Regional Platform on Plant pest and diseases.

Transcription

1 Regional Platform on Plant pest and diseases. Safari park hotel, Nairobi April 2014 Edwin Adenya and Aisja Frenken.

2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACMV AR4D ARI ASARECA BBTD BPHL BXW CABI CGIAR CIMMYT DHS DLCOEA EAC ECA ECTAD EMPRES FAO FERA FFLS FOC HH ICIPE IGAD IITA IPM IPPC IPPM ISPM KAPAP KARI KEPHIS LGB MLND MOA MOA NPTs NWPG PCPB PRA SADC SCMV SDSR SOWC TCP TIMP TOSCI TOT ULV UNICEF UON WEMA African Cassava Mosaic Virus Agricultural Research for Development Agricultural Research Institute Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa Banana Bunchy Top Disease Burundi Plant Health Legislation Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Demographic Household Surveys Desert Locust Control for East Africa East African Community East and Central Africa Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases Emergency Prevention System Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food and Environment Research Agency Farmers Field and Life School Fusarium Oxysporum Household International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Intergovernmental Authority on Development International Institute for Tropical Agriculture Integrated Pest Management International Plant Protection Convention Integrated Pest and Production Management International Standards for Phytosanitary Services Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services Local Government Boards Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture National Performance Trials National phytosanitary working group Pest Control and Board Pest Risk Analysis Southern African Development Community Sugar Cane Mosaic Virus Single Diseased Stem Removal State of the World's Children Technical Cooperation Programme Technology Innovations and Management Programmes. Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute Training of Trainers Ultra Low Volume Applicators United Nations Children's Fund University of Nairobi. Water Efficient Maize Application i

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations... i Table of Contents... ii List Of Figures.... iv Introduction... 1 Concept Note... 1 Regional platform on plant pests and diseases... 1 Justification... 1 Session 1: Overall Regional Assessment... 5 Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture... 5 Emerging Plant Pests and management efforts The case of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) in East Africa... 9 Session 2: Country Reports CROP PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA Responses to the threat OF diseases FOR major food crops: EAstern DRC STATUS REPORT ON THE INCIDENCE AND MAGNITUDE OF MAJOR CROPS PESTS AND DISEASES Pests & diseases of major staple crops in Rwanda INCIDENCE & MAGNITUDE OF MAJOR CROP PESTS IN TANZANIA Country Report on Plants Pests and diseases Country status report on plant pests and diseases Session 3: Who does what, where? Mapping of who does what? Currently the PROPOSED ALLIANCE PLATFORM Session 4: Management tools, options and gaps Kenyan Taskforce on MNLD CIMMYT experience with Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Experiences in MNLD Research ON Viruses of Cereals, Legumes, Vegetables and Ornamentals Uganda experience on BXW Banana Xanthomonas wilt control in Uganda SESSION 5: The Private sector view banana Xanthomonas wilt in a wider farming/livelihood systems context ii

4 REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY-BBTD flagship project Network of partners and action sites /Learning alliance Session 6: Experiences and Lessons Learned Management of Major Plant Pests and Diseases in ECA: Past, Present and Future Initiatives and Plans at ASARECA Session 7: Surveillance, preparedness and planning for management Front lines support to big pests and diseases: experiences and lessons Possible role of plant clinics in EWS for phytosanitary risks Nematode Pests of Maize and Banana Fusarium Wilt of Banana (Panana disease) and introduction of tropical race 4 to Mozambique Banana bunchy top disease Planning for management of wheat rusts and reflections on Foc TR4 in Philippines Alliance approach for the control of emerging plant disease threats in West Africa Session 8: Recommendations and way forward Role and contribution of FAO Closing Session List of Participants LIST OF TABLES. TABLE 1: STUNTING RATES ACROSS EAST AFRICA... 5 TABLE 2: TABLE SHOWING MAJOR CROPS GROWN IN BURUNDI TABLE 3: LIST OF MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES IN BURUNDI TABLE 4: TABLE SHOWING PEST AND DISEASE DAMAGE IN RWANDA IN HECTARES TABLE 5: A LIST OF PESTS IN TANZANIA TABLE 6: A LIST OF MAJOR PESTS IN KENYA TABLE 7: RECORDED MCMV/MLN INCIDENCES GLOBALLY TABLE 8: TABLE SHOWING GERMPLASM SCREENING AT NAIVASHA, KENYA TABLE 9: PROFESSOR HANU PAPPU TABLE 10: CURRENT BBW STATUS IN UGANDA AS AT NOV TABLE 11: A SNAP SHORT OF THE FOOD SITUATION IN ECA REGION TABLE 12 : GAP ANALYSIS: EXPERT OPINION TABLE 13: VALIDATED PC DATA: MAIZE TABLE 14: MLND & PLANT CLINIC QUERIES IN KENYA TABLE 15: GEOGRAPHICAL SHIFTS OF PRATYLENCHUS COFFEAE TABLE 16: INCIDENCE OF MLN AGENTS DIFFER iii

5 LIST OF FIGURES. Figure 1: Participants Group Photo... 2 Figure 2: Dr. ABATE -Delivering The Key note address Figure 3: Ms. Angela Kimani doing her presentation on Nutrition Figure 4:Malnutrition rates in east Africa... 5 Figure 5: Causess of food and nutrition security... 6 Figure 6: Nutrition specific vs-a-vs nutrition sensitive factors... 6 Figure 7: How agriculture can contribute to good nutrition and health Figure 8: Participants at the workshop Figure 9: Ms. Joyce mulilamitti from FAO-RAF... 9 Figure 10: Byantwale Stephen presenting the uganda situation Figure 11: BBW incidence in Figure 12: BBW Incidence in Figure 13: Chart display of the intensity of incidence spread Figure 14: The spread of BBTD in congo drc Figure 15: early incidences of cassava brown streak disease in drc Figure 16: the spread of cassava brown streak disease after Figure 17: Various sysmptoms manaifesting mnld in maize Figure 18: prof. Walangululu Massamba from catholic university of bukavu (front) Figure 197: Major crops grown in burundi by yield Figure 206: Major crops grown in burundi by hectarage Figure 21: CBSDV distribution in Burundi (2011) Figure 22: Evolution of CMD (2002) Figure 23: the spread of cmd in Figure 24: Evolution of cmd in Figure 25: Svetlana Gaidashova making a presentation on behalf of rwanda Figure 26: A banana field day in rwanda Figure 27: a radio programme in the field-dimtra burundi Figure 28: Ms. Rebbecca Mawishe presenting the Tanzanian experience Figure 29: An Affected farm in Kondoa district Figure 30: MNLD spread in tanzania Figure 31: participants at the workshop Figure 32: An administrative map of kenya Figure 33: Mr. stanley kipkoech from MoA in kenya Figure 34: The agro-ecological zones of south sudan Figure 35: map showing the extent of displacement in south sudan Figure 36: Rats Figure 37: birds iv

6 Figure 38: bugs Figure 39: MR. BRAMWEL WANJALA FROM KARI Figure 40: Spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) in Eastern Africa Figure 41: MLND distribution in Kenya Figure 42: MCMV and MLN distribution globally Figure 43: A laboratory sample of scmv Figure 44: MCMV laboraratory sample Figure 45: MLND testing facility in east africa Figure 46: germplasm evalution at kari naivasha Figure 47: Distribution of MCMV and SCMV in 15 counties in Kenya Figure 48: alternate hosts of MLN-causing viruses Figure 49: researchers at the MLND laboratory Figure 50: graphical representation of mln development Figure 51: Tip die-back and premature drying of male parent resulted in total loss of seed Figure 52: mr. george mahuku from cimmyt Figure 53: innoculum preparation Figure 54: Chart diplaying performance of various genotypes Figure 55: Photo courtesy/kari Figure 56: Diagnosis using ELISA Figure 57: Wilt symptoms Figure 58: East Africa Surveillance Team A regional portal for disease database Figure 59: Uganda s main banana growing areas Figure 60: Uganda ; subcounty poverty incidence Figure 61: various symptom of bxw Figure 62: BBW incidence (field level) reduction in a year on hotspots Figure 63: Banana yield recovery within 4 months Figure 64: newspaper cuttings from the uganda media Figure 65: Banana production recovery in four regions of uganda Figure 66: Key message captured from speech of the Chairperson of the Ankole Taskorce Figure 67: symptoms of bxw Figure 68: recovery of banana fields Figure 69: practical demonstration of ssdr Figure 70: experiential results on xanthomonas wilt incidences Figure 71: REPORTED INCIDENCES OF BBTD IN AFRICA Figure 72: workshop report on ACTR Figure 73: Brian Isabirye From ASARECA Figure 74: Current distribution of mln in africa Figure 75: A mathematical model for vector population v

7 Figure 76: shock events that drive poverty Figure 77: map depicting the spread of BBW in east and central africa region Figure 78: reported areas with mnld Figure 79: what success looks like Figure 81: Characterisation of MLND - MCMV Figure 80: FERA team undertaking pest diagnostics Figure 82: stacking risk factor - trading confidence Figure 83: Integration of public-private initiatives Figure 84: proposed private-public stakeholder involvement Figure 85: MaryLucy oronje from cabi Figure 86: Community discussion with a plantwise facilitator Figure 87: danny coyne making a presentation Figure 88: Galled, clean and necrotic Figure 89: Geographical distribution of species Figure 90: IITA member countries Figure 91: disease causing risks in africa Figure 92: Field to laboratory for confirmatory diagnostics Figure 93: Fusarium wilt control in central america Figure 94: Global occurrence of Foc TR4 (VCG 01213/16) Figure 95: Worksdhop report Figure 96: Action for the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race Figure 97: a Banana stand Figure 98: Molecular typing of BBTV isolates confirmed common source of virus origin for SSA spread Figure 99: Participants at the Arusha workshop Figure 100: Mr Fazil (FAO Rome) Figure 101: The SMS tool Figure 102: impact of foc tr4 in asia Figure 103: Distribution of high priority pathogens Figure 104: Cassava brown streak distribution Figure 105: Map showing new spread of MNLD from East Africa into DRC Figure 106: L-R; Dr. Augusta Abate, Ms. Karine garnier and Mr. Byantwale vi

