting (CD) mode from start to finish of a single trip, there is energy available for partial or full electric drive propulsion in the PHEV battery. Therefore, the battery SOC is being depleted during the trip Mixed CD/CS mode there is energy in the battery pack at the start of a single trip, but the PHEV battery is fully depleted before the trip ends 7 Hymotion Prius Gen I UDDS Fuel Use 5 kwh A3Systems (Li) and Prius packs (AC kwh) MPG Hymotion PHEV Prius MPG & kwh - UDDS Testing MPG per UDDS Test Cumulative AC kwh Cumulative MPG Each Bar - UDDS Test Cycle, Labeled by Cumulative Miles kwh

5 Hymotion Prius Gen I HWFEDS Fuel Use 5 kwh A3Systems (Li) and Prius packs (AC kwh) MPG Hymotion PHEV Prius MPG & kwh - HWFEDS Testing MPG per FWHET Test Cumulative MPG Cumulative AC kwh kwh Each Bar - HWFET Test Cycle, Labeled by Cumulative Miles 9 PHEV Accelerated Testing Accelerated testing in Phoenix over 5, onroad miles GPS units track distance, average and maximum speeds Cycle Urban Highway Charge Reps Total Reps Miles (mi) ( mi) ( mi) (hr) (N) (mi) (%) (%) % % 3 6 9% % 5 6 9% % 5 6 9% % 5 6 9% % 6 6 6% % 6 6 5% % 6 6 % % 3 6 % % Total,3 3,,3 6 5, Average 3% 57%.3 5

6 Hymotion Prius Gen I Accelerated Testing Cycle Urban Highway Charge Reps Total Electricity Gasoline (mi) ( mi) ( mi) (hr) (N) (mi) AC kwh Gals MPG Total , Weighted Average 79.5 Each total distance slightly greater than 6 and 6 miles. HEV version = mpg Hymotion Prius Gen II Accelerated Testing Cycle (mi) Urban ( mi) Highway ( mi) Charge (hr) Reps (N) Total (mi) Electricity AC kwh Gasoline Gals MPG Recalculated without incomplete charges Total , 6.. Weighted Average 57.7 Each total distance slightly greater than 6 and 6 miles. HEV version = mpg 6

7 Hymotion Prius Gen II Accelerated Testing mile city/highway loops high ambient temperatures results in incomplete charging 6 ETEC Hymotion Prius: mi City/Hwy Loops Max Battery Cell Temperature [degf] Complete Charge Max Batt Cell Temperature [degf] Incomplete Charge Max Batt Cell Temperature [degf] Max Battery Inlet Air Temperature [degf] 3 PHEV Fleet Testing Partners 75+ testing partners in the U.S. and Canada: 36 Electric utilities and clean-air agencies City, county and state governments 7 Private companies and advocacy organizations Universities and colleges and Canadian provinces PHEV companies sea port and DOD facility Testing partners include: A3Systems, EnergyCS, NYSERDA, NRECA, UC Davis, Fairfax County, Google.org, Austin Energy, Central Vt PSC, Duke Energy, Advanced Energy, Progress Energy, SDGE, Basin Electric, Buckeye Power, WI Public Power Inc., Madison GE, SCANA Corp., HCATT, BC Hydro, BC Government, various Washington State groups 7

8 PHEVs and Demonstration Locations 3 3+= -Canada += 5 +=5 7 Total 79 Operating 36 Coming 9 Out of Service =5 3 in DC PHEV Fleet Testing Reports Summary reports posted monthly on web Individual vehicle reports only go to the respective fleets each month,,6+ reports to date (August, 9) 53 Hymotion Prius PHEVs, 7, miles, 6, trips,,5 charging events, 7, kwh used. VGreen and Kvaser data logger reports 6

9 Hymotion Prius (VGreen Logger) Fleet Tests March / to July /9. PHEVs, 9, miles, 5, trips,, charging events and 3, kwh used 7 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CS Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March May 9 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for 7,3 CS Trips, 75, miles (5.9 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driver Aggressiveness MPG Data from 5 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 9

10 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CS/CD Mixed Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March May 9 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for 5,9 CD/CS Trips, 9, miles (5.3 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driver Aggressiveness MPG Data from 5 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers 9 Hymotion Prius PHEVs CD Trips MPG and aggressive driving impacts March May 9 MPG & Driver Aggressiveness for,7 CD Trips, 5, miles (6.7 miles average trip distance) 7 6 Driven Aggressiveness MPG Data from 5 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers

