Network Security. Lecture 3
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1 Network Security Lecture 3 Design and Analysis of Communication Networks (DACS) University of Twente The Netherlands
2 Security protocols application transport network datalink physical
3 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
4 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
5 IP Security (IPSec) Authentication Data confidentiality Data integrity Key management IPv4: option / IPv6: included
6 IPSec protocols 1) Authentication Header (AH) Authentication Access control Replay protection Integrity Non-repudiation (depends on algorithm) 2) Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Confidentiality Authentication (depends on algorithm) Access control Replay protection Integrity (depends on algorithm) Non-repudiation (depends on algorithm) 3) Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 6
7 IPsec 7
8 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
9 Encryption in practice Traffic type Octets Packets SSH 2,33% 42,55T 1,98% 47,95G HTTPS 2,63% 48.02T 3,61% 87,32G IPsec ESP 0,28% 5.131T 0,34% 8.255G IPsec AH 0,00% 83,91G 0,01% 181.4M IPsec IKE 0,00% 16,98G 0,00% 61,63M Source:
10 Encryption in practice Traffic type Octets Packets SSH 3,42% 17.45T 3,51% 20.98G HTTPS 1,11% 5.677T 1,67% 10.00G IPsec ESP 0,14% 696.9G 0,20% 1.211G IPsec AH 0,01% 54.20G 0,01% 89.35M IPsec IKE 0,00% 1.174G 0,00% 5.818M Source: 10
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16 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
17 IPSec components 17
18 The ESP DES-CBC Transform (RFC 1829) (19291 bytes) IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (RFC 1827) (30278 bytes) obsoleted by RFC 2406 IP Authentication using Keyed MD5 (RFC 1828) (9800 bytes) IP Authentication Header (RFC 1826) (30475 bytes) obsoleted by RFC 2402 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (RFC 1825) (56772 bytes) obsoleted by RFC 2401 HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (RFC 2104) (22297 bytes) HMAC-MD5 IP Authentication with Replay Prevention (RFC 2085) (13399 bytes) Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (RFC 2401) ( bytes) The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec (RFC 2410) (11239 bytes) IP Security Document Roadmap (RFC 2411) (22796 bytes) IP Authentication Header (RFC 2402) (52831 bytes) The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol (RFC 2412) ( bytes) The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms (RFC 2451) (26400 bytes) The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH (RFC 2403) (13578 bytes) The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH (RFC 2404) (13089 bytes) The ESP DES-CBC Cipher Algorithm With Explicit IV (RFC 2405) (20208 bytes) IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (RFC 2406) (54202 bytes) The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP (RFC 2407) (67878 bytes) Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) (RFC 2408) ( bytes) The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (RFC 2409) (94949 bytes) The Use of HMAC-RIPEMD within ESP and AH (RFC 2857) (13544 bytes) More Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (RFC 3526) (19166 bytes) On the Use of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) with IPsec (RFC 3554) (20102 bytes) The AES-XCBC-MAC-96 Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec (RFC 3566) (24645 bytes) The AES-CBC Cipher Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec (RFC 3602) (30254 bytes) The AES-XCBC-PRF-128 algorithm for IKE (RFC 3664) (6711 bytes) Using AES Counter Mode With IPsec ESP (RFC 3686) (43777 bytes) A Traffic-Based Method of Detecting Dead IKE Peers (RFC 3706) (30196 bytes) IPsec-NAT Compatibility Requirements (RFC 3715) (43476 bytes) Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE (RFC 3947) (0 bytes) UDP Encapsulation of IPsec Packets (RFC 3948) (0 bytes) IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (RFC 4303) ( bytes) Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol (RFC 4306) ( bytes) IP Authentication Header (RFC 4302) (82328 bytes) Extended Sequence Number (ESN) Add. to Ipsec DOI for Internet Security Association &Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP (RFC 4304) (9243 bytes) Using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) CCM Mode with IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (RFC 4309) (28998 bytes) Cryptographic Algorithms for use in the Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2) (RFC 4307) (12980 bytes) Cryptographic Suites for IPsec (RFC 4308) (13127 bytes) Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (RFC 4301) ( bytes) Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH) (RFC 4305) (17991 bytes) 18 The Use of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (RFC 4106) (23399 bytes)
19 IETF Active security WGs btns Better-Than-Nothing Security dkim Domain Keys Identified Mail emu EAP Method Update inch Extended Incident Handling isms Integrated Security Model for SNMP kitten Kitten (GSS-API Next Generation) krb-wg Kerberos WG ltans Long-Term Archive and Notary Services msec Multicast Security openpgp An Open Specification for Pretty Good Privacy pki4ipsec Profiling Use of PKI in IPSEC pkix Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509) sasl Simple Authentication and Security Layer secsh Secure Shell smime S/MIME Mail Security syslog Security Issues in Network Event Logging tls Transport Layer Security 19
20 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