8 INTRODUCTION Nairobi, April 2014 CONCEPT NOTE REGIONAL PLATFORM ON PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES Millions of people in the Great Lakes Region face the risk of food insecurity which threatens to derail the ongoing regional peace building processes. Peace and food security are closely linked, without peace farmers cannot farm and food supply systems cannot function, while problem such as drought can be a source of conflict over scarce resources. To increase food availability and reduce food insecurity, one has to recognize the complex nature and diversity of the livelihood systems as well as the variety of crops grown, including banana, cassava and maize and the role of small livestock production systems. The productivity of these crop systems are constrained by a number of factors including pests and diseases (Asian Fruit Fly, BXW, BBTD and MLND), poor soil fertility, and a number of socio-economic factors which concern the policy environment, ailing markets and labour. JUSTIFICATION FAO has significant experience in implementing projects in the region related to the abovementioned diseases and the organization is seen as the actor to coordinate and therefore improve the institutional capacity to prevent, mitigate and respond to diseases. The establishment of regional cooperation in pest and disease management in the Great Lakes Region will significantly contribute to improving the research capacity of the national systems, in collective identification of research needs and in organizing and disseminating already existing and generated knowledge in managing some of these issues. It will also contribute to strengthening the capacity in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM). It is important to adopt a regional approach which embraces multistakeholder participation, has close links with the Regional Economic Communities (EAC, IGAD) and places emphasis on public private partnerships for sustainability. In addition to normative work on ISPM in the region, FAO is implementing two projects which aim to respond to and mitigate the risk of food crop diseases including: BXW and BBTV and the MLND. Time is opportune to bring stakeholders together in a regional platform, including national and international key research and development partners as well as private sector agents, to improve knowledge sharing among stakeholders and shed more light on the necessary pathways for a coordinated approach at regional level. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the platform will be to: 1. Take stock of the efforts at country / regional level and share experiences; 2. Include lessons and share experiences from key stakeholders; and 3. Identify the way forward to strengthen the coordination and knowledge sharing for informed action at regional level. 1

9 Expected outputs Expected outputs that will be resulting from this seminar will be: 1. Lessons learned, including areas for improvement, on country level; 2. Overview of support / activities needed to strengthen the coordination and knowledge sharing at regional level; and 3. A Workshop Report that can serve as a reference on good practices to guide other regions on coordination and knowledge sharing with regards to plant pests and diseases. Methodological approach The platform will include presentations from country level on the experiences and knowledge. The presentation will include the status of the targeted diseases, interventions and the way forward. The platform will also be used to share experiences from other regions and stakeholders with regards to topics like management tools, options and gaps through presentations from various actors. Another part of the seminar will focus on group and plenary discussions to elaborate and go into more detail on the experiences, challenges, lessons learned and gaps. The Regional platform on plant pests and diseases was held at the Safari Park Hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, from April Participants were drawn from the following countries; Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. From each country, the following stakeholders were invited: - 1 Key representative from the FAO Country Office - 1 Government counterpart, preferably from the plant protection unit of the Ministry of Agriculture Also key stakeholders from other organizations and institutes, such as Bioversity International, CIMMYT, CABI, IITA, CRS and FERA are invited for the platform. FIGURE 1: PARTICIPANTS GROUP PHOTO 2

10 THE KEYNOTE ADDRESS Dr. Augusta Abate (Deputy FAOR-Programmes). I am really happy to see you all of you from so many countries, and also professionals from the Eastern, Central and Southern Africa region. I am pleased to see the collaboration we have with International Institutions, I recognise we have IITA (Nigeria, Nairobi, Tanzania), Colleagues from the US, University of Minnesota, as well as the Washington State University. We also have ICIPE, ASERECA, CIMMYT and other international institutions working with plants, production and protection. I know we have the crop protection team here, who are our main collaborators in the main maize disease we are working on in Kenya as well as many other countries. So welcome to all of you. I represent Mr. Luca Allinovi who is the FAO Representative in Kenya. I also want to extend a hand of welcome to our colleagues in FAO, FAO headquarters and also FAO regional office for Africa in Accra, Ghana. I bring you greetings from the FAO rep in Kenya, Luca Allinovi, who was supposed to be here with us this morning. We work very closely, we ambush each other. Just to let you know that when I engage with people like you, as I had told you earlier in my introduction that I am a livestock person. I did agriculture, so I still remember a few things about crop production. This is the first regional conference on plant pests and diseases. It is very encouraging to see that we are beginning to do a lot of what we should have done before, but it is never too late to start. We have a similar body in Nairobi based at ECTAD, which is for trans-boundary animal diseases. For the region, I think this is an opportune moment to look for these issues across the borders; because pests and diseases don t respect boundaries. I have had the chance to work a lot with crops since I joined FAO in I worked for KARI for 21 years so I know how important it is for professionals to come together, to take stock, share experiences and to see how to move the region forward. I am also happy to see that you are zeroing in on staple crops. We have had initiatives in Kenya that are looking a lot on export commodities. So it is very gratifying to see that you are looking at issues like Cassava, Banana and Maize, that speak to our food security and nutrition in the region and for the economic empowerment (gaining of profits) for farmers in the region, because a lot of farmers in Western Kenya, where Edwin and I have worked together before, farmers have talked about diseases and soil fertility constraining production. But a lot of these crops add to or speak to the economic development and empowerment of our farmers in the countryside. So I am happy to see that you are concerned with some of the staples that really speak to our food security and nutrition. I am also happy to see that we are here also to talk about issues that professionals have thought of as big constraints, and I hope that you will touch on policies, because some of the policies we have in African countries, many of them will require review, some of them will require quick implementation, because I am sure we have good policies but have not been implemented. As we FIGURE 2: DR. ABATE -DELIVERING THE KEY NOTE ADDRESS. 3

11 speak about diseases and pests, it is my hope that you will also talk about their effect on markets, even regional markets and their constraints. I know that with ICIPE, we have discussed pests like Bactocerous spp and others that constraint the market. When we talk about food security issues of the region, we need to talk about markets as well. I know that it is only a limited extent of what we can do in this meeting or this conference, but I know if we plan for certain issues we can give them to the relevant authorities. I know there are very many people talking on policies but I am sure that we have so many policies in the region that we can address that can help us move this initiative forward across the board. I am also aware that we are doing the food basket of the households. The service that we are doing in the region speaks on what should be produced where, we also look at who is doing what, where and hoping that we are going to share experience on how we can do it better, how food security in Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan can be assisted or can assist food security issues in the rest of the region. We in FAO have worked closely with all, in terms of creating partnerships to help in the control of pests and diseases. I know we had a big program on IPM and I remember in the region we called it IPPM, because we realised that food security is not just caused by pests. We saw that issues of production were a big threat in the region, and soil fertility was one of the things that constrained production. So FAO has had programmes with many of you, we build capacity in many of your countries. And we will continue to enhance capacities; we will bring in new expertise where we can, because we are really a knowledge based organisation from a global perspective. We are prepared and willing to walk with you because you are targeting the same issues. I am also aware that you are going to take stock, to map out, as I said what is happening, what are the initiatives that we are doing, so that we can improve the control systems we want to put in place. We do have the Phytosanitary experts from other countries, so we are hoping that we can stick to some of these plant health issues that can help us. And where we can be able to increase our capacity, we are willing to raise resources with you and where we can, to assist the platform through its work. The other thing is that I know we will be hearing the effect of some of these pests and diseases on Nutrition. I know we have a presentation from Angela, because in FAO that is why we were born. We talk about food but when FAO was formed in 1945, the big task was to raise the levels of nutrition. So anything we are doing to talk about food security, but food security for what? Basically is for nutrition, which affects everything else that we are trying to solve. But I am happy that we are bringing in issues of nutrition as they are affected by everything else that we are going to be discussing. So basically is to say that you are welcome. We look forward to the deliberations of the meeting. We are looking forward to how we can work together and because I am sure there will be recommendations. We really wish you well in the two days deliberation and see how we can work together in this journey. But there is capacity for coordination. And I think, if there are directives, FAO can do that. And we can bring it under new knowledge initiative, where we basically reach out to other partners globally. You are most welcome, I wish I could stay with you longer, because when I look at the programme, it is all good. Unfortunately I will not stay with you but I look forward to reading the report. Thank you very much ladies and gentlemen and I wish you very well and a very nice stay. 4

12 SESSION 1: OVERALL REGIONAL ASSESSMENT NUTRITION SENSITIVE AGRICULTURE Angela Kimani; Nutrition officer, FAO Regional Emergency Office for Eastern and Central Africa. Nutrition is the processes by which a living organism uses food to ensure vital functions of the body and the production of energy. Why link with Agriculture? Agriculture is key for food production, thus consumption of the right kinds of food in the required quantities is basic for growth and development of the body. FIGURE 3: MS. ANGELA KIMANI DOING HER PRESENTATION ON NUTRITION. Stunting Burundi 58 Comoros 44 Eritrea 44 Ethiopia 44 TABLE 1: STUNTING RATES ACROSS EAST AFRICA Kenya 35 Rwanda 44 FIGURE 4:MALNUTRITION RATES IN EAST AFRICA Somalia 42 South Sudan 31 Uganda 33 Tanzania 42 Date sources: SOWC 2012 Botswana, Other NS 2007 Ethiopia, DHS 2005 Kenya, DHS Lesotho, DHS 2009 Malawi, DHS 2010 Mozambique, MICS 2008 Namibia, DHS Somalia, MICS 2006 Swaziland, MICS 2010 Tanzania, DHS 2010 Uganda, DHS 2006 Zambia, DHS

