CS197U: A Hands on Introduction to Unix
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1 CS197U: A Hands on Introduction to Unix Lecture 10: Security Issues and Traffic Monitoring Yung-Chih Chen University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Computer Science 1
2 Reminders 2
3 Reminders Assignment 5 is due tomorrow (Oct. 17) Part 1 (tracking webpage update): Hints cronbab -e for editing cron table, default editor is emacs make sure there is one new empty line at the bottom of cron table Crtl+X then S to save, Ctrl+X then C to quit (for non-mac users) In the script, save command output string to a variable update=`command` Check the inequality of two strings: $update and (no changes) You get full points when you and I (the $CC ) receive s from edlab server 2
4 Reminders Assignment 5 is due tomorrow (Oct. 17) Part 1 (tracking webpage update): Hints cronbab -e for editing cron table, default editor is emacs make sure there is one new empty line at the bottom of cron table Crtl+X then S to save, Ctrl+X then C to quit (for non-mac users) In the script, save command output string to a variable update=`command` Check the inequality of two strings: $update and (no changes) You get full points when you and I (the $CC ) receive s from edlab server Assignment 6 will be posted late today! Due next Wed (Oct. 24) You will need A LOT of piping and awk in a line (mostly the same format) <COMMAND> grep <KEYWORD> awk F : {print $n } prints out your target answer/string 2
5 Reminders Assignment 5 is due tomorrow (Oct. 17) Part 1 (tracking webpage update): Hints cronbab -e for editing cron table, default editor is emacs make sure there is one new empty line at the bottom of cron table Crtl+X then S to save, Ctrl+X then C to quit (for non-mac users) In the script, save command output string to a variable update=`command` Check the inequality of two strings: $update and (no changes) You get full points when you and I (the $CC ) receive s from edlab server Assignment 6 will be posted late today! Due next Wed (Oct. 24) You will need A LOT of piping and awk in a line (mostly the same format) <COMMAND> grep <KEYWORD> awk F : {print $n } prints out your target answer/string field separator - :, ; (default is space) 2
6 Last time
7 Last time Your network configurations : your own machine
8 Last time Your network configurations : your own machine ifconfig, iwconfig, iwlist, dhclient Can not connect to a remote site?
9 Last time Your network configurations : your own machine ifconfig, iwconfig, iwlist, dhclient Can not connect to a remote site? ping, host The site seems to be alive, but the connection is slow
10 Last time Your network configurations : your own machine ifconfig, iwconfig, iwlist, dhclient Can not connect to a remote site? ping, host The site seems to be alive, but the connection is slow traceroute
11 IP addressing IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface interface: connection between host/router and physical link router s typically have multiple interfaces host typically has one or two interfaces (e.g., wired Ethernet, wireless ) IP addresses associated with each interface =
12 Local Area Networks (LANs) bus topology popular through mid 90s today: star topology prevails active switch in center each spoke runs a (separate) Ethernet protocol wireless LANS: bus: coaxial cable star switch shared RF (e.g., WiFi)
13 LAN Addresses Each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address (also has an IP address) q LAN (or MAC or physical) address: used to get data from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network) q 48-bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter hardware
14 LAN Addresses Each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address (also has an IP address) LAN (or MAC or physical) address: q used to get data from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network) q 48-bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter hardware Question: why separate MAC and IP addresses?
15 LAN Addresses Each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address (also has an IP address) LAN (or MAC or physical) address: q used to get data from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network) q 48-bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter hardware Question: why separate MAC and IP addresses? - MAC: your identity - IP: your role(s)
16 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Question: how to determine MAC address of B knowing B s IP address? A-2F-BB AD F7-2B LAN D7-FA-20-B C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
17 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Question: how to determine MAC address of B knowing B s IP address? F7-2B LAN A-2F-BB AD D7-FA-20-B0 Each IP node (host, router) on LAN has ARP table ARP table: IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes < IP address; MAC address; TTL> TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
18 ARP protocol: Same LAN (network) A wants to send datagram to B, and B s MAC address not in A s ARP table. A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address dest MAC address = FF-FF- FF-FF-FF-FF all machines on LAN receive ARP query B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address frame sent to A s MAC address (unicast)
19 ARP protocol: Same LAN (network) A wants to send datagram to B, and B s MAC address not in A s ARP table. A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address dest MAC address = FF-FF- FF-FF-FF-FF all machines on LAN receive ARP query B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out) soft state: information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed ARP is plug-and-play : nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator frame sent to A s MAC address (unicast)
20 Addressing: routing to another LAN C-E8-FF B2-2F-54-1A-0F A E6-E BB-4B 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D R B 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A walkthrough: send data from A to B via R assume A knows B s IP address two ARP tables in router R, one for each IP network (LAN)
21 C-E8-FF-55 A E6-E BB-4B 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D R B 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A A creates IP packet with source A, destination B A uses ARP to get R s MAC address for A adds a frame with R's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP data A s NIC sends frame R s NIC receives frame R removes IP from Ethernet frame, sees its destined to B R uses ARP to get B s MAC address R creates frame containing A-to-B IP datagram sends to B
22 Traffic Monitoring
23 Traffic Monitoring Command line tools Check from time to time when the connection is slow Malicious software/virus may piggyback on your network connections Measure how fast is your download/upload ifstat: real-time throughput of each interface Uplink and downlink ifstat t : with timestamps
24 Traffic Monitoring Command line tools Check from time to time when the connection is slow Malicious software/virus may piggyback on your network connections Measure how fast is your download/upload ifstat: real-time throughput of each interface Uplink and downlink ifstat t : with timestamps iftop: more detailed information about current connections source and destination Port number Throughput
25 Demo arp address resolution protocol Broadcast your own address when first joining the network/lan arp n : list the table of all IP addresses ß à hardware MAC mapping arp d <hostname> : delete a host s hardware address from ARP table arp s <hostname> <HW> : add an mapping of an IP/MAC Wireshark Sniffing all the packets passing through the shared media Ethernet LANs or wireless LANs Various of TCP and UDP connections Packet headers and the contents
26 Security Issues
27 Security Issues LAN is based on a broadcast system Know who your neighbors are Know their MAC/IP addresses mapping When a packet arrives your LAN Look at the destination IP address of the packet header If not your packets, dump them Otherwise, receive and respond to the packet BUT Can I take a look at someone else s packet in my LAN? Their s, their passwords, and their conversations
28 Bad guys can sniff packets packet sniffing : broadcast media (shared ethernet, wireless) promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g., including passwords!) passing by A C src:b dest:a payload B
29 Wireshark Packet Sniffer Capture packets being sent/received from/to your computer Need to install it as a sudoer sudo get-apt install wireshark, then type sudo wireshark
30 Wireshark
31 Wireshark
32 Unsecure vs. Secure Network Connections ssh vs. telnet Secure Shell (SSH) for secure remote login vs. plain text interaction scp vs. ftp Secure CoPy based on SSH vs. File Transfer Protocol vs. Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol
33 Summary Command Description arp Address resolution protocol (IP vs. MAC) ifstat Real time bandwidth monitoring on all interfaces iftop Monitoring details of specific interface ftp/scp (Un)secure file transport wireshark Packet sniffing
CS197U: A Hands on Introduction to Unix
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