21 Transport and Tunnel mode Original IP packet IP Header Payload Transport mode IP Header IPSec Header Payload Tunnel mode New IP Header IPSec Header Old IP Header Payload
22 Transport mode IP Header IPSec Header Payload IP Header IPSec Header Payload Network 22
23 Tunnel mode IP Header Payload IP Header Payload Security Gateway New IP Header IPSec Header Old IP Header Payload New IP Header IPSec Header Old IP Header Payload Network 23
24 Tunnel mode IP Header Payload Security Gateway New IP Header IPSec Header Old IP Header Payload New IP Header IPSec Header Old IP Header Payload Network 24
25 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
26 AH and ESP Functionality Transport mode Tunnel mode AH Authenticates IP payload plus selected portions of IP header Authenticates entire inner IP packet plus selected portions of outer IP header ESP Encrypts IP payload Encrypts inner IP packet ESP with Authentication Encrypts IP payload. Authenticates IP payload but not IP header Encrypts and Authenticates inner IP packet 26
27 IPSec AH header Note that Security Associations (SAs) are 1 way; for full duplex communication two SAs must be established. SPI is therefore different for both directions 27
28 Question How can replay be detected? 28
29 Replay protection Uses Sequence number and window 29
30 Integrity Check Value Implementations must support: HMAC-MD5-96 HMAC-SHA-1-96 The Integrity Check Value is calculated over the IP data and the IP header fields that do not change in transit 30
31 Question The Integrity Check Value is calculated over the IP data and most of the IP header. Which IP header fields should be included, which not? IP Version number? IP Source and Destination addresses? IP Time To Live (TTL) Field? IP header length? IP total packet length? IP header checksum? IP Type of Service 31
32 Source: 32
33 May be different Pkt len Source: 33
34 Question Can IPSec AH operate over NATs? Yes No Depends whether NAT is at sender or receiver side Depends whether transport or tunnel mode is used 34
35 NAT (Network Address Translation) changes IP address NAT does not know the secret key to update the Auth Data Same holds for PAT (Port Address Translation) IPSec AH (both transfer & tunnel mode) can not work over NATs Source: 35
36 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
37 IPSec ESP header (+ payload) 37
38 Encryption and Authentication Algorithms Implementations must support: DES-CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode (encryption) HMAC-MD5-96 (authentication) HMAC-SHA-1-96 (authentication) Optional: Triple DES RC5 AES Blowfish IDEA Triple IDEA 38
39 ESP Authentication Only the ESP header and encrypted payload are authenticated This is different from AH (although security is not really weakened) Note that outsiders may not even be able to determine if authentication is used. Only the destination knows the meaning of the SPI field 39
40 Source: 40
41 Source: 41
42 ESP and NATs ESP authentication and encryption do not include the IP header NATs can therefore modify the IP addresses NATs have to relate responses to requests, however Port numbers are usually used for that purpose ESP makes port numbers invisible, however SPI values can not be used instead, since they are different in both directions See RFC 3715 : IPSec-NAT Compatibility Requirements 42
43 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
44 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Source:
45 Different VPN solutions IPSec PPTP Cisco, Microsoft Informational RFC (RFC 2637) Originally authentication only via passwords Microsoft Challenge/Response Handshake Protocol (MSCHAPv2) Encryption is optional Outdated L2TP OpenVPN SSL/TLS Hamachi 45
46 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
47 1. Manual IPSec key management 2. Automatic Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Combination and extension of: Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) Oakley: key exchange protocol SKEME: another key exchange protocol Two versions of IKE exist
48 IKE Two phases: 1. Create an IKE SA (Security Association): a secure and authenticated channel between the two communicating entities 2. Create and manage IPSEC SAs (child SAs) 48
49 Two modes: main mode aggressive mode IKE - Phase 1 Four Authentication methods: Pre-shared keys Digital signatures Public key encryption Revised public key encryption 49
50 IKE - Phase 2 One mode: Quick mode Involves exchange of 3 messages Again many options 50
51 Interoperability: Too many options IKE problems No safe default settings, dead-locks possible Too much computation: vulnerable to DoS attacks Too complex to understand Description scattered over multiple RFCs IKEv2 should improve the situation From the start addresses NATs 51
52 Contents IPSec overview IPSec in practice IPSec standardization IPSec modes: transport tunnel IPSec AH IPSec ESP IPSec and VPNs IPSec key management Summary
53 Summary Two kind of protocols: AH and ESP Two different modes: transport and tunnel Separate key management protocol Usage is below expectation Various problems
54 IPSec problems Interoperability: (too?) many options Schreier & Ferguson: IPSec is too complex to be secure [1999] Network Address Translators (NATs) Some operators re-assign IP addresses periodically Performance: Fragmentation Time needed for key management Time needed for encryption / decryption 54
55 IPSec implementations Windows (2000, XP, Vista, W7) replacing PPTP Linux Mac OS X BSD All major network devices (routers) UMTS standards 55
56 Stallings, chapter 6 References Wikipedia: An Illustrated Guide to IPSec IETF 56
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