13 Nutrition is a common development goal. Each of the underlying causes are necessary to prevent malnutrition alone are insufficient to ensure adequate nutritional status. FIGURE 5: CAUSESS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY Nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive FIGURE 6: NUTRITION SPECIFIC VS-A-VS NUTRITION SENSITI VE FACTORS 6

14 What can agriculture contribute? FIGURE 7: HOW AGRICULTURE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO GOOD NUTRITION AND HEALTH. Making agriculture work for nutrition; practical examples: Nutritional content of different seed varieties, Seed/crop diversity to increase the quality and diversity of the Household diet End-use of the crops- for sale and consumption. Integrating nutrition education - in farmer groups (e.g. FFLS) The role of women in the farming system is the central role in the feeding and caring of all household members. Making agriculture work for nutrition 1. Incorporate explicit nutrition objectives and indicators into the design of programmes and investments, and track and mitigate potential harms 2. Assess the context at the local level to address the types and causes of malnutrition 3. Target the vulnerable and improve equity 4. Collaborate and coordinate with other sectors and programmes 5. Maintain or improve the natural resource base 6. Empower women 7. Facilitate production diversification, and increase production of nutrient-dense crops and small-scale livestock 8. Improve processing, storage and preservation 9. Expand markets and market access for vulnerable groups, particularly for nutritious foods 10. Incorporate nutrition promotion and education around food and sustainable food systems Nutrition should therefore aim at putting people at the heart of agriculture. 7

15 Issues raised in the plenary. Nutrition vis-à-vis quality. For instance pesticides contamination interferes with nutrition level of a particular food. A case in mind is human pathogens common in urban areas. We need to be careful with the amount of food we give or recommend to people. Diseases and what is associated with the food could also lead to stunting. We need to diversify and move away from repetitive subsistence farming. Nutrition per se is not a sector but a common goal that we could all work for. Burundi confirmed that stunting data in the presentation was the true data from UNICEF. However, they cited the fact that there are many causes of malnutrition i.e. displacement of populations and natural emergencies. The Tanzania team disputed the source of stunting data for their country. In the presentation it was depicted at 42% and uniform in all the country. It was mentioned at the workshop that the national average is at 18%. The presenter of this topic highlighted that the data came from 2010 Demographic Household Surveys (DHS) and the State of World Children (SOWC) report. There was no data for DRC in the presentation. It was later clarified that the DRC stunting rate is at 43%. As experts, whatever we are doing, is it enough for people to produce more food or are we not building their capacity for them to eat more nutritious food? Food security is not equal to nutrition security. The problem is at two levels; namely at the level of agronomists and the level of nutritionists! For example, how many people take fruits after meals? Specifically the workshop was on plant pests and diseases, the aim was to challenge you within your programmes/countries to produce more nutritious foods? Are we focusing only on staple foods? As Agronomists, what is the role of GMO in producing nutritious food? How do they affect human health? Countries are adopting GMO in order to increase production, is this the way forward? How does it affect nutrition? FAO does not have a stand on GMO. FAO supports countries in the way they want to go. FAO builds capacity for host countries to be at the cutting edge of technology i.e. KARI, KEPHIS in Kenya etc. In other countries FAO has facilitated countries to implement programmes such as fortification of bread with more protein. In livestock, FAO has helped countries use biotechnology for bigger sizes, more production etc. FIGURE 8: PARTICIPANTS AT THE WORKSHOP. 8

16 EMERGING PLANT PESTS AND MANAGEMENT EFFORTS. THE CASE OF MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE (MLND) IN EAST AFRICA Joyce Mulila Mitti, Plant Production and Protection Officer: FAO Regional Office for Africa Thoughts on invasive plant pests There is need to recognize that the significant losses to farmers and food security are attributed to plant pests and diseases. Many pests are endemic, with periodic upsurges or outbreaks under favourable conditions. Invasive plant pests are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries. FIGURE 9: MS. JOYCE MULILAMITTI FROM FAO-RAF Drivers of spread of plant pests i) Weather, climate and pest/disease threats. This has led to the proliferation of fungal diseases (in wheat, potato...). Climate changes also affect the cropping range and consequently change pest ranges. This in turn changes predator populations and pest population dynamics. Eventually the crops become susceptible to disease through vector distribution and plant susceptibility. ii) Production practices which may favour emergence of (endemic) pests or diseases Overlapping planting seasons Expanded areas under a single crop Perennial culture (e.g. banana) Presence of alternate wild hosts Abiotic stresses Inappropriate use of insecticide Overuse of inputs such as herbicide Recent plant pests in Africa Cassava Virus Diseases (Central and Eastern Africa) Maize Lethal Necrosis Diseases (MLND); East Africa Armyworms (Southern Africa) Tuta Absoluta Fruit-fly (Bactocera Invadens) Bacterial wilt (BXW) Bunchy top (BBTD) Fusarium Oxysporum Wilt TR 4(Foc) 9

17 MLND- EMERGING NEW DISEASE OF MAIZE IN AFRICA History of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in East Africa MLND was known officially in Kenya since In Tanzania it was reported in late 2012 in Arusha, Mwanza and Manyara areas. In Uganda MLND is reported in Busia and Tororo districts. There are unconfirmed reports of occurrence in Rwanda. Extent of spread in Kenya It was first reported in Bomet district in South Rift Valley during the short rains of Initial hotspots appeared in places where mono-crop maize was grown continuously. Status of spread by end of 2012 was as follows:- 30 districts in Rift Valley, 5 districts in Eastern Kenya, 9 districts in Central Kenya, 5 districts in Western Kenya 6 districts in Nyanza Over 77,000 ha of maize were affected in 2012, translating into an estimated loss of 1.4 million bags each of 90 kgs worth about Ksh 4.4 billion (USD 52 Million). MLND- current knowledge The causal agents are the Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and the sugarcane mosaic viruses (SCMV). The cause of disease emergence is unknown, however SCMV is known to occur in Kenya and many other countries in Africa; MCMV is new. The extent of spread is evidence that the disease has been present for some time (such infection unlikely in 1 to 2 seasons). There exists vector control and resistant varieties. There is no resistance to MLND but resistance to SCMV or MCMV prevents MNLD. MNLD manifestation Leaf yellowing, scorching, necrosis and eventual death of the affected plant. Affected plants decline rapidly (within days to weeks). Reports suggest rapid spread within and between fields. Symptoms appear at different stages of plant growth; no uniform pattern of disease development suggesting external factor in transmission; e.g. insect vector transmission. There are a lot of debates on the causes: fungal disease, poor seeds, varietal, agronomic practices etc; Leaf yellowing, scorching Drying tassels causing anther sterility 10

18 MLND interventions in Kenya An MLND Task Force formed is composed of KARI, MOA, PPSD, KEPHIS, ICIPE, FAO, KAPAP and other stakeholders. A proposal developed for comprehensive management of MLND has been submitted to the World Bank. The on-going research entails extensive varietal screening of germplasm of over 2000 materials in four locations including Naivasha and Bomet. Screening is done for both under natural and artificial situations (use of inoculum). As a result there are a few lines showing tolerance- need for further testing in multilocations. Modes of transmission Thrips in a funnel. Secondary Fungal infection on mature cob. Scope of FAO support Normative work in food and agriculture (IPPC and ISPMs) Technical assistance Emergency prevention support Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Emergency prevention support to countries in all agriculture and food related areas. Food Chain Crisis Management Framework: o Food related risks; Animal health; Plant health o Includes Trans-boundary Plant Pests and Diseases The objectives are prevention, monitoring of alerts, awareness (preparedness) and timely response. FAO support for MLND in East Africa Awareness creation: FAO has provided support to the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) in Kenya to develop a manual for TOT on MLND. Brochures and posters, radio programmes on MLND also developed. The FAO RAF working with KARI and CIMMYT have initiated research on breeding for tolerance of MNLD. A regional TCP is being developed in order to tackle MNLD in Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan and Tanzania. CIMMYT and KARI have been mandated to develop a concept note towards the same. 11

19 Issues raised in the plenary. The emphasis should be directed to the role of National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) as opposed to the role research organizations. For regional strengthening platform the NPPOs need to be given priority in areas such as risk surveillance, control and enforcement. As FAO, we are not doing much i.e. building capacity for NPPO towards risks identification and analysis and surveillances. How many pesticides were used in the emergency prevention support? Clarification; 19 pesticides used and resultant residues. The pesticides list can be provided by the PCPB. The history of plant diseases is that we take action when it is too late. We need to identify potential diseases and pests. Some of the diseases could be minor at times but with changes in environment and climate they prove to be lethal and invasive. This workshop is hoped to identify recommendations on what needs to be done. When it comes to seed dressing, is it effective to use fungicides to control the MNLD disease when the vectors are thrips and aphids? FAO needs to understand the point of entry for Kenya. KEPHIS deals with seed certification and importation of seeds/planting materials. The NPP service has more staff and more coverage. The disease may not have been there in Kenya, it appeared abruptly in It may be thought to be MSV or just another plague. It is advised we do vector control, but we need to think of vector control in terms of a region. If the crop is already infected then vector control is not effective. Collaboration and networking pose a big problem. We are promoting contingency planning. It should be a long-term regional plan. The DRC team sought to learn from the Kenyan team on any observed difference in the development of the disease in the sector. Though MNLD has not been identified in DRC, but there are alerts for North Kivu. Concerning the regional TCP, can DRC be included for the sake of regional surveillance, just like Banana XW? FAO needs a request from the host countries, and this is a justifiable request. For example, the Panama disease of bananas in Mozambique has resulted in a number of neighbouring countries requesting technical support for regional surveillance. MNLD vis-à-vis seed production of Maize. Most of the seed come from outside Kenya. There is a feeling that most of the countries multiplying seed deny the existence of MNLD in the seed but there lies a feeling of denial. Is there proof that the seeds are disease free? Response from CABI; the seeds are pre-screened before they get into the country, production is done in a controlled environment. PRA was done. There is no GM maize for dealing with the MLND at the moment. In Uganda there were trials on WEMA maize in North Western Uganda but the controlled trials were affected by the disease from Tororo. They had to destroy the entire crop. There is something else that is moving the virus. There are a lot of unknowns on MLND. Has the vector been identified? In DRC based on the alerts from Kivu the samples were tested and MNLD confirmed in the area. If we have to deal with this disease, what can we borrow from the Kenyan experience (sugar cane virus and Maize necrotic virus). Why is it that nobody is coming with the information that this disease could be seed borne? Work done by KEPHIS is that 1 in 20,000 seeds is affected. Every seed producer in Kenya must therefore adhere to the laid down Phytosanitary legislation. 12