11 MPG Results - Charge Depleting (CD) Mode % 35% Percent of,7 CD Trips and 5, CD Miles by MPG Grouping Percentage CD Trips by MPG Group Percentage CD Miles by MPG Group 3% 5% % 5% % 5% % < MPG to <6 MPG 6 to < MPG to< mpg to <5 MPG >=5 MPG Data from 5 Hymotion Prius with VGreen and Kvaser loggers Ambient Temperature MPG Impacts Average Fuel Economy [MPG] All Trips Hymotion Prius Fleet Fuel Economy 7 CD CD/CS 6 CS 5 3 <-C -C to -C -C to C C to C C to C Average Ambient Temperature [C] C to 3C 3C to C >C

12 Engine Operations by Ambient Temperatures % Hymotion Prius Fleet - Percentage of Miles with Engine On All Trips CD CD/CS CS Percent Miles Engine On [%] % 6% % % % <-C -C to -C -C to C C to C C to C Average Ambient Temperature [C] C to 3C 3C to C >C 3 Monthly Fleet Testing MPG Results 75 Monthly MPG by Operating Mode MPG - All MPG CD MPG CD/CS MPG CS April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan 9 Feb 9 Mar 9 April 9 May 9 June "9 July '9

13 Testing Results by Fleet 7% Percent Miles Driven by Fleet and Operating Mode 6% 5% WA State 3 California All VGreen Haw aii 6 Canada % 3% % % % %CD %CS %CD/CS 5 Testing Results by Fleet cont d 7% 65% 6% 55% 5% 5% % 35% 3% 5% % 5% % 5% % Percent Trips Taken by Fleet and Operating Mode WA State 3 Calif ornia All VGreen Haw aii 6 Canada %CD %CS %CD/CS 6 3

14 Testing Results by Fleet cont d 5 Charging Statistics WA State 3 California All VGreen Haw aii 6 Canada 5 5 Ave Charging Event /Vehicle/M ont h Ave Charging Event/Vehicle/Day Ave Distance (mi) per charge Ave kwh/charge Ave kwh/ M onth 7 Testing Results by Fleet cont d MPG by Fleet and Operating Mode WA State 3 California All VGreen Hawaii 6 Canada CD MPG CS MPG CD/CS MPG All Modes MPG CD/CS % Improvement

15 Puget Sound PHEV Smart Charging Trials 3 Seattle PHEV s participated in trials conducted by Seattle City Light using GridPoint s Electric Vehicle Management Solution Types of Trials: Time of Day Charging Vehicles charging allowed only during certain hours of the day. Goal Based Charging Normalize power demand for vehicle charging around a goal load. Economic Charging Allow vehicle charging only when the price of electricity is below a threshold 9 Trial Analysis INL analyzed data collected from the participating vehicles during four trials: Trial and Description Pre-Trials No Charging Control Trial Time of Day Charging Trial Goal Based Charging 7kW* Trial not included, 7kW load not reached Trial 3 Economic Charging Trial Goal Based Charging 3kW Date Range Analyzed /9/9-/3/9 /3/9-/6/9 /7/9-/3/9 5//9-5//9 5/5/9-5//9 3 5

16 Equivalent Battery Cycles The charging data can be used to estimate the equivalent battery cycles (e.g., a simple battery odometer ) Equivalent cycles are based on a nominal capacity of 5. Ah (7 Wh /. V) SCL appears to have experienced the most aging so far Estimated Equivalent Cycles Pre-Trial Trial Trial Trial 3 Total King County King County 3 9 King County Port of Seattle 6 Port of Seattle 3 PSCA PSCA SCL SCL 3 SCL Seattle Gridpoint VCM with Hymotion L5 Plug-In Conversion Modules in Prius GridPoint Vehicle Connectivity Module (VCM): Controlled charging, as directed by GridPoint s server Logged vehicle charging and driving data VCM controls charging by requesting the Hymotion pack wait to charge or charge at a specified power level (% of full) - no physical interruption of the circuit Uncontrolled Hymotion pack will begin to charge immediately when plugged in (as temperature, stateof-charge, etc allow) 3 6

17 Charging No Control Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - No External Control AC Power [Watts] 6 Charging P avg = W End-of-Charge Post Charge P avg = 6 W Time [seconds] 33 Results of Charging Trials Trial # When a vehicle is plugged in, the VCM establishes communication with control server, requests Hymotion pack charge only between pm-am Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - am to pm Charging AC Power [Watts] 6 Standby P avg = W Charging P avg = 97 W Post Charge P avg = 5 W Time [seconds] Vehicle Plugged In Charging Begins ~ PM Charging Ends 3 7