20 SESSION 2: COUNTRY REPORTS CROP PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA Byantwale Stephen: Assistant Commissioner, Crop Pests and Diseases, MAAIF Contextual Background The crop sector in Uganda is characterized by a wide range of crops grown mostly by smallholder farmers for food and income. The Sector employs 70% and contributes 23% of the GDP. Among the crops grown and prioritized by the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) 2010/ /2015 include Maize, Coffee, beans, bananas, cassava, potatoes, tea, fruits and vegetables as key crops for development. Of concern is that agricultural production growth at 2.4% per annum is not in tandem with population growth at 3.2%. Yields per unit area on farm are lower as compared to the potential. Production and productivity is constrained by a number of factors which include; pests and diseases, land degradation, land fragmentation, erratic rainfall, inadequate access to quality seeds/ inputs, socio-economic constraints, policy, legal, institutional and technological constraints Crop Pests/Vectors and Diseases Overview Pests and diseases are perhaps the main cause of losses in the agricultural sector. Improved pests and diseases control could therefore be a major contributor to increasing agricultural production and productivity. Pests and diseases control and associated quality assurance are a pre-requisite to accessing international markets for virtually all agricultural commodities and products The main crop pests and diseases challenges in Uganda include; 1. Coffee Wilt disease (CWD) : Started in 1993 and has destroyed about 56% or 160 million trees of the old Robusta estimated to be equivalent to 1.5 million 60 kg bags or about US Dollars 170 million 2. Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW); all Banana cultivars in Uganda are susceptible. In some instances there are incidences of up to 70-80% with yield loss of 90% on some farms and a national loss estimated at a staggering US Dollars 360 million per annum. ( World Bank, 2008) 3. There are also many other economically important significant crop pests and diseases such as:- 3.1 Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) 3.2 Napier Grass Stunt disease (NGSD) 3.3 Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease (CMVD) 3.4 Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) 3.5 Fruit flies (Bactrocera Spp) 3.6 The Larger Grain Borer 3.7 Banana Nematodes 3.8 Banana Weevils 3.9 Black Sigatoka, and panama wilt 3.10 Coffee leaf rust FIGURE 10: BYANTWALE STEPHEN PRESENTING THE UGANDA SITUATION 13

21 Crop Pests and Diseases Management Strategy/ Programme The MAAIF DSIP has four thematic areas of intervention namely:- 1. Enhanced production and productivity 2. Creation of an Enabling environment 3. Market access and value addition 4. Institutional Development Under the thematic area of production and productivity there is a sub-programme on pests/vectors control with an objective to ensure reduced losses from pests, vectors and diseases. To achieve this objective of reducing losses due to pests and diseases, the key intervention areas/activities identified along the pests and disease control chain include: Policy analysis and planning to optimize resources for pests and disease control. Standards and awareness creation. Surveillance and reporting. Strengthening diagnosis capacity for pests and diseases (building capacity for diagnosis at border posts and increasing use of Mobile Plant Clinics). Building a robust post entry quarantine regime Strengthening partnerships and international collaborations Supporting Local Governments Infrastructure to support pests and diseases control including Laboratories and border minilabs Ensuring proper coordination, monitoring and evaluation Policy and Legal Framework The development of quality assurance standards in Uganda is governed by International Conventions namely a) The International Plant protection Convention (IPPC) for plant diseases and health standards and b) Codex Alimentarius Commission for Food Safety standards. The National Legislation includes: The Plant Protection Act, 1962( being revised The Plant protection and Health Bill, 2010 before Parliament for approval) The Seed and Plant Act, 2006 The Agricultural Chemicals (Control) Act, 2006 The Plant Variety Protection Bill, 2010 (recently approved by Parliament, awaiting assent by HE) The National Agriculture Policy- before cabinet for approval The Banana Bacterial Wilt Control Strategy 2013 The Cassava development strategy Institutional Framework The Ministry of Agriculture is composed of two Directorates (Crop Resources and Animal Resources) and a Section for Finance and Administration. The following departments have been provided for: Livestock Health and Entomology Animal Production Crop Protection Crop Production and Marketing Farm Development and Agricultural Planning 14

22 The Department of Crop protection is in charge all matters that relate to Plant Health including issuance import and export permits, Phytosanitary Certificates as well as for plant pest prevention or eradication programmes. It is also responsible for enforcement of the Seed and Plant Act and the Agricultural Chemicals (Control) Act. In addition to the Directorates above, MAAIF has 7 agencies but those relevant to Crop Pests and disease control are: 1. National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) 2. National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) 3. Cotton Development Organisation (CDO) 4. Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA) Local Governments (LGs): Government runs its administration through a decentralized structure of LGs who are responsible for increased farmers access to improved technologies, advisory service delivery, extension services, agricultural statistics and diseases/pests, vectors and vermin control among others. Private Sector, NGOs and Farmer Institutions These are involved in a range of activities from advocacy, advisory services, and provision of inputs, financial services and marketing. Development Partners provide support through projects/budget support and these include World Bank, African Development Bank (ADB) IFAD, EU, JICA and DANIDA. USAID, GTZ, FAO, UNDP, Irish AID, China also constitute the development partners providing support to the agricultural sector including pests and diseases management. Challenges to Pest and Disease Management Policy and Institutional Limitations for example public capacity for ensuring quality assurance, regulation and food safety o Lack of an act on Biotechnology and Biosafety o Poor infrastructure for quality assurance, regulation and food safety o Inadequate financial resources o Technology generation, delivery and use limitations Inadequate disease control infrastructure Inadequate Agricultural Finance Inadequate public education around key pests and diseases Conclusions and Recommendations BBW, CWD, Water hyacinth and LGB are suspected to have been introduced across the borders. The migratory pests like Quellea, Army worms and Locusts continue to be a challenge. There is a need to strengthen regional efforts to manage pests and diseases including sharing of information and infrastructure like laboratories for quality assurance and pests and diseases control including putting in place a rapid alert system for the region. Issues raised in the plenary. How do you conduct surveillance? Who does what? What is the role of outreach offices? Response: Surveillance is coordinated by the department of Crop protection. In Uganda, there exists a decentralized system to sub-county level, up to parish level. There are subject matter specialists at sub-county level, just like what was used for the BXW disease they use SMS surveillance system alerts. At national level, there is a deliberate effort to provide quarterly reports ( s). 15

23 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. RESPONSES TO THE THREAT OF DISEASES FOR MAJOR FOOD CROPS: EASTERN DRC The cassava, banana and maize, among others, are some of the main food crops that form the basis of the diet of farm households in the eastern provinces of the DRC. The production of these crops is greatly reduced for several reasons, among others, the threat of disease, the most important to date are: * Banana Bacterial Wilt (BBW) and Banana bunchy top (BBTD) for banana; * Cassava brown streak disease; * A disease resembling MLND for maize. 1. Disease Status A. Banana Bacterial Wilt. The disease is manifested by complete wilting and drying of plants and systems. A mapping of Bacterial Wilt of Banana spread in Congo DRC is displayed below. FIGURE 11: BBW INCIDENCE IN 2001 FIGURE 12: BBW INCIDENCE IN

24 3 2 1 Intensity and Incidence spread. 1 = endemic area % of plantations destroy (Bare soils, erosion, loss of fertility, disturbance ecology, abandonment of banana, etc.) 2 = epidemic zone from 10 to 50% of threatened plant (Change cultivars emergency help calls) 3 = risk areas neighbouring areas epidemic areas (0% infection cost term) FIGURE 13: CHART DISPLAY OF THE INTENSITY OF INCIDENCE SPREAD. B. Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) An old viral disease observed in the DRC for the first time in Caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Disease, BBTD, is one of the most devastating viral diseases of banana in the world, especially in DRC. The yield losses are up to 100%. It is transmitted in persistent mode with a black aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa. Once controlled and kept at a low level of impact, BBTD becomes a great threat, requiring special attention. No source of resistance has been found to date. According to studies carried out by Bioversity International: 44% of plantations are currently infected with BBTD. The BBTD is present in all provinces of DR Congo as illustrated in the following map. FIGURE 14: THE SPREAD OF BBTD IN CONGO DRC 17

25 C. CASSAVA BROWN STREAK DISEASE. An old disease in the coastal area of East Africa; Observed and confirmed for the first time, DRC, North Kivu and Bas Congo in 2011 FIGURE 15: EARLY INCIDENCES OF CASSAVA BROWN STREAK DISEASE IN DRC Redirected after 2012 FAO in partnership with IITA, organized a survey with sample collection. The symptoms were found in the city province of Kinshasa, Bandundu and Ecuador. According to first information, in this part of the country, CBSD is caused by a mutant that would be derived from the combination of two viral strains. FIGURE 16: THE SPREAD OF CASSAVA BROWN STREAK DISEASE AFTER

26 2. Intervening parties in Eastern Congo R. D. Stakeholders Provinces/ Territoires Donors FAO et MINAGRI N &S Kivu Belgique, EC UCG Beni IITA FOPAC Beni VECO CRS (Caritas, CEDERU) Rutshuru&Nyiragongo,Kabare USAID Food for peace CEDERU Rutshuru Eper Suisse World Relief World Vision UCB Louvain Development Rutshuru Kalehe Kabare Kabare USAID Food for peace Experiences / activities carried 1. Awareness campaigns in the rural communities on knowledge of diseases (symptoms control, conditions of development of diseases, causative agents, vectors, methods of propagation and cultivation practices); 2. Coaching and mentoring local producers; 3. Planting Fields through FFS (who provide an opportunity for communities to observe, discuss, analyze, experiment and draw their own conclusions, appropriate practices that are effective); 4. Establishment of task forces in communities. Threats to the Response Hygiene regular bananas. Sterilization of work tools. Training of leaders of farmers ensuring in turn cascade training other farmers. Surveillance and permanent monitoring for banana. Timely removal of male flowers. Diffusion awareness materials (signs, pamphlets, brochures printed in local languages). Involvement of traditional and religious authorities. Macro Propagation. National and Provincial Coordination of activities against diseases through; quarterly meetings of stakeholders in disease management and setting up coordination tools (if traffic permits discharges of banana and cassava cuttings). 4. Few results The integration of all these practices has given very satisfactory results that are reflected, inter alia by: Significant slowdown in the incidence and severity; Almost total greening of bananas; Substantial performance improvement plans (15-65%) in some sites; and Resumption of sales of bananas in the markets for intervention sites. 19

27 5. Some lessons learned Premature removal of diseased banana stocks can effectively prevent the spread of the disease in the plantation. The Involvement of political administrative and traditional authorities in the application of phytosanitary laws are critical to effectively manage and control diseases. In terms of coordination, the following should be avoided: The overlap between partners of intervention sites. The waste of resources. Gaps and sometimes significant differences in the application of adequate ground control methods and disease management. The glaring contradictions in technical posts to provide farmers. The distribution of unapproved varieties or listed in the national catalogue. The introduction and uncontrolled movement of exotic varieties in the country. The price escalation of planting material. Some major challenges Low participation by the local political and administrative authorities to ensure compliance with local laws (by laws). Sustainability of shares after the projects depends on the motivation of members of task forces involved in educating producers. Low levels of awareness amongst farmers due to limited extension officers.. Future Steps Develop and generalize the experience and ensure its expansion to a full geographical coverage across the country affected by these diseases; Establish a system of production and sustainable supply of healthy planting material across the country; Involve all levels of political and administrative authorities in the management and control of diseases; MLND is yet unidentified disease was observed in North Kivu, during the last agricultural season. Suspect maize with symptoms was shipped in specialized lab for investigation. FIGURE 17: VARIOUS SYSMPTOMS MANAIFESTING MNLD IN MAIZE. 20

28 Issues raised in the plenary. Experiences from the Catholic University of Bukavu. Banana Pests and Diseases were identified from 2010 through a SEAGA survey, as a disease called fruit peel disease. Though a new disease, historically it was reported in Bukavu about 50 years ago. There is a threat from Nematodes and Banana weevils. Recent studies found over 10,000 nematodes from 100gms of roots! The situation for BBW control is improving. Farmers are replanting bananas all the way up to the Lake Tanganyika region. Sweet potatoes are seriously affected by nematodes. Concerning maize, we know that the disease is somewhere but we have not identified it in south Kivu. I am not sure of CBSD presence in Western DRC though notably, there is a condition where root necrosis is evident but no virus. MCMV- Maize Chlorotic Mottle virus various samples came from two locations and tested positive for the virus. ASARECA reported that modelling of CBSD and MLND had been done show that this is due to cross border infection. Recent BBTD studies confirm that most of the spread is through planting materials. What is left in DRC are varieties that are tolerant but the virus is not gone. In Uganda studies show that when BBTD is fully developed there is a relationship between soil fertility and the level of burden of the plants to withstand disease. Should soil fertility be integrated into the management of this disease? In North Kivu the soils are very fertile but yet the bananas were affected. FIGURE 18: PROF. WALANGULULU MASSAMBA FROM CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF BUKAVU (FRONT) 21

29 BURUNDI STATUS REPORT ON THE INCIDENCE AND MAGNITUDE OF MAJOR CROPS PESTS AND DISEASES Nsananikiye Zénon, Kahondogoro Hamim Hamissi and Niyongendako Jean Claude (MINAGRIE) with additional inputs from: Mbazumutima Innocent, Sakayoya Eliakim (MINAGRIE), Ndayiragije Pascal (ISABU) and Kaboneka Salvator (FAO) Geographical position: Latitude 3 30 S; Longitude E Area: 27,834 sq.km Population: 8,900,000 (2008) Population growth rate: 3 %/year; Main cash crops: Coffee, tea, o cotton, palm oil, sugar cane, o fruits and vegetables Main food crops: cassava root, rice, bean, banana, pea, wheat, maize, sweet potato, Irish potato, Agriculture sector: 60 % of GDP Pressure on land pressure on crops Resources/Capacities/Strategies Budget (requirements): USD/year Budget for diagnosis lab: USD Total technical staff DPP: 35 (8 officers+ 27 technicians) Staff Diagnosis laboratory: 2 officers + 1 technician Analysis: 200/year Routine consultations: 500/year FAO Contribution ( ): TCP/RAF/3312 ( USD), TCP/BDI/3301 ( USD) 22

30 Structural organisation: Plant Protection Department Implementation of the NPPO The NPPO is well represented throughout the country. Gitega is the Headquarters of the NPPO. There are 16 provincial health inspection at the rate of one per province. There are an additional seven inspectors already established at the following entry points: (1) 2 at Int'l Airport Bujumbura, (2) Bujumbura Port, (3) border stations Kobero, (4) Kanyaru, (5)Gasenyi, (6)Mabanda; There are 10 other border posts without inspectorate staff. 23

31 Major Crops grown in Burundi. TABLE 2: TABLE SHOWING MAJOR CROPS GROWN IN BURUNDI Crop Area (ha) Production MT (2012) Banana 178,036 1,184,075 Cassava 295,686 1,046,932 Maize 119,478 14,536 Common bean 340, ,944 Paddy rice 30,711 64,620 Sweet potato 101, ,593 Irish potato 15,351 47,841 Arrow root 14,397 92,973 Importance in area of major Crops (ha) Importance in yields of major Crops (MT) Paddy rice, 30,711 Sweet potato, 101,421 Common bean, 340,752 Irish potato, 15,351 Taro, 14,397 Maize, 119,478 Banana, 178,036 Cassava, 295,686 Sweet potato, 659,593 Paddy rice, 64,620 Maize, 14,536 Common bean, 205,944 Irish potato, 47,841 Taro, 92,973 Cassava, 1,046,932 Banana, 1,184,075 FIGURE 197: MAJOR CROPS GROWN IN BURUNDI BY YIELD. FIGURE 206: MAJOR CROPS GROWN IN BURUNDI BY HECTARAGE 24

32 Major Pests and Diseases In Burundi. Crop Pest/disease Distribution Economic importance Common name Scientific name Banana Bunchy top, Curly top Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) Banana xanthomonas disease Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) Low altitude (Western country) All over the country Banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Low & midlands High Panama disease Fusarium oxysporum f; sp. cubense Low & midlands Cassava Mosaic disease Cassava mosaic virus Low & midlands High Cassava brown disease Cassava brown streak Low lands Potentially High disease Cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa All over the country Low to medium Cassava mealy bug Phenacoccus manihoti Low & midlands Medium Variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus All over the country Low to medium Common bean Seed born disease, Thanatephorus cucumeris All over the country High Damping off (Rhizoctonia solani), Corticium rolfsii, Pythium spp, Fusarium spp Bean black aphids Aphis fabae All over the country High Bean fly Ophiomya spp All over the country High to verry high Black spot/ Common anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum All over the country High High High Medium to high Rice Rice blast disease Pyricularia oryzae All over the country Medium to high Rice fly Diopsis thoracica Low lands (Western Low African armyworm Spodoptera armigera All over the country Medium to high Rice blast Pseudomonas Low & Midlands Medium to high fuscovaginae Maize stem borer Sesamia calamistis, Midlands Medium Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina Sweet potato Sweet potato leaf defoliant Acraea acerata Midlands Medium Sweet potato caterpillar Aspidomorpha sp. Midlands Low Swwet potato coleoptera Hippotion celerio Mid & Higlands Low Irish potato Potato mildew Phytophtora infestans Mid & Highlands High Bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum Mid & Highlands Medium to high Nematodes Meloidyne spp. Highlands Medium Arrow root Seed born disease Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani), Corticium rolfsii, Pythium spp, Fusarium spp All over the country Medium to High Fruits Mediterrean fly Ceratitis capitata All over the country Medium to High Fruit fly Bactrocera invadens Low & Midlands Medium Maize Maize stem borers Sesamia calamistis, Mid & highlands Medium to high Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina Streak disease Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus Mid & highlands Medium to high Coffee Coffee berry bug Antestiopsis lineaticolis Midlands High Anthracnose Colletotrichum coffeanum Midlands Medium 25