18 Results of Charging Trials Trial # (cont.) Rogue AC kwh Energy drawn outside of allowable charging window: Communication not established or lost - charging occurs Cumulative standby energy draw when not charging Energy Consumption (kwh) by Type and Time Energy Drawn Outside of Commanded Window Trial - Time of Day Charge Control Charging in Window Non-Charging in Window Charging out-of Window Non-Charging out-of Window 5.6 Frequency [# Charging Events] < >5 Energy Drawn Outside of Commanded Window [kwh] 35 Results of Charging Trials Trial #3 Artificial price signal supplied, vehicles are to charge when energy price < $./kwh Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - Economic Control.. Price Signal AC Power Price per kwh [$]..6. Standby P avg = 39 W Charge P avg =69W Price Threshold Post Charge P avg = 9 W 6 AC Power [Watts]. : : 6: 9: :36 : : : 7: 9:36 : < 3 mins, charging Time 36

19 Results of Charging Trials Trial # Vehicles charging controlled to normalize the resource load around 3 kw (Typical 7 Vehicle Max, 3 Possible) Typical Charge, Single Vehicle - 3kW Normalized Load Standby P avg =37W (7 Segments) AC Power [W] 6 Charge P avg =7W ( Segments) Post Charge P avg =6W Time [s] 37 Commercial Fleet, Uncontrolled Charging May 9 66 vehicles, charging events Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand 3 Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Avg Charging Demand (kw) Day of month Saturday Day of month Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Time of day (hrs) Time of day (hrs) Friday.3 Thursday.5. Wednesday.5 Tuesday. Monday.5 3 Sunday 5 5 Time of day (hrs) 9

20 Commercial Fleet, Uncontrolled Charging May 9 66 vehicles, charging events Day of the Month - by Day Gray lines are avg daily demand for individual hours on that day Day of the Month - by Hour Red line is avg daily demand of all hours that day Gray lines are average hourly demand on individual days in month.7 Red line is average hourly demand of all days.7 Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Days Day of the Week. Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Hours Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Hours 39 Private Fleet, Uncontrolled Charging May 9 7 vehicles, 9 charging events Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand 3 Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw)..5 5 Avg Charging Demand (kw) Saturday.5 3 Day of month Time of day (hrs) Average Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw).9 3 Day of month Time of day (hrs) Friday.7 Thursday.6.5 Wednesday. Tuesday.3. Monday Sunday 5 5 Time of day (hrs).

21 Private Fleet, Uncontrolled Charging May 9 7 vehicles, 9 charging events. Day of the Month - by Day Gray lines are avg daily demand for individual hours on that day Red line is avg daily demand of all hours that day. Day of the Month - by Hour Gray lines are average hourly demand on individual days in month Red line is average hourly demand of all days Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Days Day of the Week 6 6 Hours Avg Hourly Vehicle Charging Demand (kw) Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Hours PHEV Charging Infrastructure Cost Report Analyzes PHEV infrastructure requirements in single and multi-family residential, and commercial facilities as well as driving trends. No site specific costs Charging infrastructure equipment/administrative costs: Levels (V, 5 or amp) and residential Levels and (/V ~ amp) apartment complex Level commercial facility Battery sizes & charge times for various PHEV platforms Power electronics & battery costs for PHEV platforms EVSE (charge cord) Administration costs Total Level Cost Level Residential Residential circuit installation (A branch circuit, VAC/-Phase) Labor -- $3 $6 $36 Material $5 $3 $3 $ Permits -- $5 $9 $9 Total $5 $56 $ $7

22 AVTA Webpage Use and Gasoline Costs INL WWW Visitors & Gasoline Costs (all formulations, areas, and grades) Number of Monthly Visitors, 37,5 35, 3,5 3, 7,5 5,,5, 7,5 5,,5, 7,5 5, Visitors (left axis) Gasoline Cost (right axis) Linear (Gasoline Cost (right axis) ) Linear (Visitors (left axis)) $.5 $. $3.75 $3.5 $3.5 $3. $.75 $.5 $.5 $. $.75 $.5 All Grades Gasoline Costs - End of Month,5 May ' June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ' Jan '3 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '3 Jan ' Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ' Jan '5 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '5 Jan '6 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '6 Jan '7 Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec '7 Jan ' Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ' Jan '9 Feb March April May June July Aug $.5 3 Acknowledgement This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy s Vehicle Technologies Program Additional Information or INL/CON-9-75