33 Coffee stain Hemileia vastatrix Midlands Medium Cotton Bacterial wild Xanthomonas campestris p.v malvacearum Midlands Medium Aphids Aphis gossypii Lowlands Medium Cotton mite Polyphagotar-sonemus latus American worm Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera Tea Many weeds Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis spp Lowlands Lowlands Highlands High Medium to high Medium Palm tree Stem roting Ganoderma sp. Lowlands Low Palm tree Stem roting Ganoderma sp. Lowlands Low Citrus Cushion scale Icerya purchasii Low & midlands Low to high Citrus leaf caterpillar Papilio demodecus Midlands Low Black citrus aphids Toxoptera aurantii Low & Midlands Medium to high Stored foodstuff Citrus cercospora disease Cercospora angolensis Mid & Highlands Medium ti high Bean weevil Acanthocelides obtectus All over the country High Mexican weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Larger grain borer Prostephanus trucantus All over the country Medium to high Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae All over the counrty Medium to high Maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais All over the counrty Medium to high Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella All over the country Medium to high TABLE 3: LIST OF MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES IN BURUNDI. 26

34 Recent Diseases Outbreaks BXW distribution in Burundi (update 2012) BBTD distribution in Burundi (update 2012) FIGURE 21: CBSDV DISTRIBUTION IN BURUNDI (2011) FIGURE 22: EVOLUTION OF CMD (2002) Source: ISABU/IITA N Carte d'évolution de la forme virulente de la mosaïque du manioc (causée par le virus EACMV-Ug) Carte d'évolution de la forme virulente de la mosaïque du manioc causée par le virus EACMV-Ug) (2005) N Ngozi Gitega Kirundo Cibitoke Muyinga R.D.C Bubanza Mairie Buja Rural Rwanda Kayanza Muramvya Mwaro Bururi Rutana Karuzi Cankuzo Ruyigi Tanzanie Cibitoke R D C Kayanza Bubanza Buja Mairie Buja Rural Rwanda Muramvya Bururi Ngozi Gitega Mwaro Kirundo Karuzi Rutana Muyinga Ruyigi Cankuzo Tanzanie Lac Tanganyika Lac Tanganyika Echelle Km Makamba Légende Lac Niveaux d'incidence de la mosaïque sévère Provinces à incidence sévère Provinces affectées Provinces menacées 87374: Nombre estimé de ménages dans la province Source : Coordination des Opérations d'urgence de la FAO Km Makamba Source : Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU) Cartographie : FAO, SAP/SSA Date : 06 octobre 2005 Légende Limite provinciale Lacs Niveaux d'incidence de la mosaïque sévère Incidence très sévère Incidence sévère Incidence moyenne : Population affectée FIGURE 24: EVOLUTION OF CMD I N 2002 FIGURE 23: THE SPREAD OF CMD IN 2005 The MLND is yet to be scientifically observed in Burundi. 27

35 National Policy (Phytosanitary law) With the support of FAO, Burundi Plant Health Legislation (BPHL) was drafted in June 1993, unfortunately it has been inoperative until April 1999 (this is due to the 1993 socio-political crisis). Chapter II of the BPHL entirely devoted to the phytosanitary control over national territory; whilst chapter III of the BPHL covers the phytosanitary control on entry points/borders (17). On-going strategies (contribution FAO/CEMAC/UNIDO/USAID) Procurement of laboratory equipment; Revision of phytosanitary legislation: National assembly; National phytosanitary strategy (evaluation): human resources, technical capacity, phytosanitary regulation (CEMAC); Training on phytosanitary standards and procedures such as surveillance, inspection, phytosanitary risk analysis and phytosanitary quarantine. National phytosanitary working group (NPWG): This is consultative national body composed of the Public/Private sectors (17 members). It main role is to provide timely and accurate information on emerging pests and diseases outbreaks. The NPWG undertakes a review national pest and disease lists already in PIMS. It also reviews and provides missing information as well as providing suggestions on the design of the pest EAPIC information factsheet. The NWPG has designed a national pest outbreak reporting form to facilitate ease of pest sharing information. International Review Phytosanitary standards is facilitated and then customized for the area. The NWPG plans for sensitization campaigns and creates public awareness on the NPPO mandate. The development of a national strategy is underway. This will streamline and harmonise Phytosanitary dissemination of information and services. Communication Strategies General information is disseminated through weekly radio transmission and the Agricultural Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. In case of emergency; early warning systems, news in radio and newspapers, Interviews on radio and TV and Sketches IPP web site ( A Ministerial Ordinance N 710/954/98: Plant health monitoring on the national territory and the frontier entry posts, gives directives on the monitoring and information, import and export control; The currently available data contained in BPHL, appendices I to IV (as follows). Appendix I - Appendix Ia (Article 1 and 2) relates to: a. Enemies of the plants against which the control is compulsory in all places and in permanent way (Article 1). b. Plants enemies against which the control is obligatory in permanent way on the level of producers and salesmen of the seedlings and seeds (Article 2);- Appendix Ib (Article 4): Crops enemies for which importation is prohibited in Burundi a. Living organisms of the animal kingdom at all stages of their development b. Cryptogams c. Bacteria d. Virus e. Phanerogams Appendix II (Article 5): Plants and plant products for which importation is prohibited; 28

36 Appendix III (Article 6): Plants and plant products for which importation is subordinated to the presentation of a phytosanitary certificate and with the control & verification of the Department of Plant Protection; Appendix IV (Article 7): Imports of plants and plant products subjected to particular conditions. Constraints/Limitations Lack of capacity building of DPV technical staff; Insufficiency of financial means and logistics for carrying out efficiently the mandate and missions assigned to the DPP; Ignorance (large scale) of phytosanitary legislation; Lack of quarantine structures at entry points (surveillance); Little knowledge on the plant harmful organisms; Little population sensitization on risks of exchanges of plants and crop products through borders/entry points; Insufficient knowledge on safe use of pesticides; Presence on the market of prohibited or non-registered chemicals (pesticides): > 30 products prohibited (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides.); Yet updated Burundi phytosanitary legislation. Food Security Risks in the Great Lakes Region: Rapid response to the threats of banana diseases OSRO/RAF/311/BEL (NTE: July 2014) Mother gardens established (march 2014) (Result 2: Activity 4: Assess effectiveness of improved planting materials as part of field rehabilitation) : Establishment of banana mother gardens (10 ha) in Cibitoke, Bujumbura rural, Makamba, Ruyigi and Muyinga (borders); breeding for diversified varieties: FHIA (17, 23,25). These are aimed at developing future sources of planting material (suckers) after phytosanitary analysis (BXW, BBTD) and Farmers training on FFS. Community Listener s Club (FAO/Dimitra): 1/week for 2 weeks (Result 2: Activity 1 & 2: Mobilize stakeholders and communities for large scale disease control. Build farmer s capacity in disease identification and rehabilitation) Assistance to communities who lost banana plantations. (Result 2: Activity 6 «Provide direct support to destitute communities who lost their assets») 12 T of bean seeds distributed to households in Kabezi district, Bujumbura province (6 T in Makutsa and 6 T in More). LOAs/PARTNERSHIP (40,000 USD) ISABU/IITA: Result 1, Activity 1»Undertake BXW/BBTD survey and create updated maps»; Activity 4 «Undertake ex-ante vulnerability assessment and socio-economic study»; DGA/MINAGRIE: Result 2, Activity 4 «Assess effectiveness of improved planting materials as part of field rehabilitation»; Result 3, Activity 2 «Provide support to national disease management platforms»; Activity 3 «Organize planning and results sharing workshops with stakeholders»; Activity 4 «Organize country specific and regional visibility events»; 29

37 DGMAVA/MINAGRIE: Result 2, Activity 1 «Mobilize stakeholders and communities for large scale disease control» Activity 2 «Build farmers capacity in disease identification and rehabilitation»; Bioversity: Result 2, Activity 3»Produce and make available awareness raising materials for resilience building»; Questions and Answers. The main problem is implementation? What should be done for effective implementation? Why some policy decisions that are easy to take are not taken? We have to change the way we are working at the regional level. Most of the projects have been emergency mode. Response: FAO has introduced an approach called Accountability to affected populations. These are clearly defined projects goals, objectives and standards. For instance the use or not to use information on pesticides is up to the host countries to decide. In 2011 a national contingency plan (ref Nigeria) was tabled but in 2013 no single donor has supported the contingency plan for CBSD. The donors only respond to an emergency appeal when there is a lot of media hype. Sustained funding to plant health research is needed. There exist so many priorities but less funding i.e. roads, schools. Times are changing. The agriculture sector is poised to get more money especially with linkages to food safety, nutrition, bio fuels etc. They will be great lobbying of countries within the region towards supporting agriculture. Micro-toxins has revolutionised countries support to agriculture whose GDPs are based on exports! Agriculture is now getting attention. FAO is supporting the establishment of the African Phytosanitary Council. Members at the workshop were given questionnaires with a view to collect information on holistic participation and establishment of a regional platform. To what extent are there trends to show the impact of these diseases on food security and general wellbeing? Are there any statistical trends on this issue? There have been very little academic research done. There should be a very clear picture on the rate of seed transmission percentage while considering seed strains, soil conditions etc. Plenary conclusion. There are so many unknowns on MNLD. This calls for more systematic serious studies on the causes of MNLD. Pest risk analysis needs to done. The country blame game on MNLD will not make things easier. A regional concerted effort to control MNLD is necessary. We may also study alternate hosts and if there may be other crops acting as alternate crops or with allelopathic properties as in the case of Strigga weed control. 30

38 RWANDA. PESTS & DISEASES OF MAJOR STAPLE CROPS IN RWANDA By Juvenal Kabiligi (FAO Rwanda) & Svetlana Gaidashova (RAB Rwanda) The Importance of Agriculture Rwanda has 900,000 Ha of arable land out of which more than 92 % is cultivated. Agriculture generates 44% of the nation s GDP and creates 80% of total employment opportunities. The main crops grown include maize, banana, beans, cassava and Irish potatoes. The government is engaged in agriculture transformation through land consolidation and crop intensification programs. The Rwanda Crop Intensification Program started in As a result food production has doubled and the national food security achieved by More Farmers cooperatives have been set up and strengthened. There is improved access to markets through contracts of cooperatives with flour processing factories for maize. The major staples include: - Cereals: maize, rice, wheat - Pulses: beans, soy bean - Tubers: cassava, Irish potato - Banana Pests & diseases: FIGURE 25: SVETLANA GAIDASHOVA MAKING A PRESENTATION ON BEHALF OF RWANDA Maize Helminthosporium turcicum Striga spp. Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease. MLND in Rwanda was first reported in March 2013 Storage pests: Sitophilus zeamais The risk factors and circumstances aggrevating these include large scale seed imports, monocropping (Crop Intensification Program) and movement of infected plant parts internally. Rice Rice fly: Diopsis thoracica Helminthosporium oryzae Bacterial Leaf Streak disease: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola Pyricularia oryzae Wheat Wheat rust: Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici Pest: Epilachna spp 31

39 Beans Colletotrichum lindemuthianuum Malanagromyza phaseoli Storage pests: Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus Cassava Xanthomonas campestris pv. cassavae and Xanthomonas campestris pv.manihotis Cassava Mosaic Virus Cassava Brown Mosaic Virus Irish potato Phytophtora infestans Ralstonia solanacearum Banana Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) Fusarium Wilt (race 1) Area affected by pests and diseases (2013, Ha): case of banana and maize Crop Problem Northern Rwanda Southern Rwanda Eastern Rwanda Western Rwanda Totql (Ha) Maize Stalk borer MLND 0.26?? Banana BXW TABLE 4: TABLE SHOWING PEST AND DISEASE DAMAGE I N RWANDA IN HECTARES. Actions taken National policies. The National Crop Protection strategy was drafted in February The Plant Health law has been developed and is awaiting approval by the cabinet (since June 2013). The Rwanda Plant and Livestock Inspection and Certification Service (RALIS) was initiated injuly Control of crop disease epidemics: - Banana (BXW): CMC, FFS under GoR, BTC and FAO projects; (BBTV): FAO project. - Maize (MLND): Monitoring under CIP sites; - Cassava (CMD & CBMD): surveys & clean plant material production - Plant Clinics: Established in all provinces; expansion planned further. Plant clinics established in all provinces. 32

40 Questions in the plenary. In your presentation, you alleged that the source of MNLD is seed import? Has there been any test done to verify this allegation? Response: Tests were confirmed in the samples that came from outside. You are doing a good work on BBW disease! To what extent has the incidence been reduced? Every time a Community mobilization campaign (CMC) is done the disease incidence goes down, but after 6 months the incidence cases goes up! In 2013 the total acreage for Bananas 3066ha dropped to 2500ha In Rwanda did you have any by-laws over and above CMCs to enforce your diversification? A combination of these should be used. Response: Tests done on seed showed that only 1 in 10,000 seeds were infected with MNLD. Under the system of crop intensification, the CMCs have been empowered for surveillance and monitoring. This is very sustainable compared to implementation by the State s plant protection body. FIGURE 26: A BANANA FIELD DAY IN RWANDA FIGURE 27: A RADIO PROGRAMME IN THE FIELD-DIMTRA BURUNDI 33

41 TANZANIA INCIDENCE & MAGNITUDE OF MAJOR CROP PESTS IN TANZANIA Rebbecca Mawishe Ministry of Agriculture, Tanzania. Tanzania consists of a total area of 947,300 sq km. It is located in Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya in the north and Mozambique in the south (Geographic coordinates: 6 48`S 39 17` E ). Tanzanian Agriculture Sector Policy Statement on Crop Pests. The Tanzanian Agriculture Policy, Crop Pest Policy states the following: Pest surveillance system and control mechanisms shall be strengthened; The Government shall collaborate with neighbouring countries international organizations and other institutions dealing with Plant Health services in combating pest outbreaks; Pest free areas shall be protected from introduction of pests of quarantine importance; and The government shall strengthen sanitary and phytosanitary, quarantine and plant inspectorate services. PLANT PROTECTION ACT OF 1997 Plant Protection Act of 1997 is the legislation governing plant pest prevention and control activities in Tanzania. Plant Health Service a section in the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives (MAFSC) is given the mandate to implement the Plant Protection Act of Plant Health Services, comprises of 4 operating units: -Outbreak pest control, -Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service -Biological Control Agents -Pesticide Registration and Analysis FIGURE 28: MS. REBBECCA MAWISHE PRESENTING THE TANZANIAN EXPERIENCE. 34

42 Example of Pest Attacking Crops in Tanzania. CROP PEST MAIZE Gray leaf spot Cercospora zeae-maydis -Use of resistant varieties -Cultural practices Head smut Sphacelotheca reliana Use of resistant varieties -Cultural practices Maize streak virus MSV germinuvirus -Use of resistant varieties -Cultural practices SESAME Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestis pv sesami -Timely planting -Field sanitation CASHEWNUT Cryptosporiosis spp Use of resistant varieties -Cultural practices MANGOES Oriental fruitfly Bactrocera invadens Pheromone traps, Field sanitation CASSAVA Cassava green mite Mononychelus spp Biocontrol Cassava mosaic virus Resisitant varieties TABLE 5: A LIST OF PESTS IN TANZANIA. Pest incidences and challenges occur in all crops cultivated in Tanzania. However new pest incidences experienced in the production of Maize, Cassava, Rice and Banana are a threat to Tanzania s food security. Banana cultivation in Tanzania ranks 7 th position in Banana Production worldwide and 2 nd in Africa after Uganda (contributes to 4% of world s total production). Banana is a staple food for more than 5M Tanzanians out of 34M and it is also a cash crop sold on local market. Banana cultivation is threatened by Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW), first identified in Muleba district, Kagera region in January Since then reported cases have been received from Bukoba, Karagwe, Biharamulo, in Kagera region and Tarime District in Mara region (Mgenzi et al. 2006a, 2006b). The incidence and magnitude of the disease is high in the lake zone. Cassava is an integral component of most cropping systems and is an important staple in many zones playing an important role as a food security crop. Cassava production in Tanzania is threatened by a number of pest including CMV and CBSV. CMD is widely distributed in the country with high pest incidence along the coast of Indian Ocean and the lake zone. High CBSD incidences resulting in high magnitude yield loss are observed along the coast of the Indian ocean particularly in Mtwara and Lindi regions. Rice is an important food crop planted on both the mainland and the Zanzibar Island. Rice cultivation is performed in 19 regions of mainland Tanzania and the amount produced in 2011/2012 was 1.12 million tonnes. Rice cultivation and production in TZ is challenged by existence of yellow mottle virus. Maize is an important major staple crop in TZ cultivated averagely in 3 M hectares - approximately 45% of the total cultivated area in Tanzania. Approximately 4.5 million farming households (82% of TZ farmers are engaged in maize production ( NSCA) Maize cultivation is geographically dispersed in all seven agro ecological zones of TZ Currently maize production is threatened by a newly introduced viral caused disease MLND. 35

43 REPORTS ON THE PRESENCE OF MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE (MLND) IN TZ In August 2012 the Maize Working Group in a monitoring and evaluation activity noted a peculiar disease in Arusha, Karatu and Babati district. MLND incidence in Tanzania was confirmed when Maize leaf samples collected from affected areas in Manyara and Arusha were sent to the USA for analysis. The samples tested serologically positive for MCMV and SCMV. The disease was also seen in Kilimanjaro region during the short rain crop season in The disease is a national crisis and a food security problem (Mahuku and Makumbi, 2013). MLND AFFECTED AREAS FIGURE 29: AN AFFECTED FARM IN KONDOA DISTRICT FIGURE 30: MNLD SPREAD IN TANZANIA Planned Sensitization Activities in Tanzania. Since MLND introduction, sensitization activities have been undertaken at various levels. Maize Researchers in ARIs Uyole, Tumbi Ukiriguru Mlingano Mikocheni, SARI, Ilonga and seed companies were informed. Press release report through mass media (TBC, Radio, Newspaper was given out on the 29th November 2012 at Tengeru market. More than 3000 leaflets and posters about the disease have been distributed in a wide number of forums. Plant Health Officers visited 20 maize growing regions to sensitize Regional Agricultural Advisors DALDOs and extension officers on the disease. Awareness Creation Meetings were organized by RCs of Kilimanjaro, Arusha Manyara and Mara on the 5th-8th of March At National level prevention and control rules, measures having legal backing to control MLND were developed. On the 12th to 15th February officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute and TOSCI attended a Regional meeting convened by CIMMYT in Nairobi Safari club regarding management strategies for the disease. Research team held a meeting for 7 days to compile a proposal on mapping and control of MLND. 36

44 Key Knowledge Gaps to Be Addressed How extensive the disease problem is in the maize growing areas of the country. Information available indicates existence of the problem in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Mara, Manyara and Lake zone regions which are bordering Kenya where the disease was first reported just last year (Wangai et al, 2012). The key driving factors for this fast spreading of MLND to these regions are not known. MLND is new to farmers, seed companies, and national extension and research systems involved in the development and production of the crop in Eastern and Southern Africa. Joint understanding on the problem among stakeholders is limited so needs to be coordinated. The resistance levels to the MLND of maize germplasm base and commercial cultivars in the country are not known. For instance, the heritability estimates are not established so making experimental/screening trials a challenging scenario. Conservatively, artificial inoculation to minimize escapes and declaring false positives and most critically to improve heritability estimates followed by testing in more environments (locations, seasons, management and their interactions) would reduce time to availing resistant varieties to farming communities. There is limited knowledge on what virus complex cause the MLND in Tanzania. It is imperative to know whether MLND in the country is caused by MCMV and SCMV as per the current report (Mahuku and Makumbi, 2013) or whether there exist another combination such as MCMV with MDMV or MCMV with WSMV, or any other combination. This needs to be verified. The local research capacity has limited technical and laboratory skills to be able to effectively study the disease which appears to be new. This technological gap may be associated with absence/inadequacy of laboratory facilities needed for the study. For instance knowledge on the molecular biology of the disease is lacking. Knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease in the country is lacking. This would include the biology and ecology of the disease, vectors which transmit it and associated environmental conditions which favour its spread. Effects of different ICPM techniques on the incidence and severity of the disease are all lacking. The knowledge base existent within the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIARs) such as CIMMYT and IITA, compared to national research programmes with regard to MLND, is different. Collaborative efforts with other countries in the region and these CGIARs on integrated capacity and resource utilisation to increase sharing of resources and knowledge would minimize duplication of efforts and confusion. 37

45 Recommended Strategic Plan to Control MNLD Establishment of national institutional coordination framework amongst key stakeholders to undertake MLND interventions; Development of committees/task force within districts responsible for supervising activities related to the disease; Conducting a centralized TOT to District Agriculture officers and other potential stakeholders on skills for sustainable management of the pest; Conduction of National survey to document and identify MLN Hotspot areas and areas free from the pest and map out the distribution of the pest in Tanzania by 2015; Organizing of public awareness campaigns on the disease through mass media (Television and radio programs, newspapers) and meetings; Development and dissemination of adequate extension materials to stakeholders through leaflets, posters and video (DVD/VCDs). Development of laws and by laws on control measures of the pest; Strengthening the diagnostic capacity for specific pest detection in Post Entry Quarantine stations such as TOSCI and Agricultural Research Institutes. Development of cultivars resistant to the pest; Identifying, documentation and promotion of appropriate crop production and management practices including GAP through existing Farmers field schools; Establishment of a monitoring and early warning/surveillance system to facilitate timely response/actions against the pest; To identify and characterize MLND causal agents and use it for inoculums production for use in field /screening trials by 2015; To screen existing commercial and advanced pre-release maize and elite inbred genotypes for resistance/tolerance to MLND in Tanzania by 2019; and To study the host/mlnd-causing pathogen/vector relationships in Tanzania by FIGURE 31: PARTICIPANTS AT THE WORKSHOP. 38

46 KENYA COUNTRY REPORT ON PLANTS PESTS AND DISEASES Stanley Kipkoech: Ministry of Agriculture Kenya. Kenya has a total surface area of 587,000km 2. 16% of this area constitutes high to medium agricultural potential. The Agriculture sector in Kenya contributes 24% of the total GDP, and 27% indirectly through postharvest processing. Agriculture generates 60% of the total export earnings and the sector employs 80% of the rural population. FIGURE 32: AN ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF KENYA Plant Protection Services Division. Plant Protection Services is a Division within the Crops Directorate of the State Department of Agriculture, mandated to reduce pre and postharvest plant losses due to pests through sound and sustainable Plant Protection practices. New constitution mandates county governments to manage and control other localized pests and diseases. Strategic Pests in Kenya. Quelea birds African armyworm Locusts (Desert locust, Tree locust) African bollworms Fruit fly Millipedes Tuta absoluta Whiteflies Weeds Adequate maternal & child CARE practices FIGURE 33: MR. STANLEY KIPKOECH FROM MOA IN KENYA 39

47 Pest Description Major activities Monitoring Data type Control Methods of control Quelea birds African armyworm Desert Locust Quelea quelea or red billed Quelea is a pest of small grained cereals which include:- wheat, rice, millets and sorghum. The birds breed in traditional colony areas and migrate to cause damage in cropped areas. Is a pest of Gramminae family. Major crops infested include: Maize, Wheat, Sorghum, Millet, Rice and pastures. There are Primary and secondary outbreak areas Locust spp. of concern include; - Desert locust, -Tree locusts TABLE 6: A LIST OF MAJOR PESTS IN KENYA. Surveillance, surveys and monitoring. Capacity building of county staff. Control operation. Monitoring and forecasting, Survey, control, Staff capacity building. Involves analysis of reports from regional bodies (IRLCO-CSA, FAO, DLCO- EA). The desert locust outbreaks are not a common occurrence. Last outbreak occurred in 2007/2008 Major activities. Surveillance, surveys and monitoring. Capacity building of county staff. Control operation. Involves data collection from; Field surveys, reports from field staff & farmers, Reports from collaborators (DLCO-EA & IRLCO-CSA) Done using Over 600 pheromone traps including community based. Trap servicing is done twice each year. Moth catches, Rainfall data Done through; field surveillance, Field Report. Type of data collected for decision making on the control method include:- Hectarage of crop infested, Stage of crop development, Bird population, Size of roost, Location of the roost Outbreaks occur annually though magnitude varies from year to year. Type of data collected to determine method of control include: Larval stage, Area infested, Population of locust, Developmental stage Control once data is obtained and verified control operation is conducted. The control methods commonly used are:- Vehicle mounted spray, Aerial spraying, and Bird incineration using explosives. Hand held sprayers (Knapsack & ULV ), Motorized spraying (vehicle mounted & mist blower), Aerial control. 40

48 Emerging Pests in Kenya. 1. African bollworms ; Major crops prone are maize and legumes in 2009/2010 Control measures by spraying insecticides. 2. Fruit fly ; Reported in Kenya since 2003, but in 2007 a trade embargo of fruits to South Africa was enforced. Currently, there is project towards creating a pest free zone which will be the source of clean fruits for export. Methods in use include pheromone traps with methyl Eugenol supplemented with field sanitation. 3. Millipedes & Tuta absoluta; Millipedes reported as pests on bananas, snow peas while Tuta on tomatoes. Monitoring and control devices are being developed through publicprivate partnership. Challenges in pest management Inadequate knowledge and skills amongst staff and farmers required for management; Inadequate equipment required for control operations; Time lag between reporting and actual control; and Emerging trends: new areas of infestation due to new cropping patterns and changing eco-systems. Questions raised in plenary. What is considered as rapid response? How rapid is rapid? The Ministry s Service charter from reporting time to action is within a week. How about diseases MNLD? Why was Naivasha selected as the principal research area when Maize is grown on large scale in other counties? It was where the disease was first sighted. It is within KARI and no other maize field around, thus a perfect quarantine area. Have there been any concerted efforts for research extension on good agronomic practices? The extension officers through MOA have been advising farmers to practice crop rotation, use of certified seed etc. However, this calls for a large geographical grouping of farmers i.e. a Community Action Plan. There are still more gaps. This calls for KARI to do more. MCMV is very lethal, is there any evidence of high contact transmission or from debris? Is there too much inoculum in the field? Is there any research on the role of soil transmission, water, underground seepage, contact to contact? If the soil base has a role to play in disease transmission, why is it advisable to plant certified/resistant variety? All these conditionalities are under investigation by the CIMMYT/KARI collaboration at the Naivasha plant breeding station. Preliminary investigations attest to the evidence of inoculum in maize stovers, however it is yet to be proven if the soil base or surface water have a role to play in disease transmission. At the KARI site in Naivasha, how many lines are showing tolerance for MCV? Is it tolerant or resistant? Still on the buffer field, was it the whole field or just sample crops? Were the seeds certified? Did you trace the source of seed? Quite a number of lines displayed tolerance to MCV. The infected plants were scattered but with a nice yellowing on leaves. The seeds were certified, and we involved the seed companies in the trials. It Is true that the rate of seed transmission of MCV and MCMV is underrated. 41

49 SOUTH SUDAN. COUNTRY STATUS REPORT ON PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES. Mr. Atem Garang: Ministry of Agriculture, South Sudan. South Sudan is an inter-lock country with an area of 640,000 square kilometres. It is bordered by six countries. Kenya, Uganda, DRC, Central African, Sudan and Ethiopia, with many entry points scattered along its borders. Therefore cross-border trade in agricultural commodities provide path ways for entry of pests into the country. South Sudan is endowed with diverse natural resources which include: Abundant fertile agriculture lands, natural forestry and woodlands; Abundant animal wealth (livestock and wild life); and Abundant Water Resources from rainfall, rivers and underground water. Agro-Ecological zones South Sudan is gifted with six agro-ecological zones (MAF 2007) namely the Greenbelt, Ironstone Plateau, Hills and Mountains, Flood Plains, the Nile/Sobat Rivers, and the Semi-arid and pastoral zone (see Figure below). Rainfall pattern varies from below 300 mm in the semi-arid to 2000 mm in the Green belt a year. FIGURE 34: THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF SOUTH SUDAN Economic Performance South Sudan s economy is heavily dependent on oil revenue, which traditionally accounts for 98 % of government revenue (excluding foreign aid). With the prolonged period of war (instability) and neglect of the agricultural production in South Sudan, production of crops remains far below average needs 51% of South Sudanese are poor (55% in rural areas and 24% in urban areas) (FAO-WFP CFSAM 2013). South Sudan s economy is heavily dependent 42

50 on oil revenue, which traditionally accounts for 98 % of government revenue (excluding foreign aid). With the prolonged period of war (instability) and neglect of the agricultural production in South Sudan, production of crops remains far below average needs 51% of South Sudanese are poor (55% in rural areas and 24% in urban areas (FAO-WFP CFSAM 2013). South Sudan Crisis on Humanitarian Situation A food security indicator has deteriorated estimates 4.1 million people are severely to moderately food insecure. Over an estimated 863,000 people has been displaced, of which 249,122 are in neighbouring countries. Affected states, mostly Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile are severely food insecure and highly dependency food markets. FIGURE 35: MAP SHOWING THE EXTENT OF DISPLACEMENT IN SOUTH SUDAN Farming System South Sudan farming is largely subsistence. Rain fed Traditional Farming accounts for 1.73 million hectares. The main crops grown under this system include Sorghum, Groundnuts, Sesame, Millet, Maize, Rice and Cassava. Rain fed Mechanized Farming consumes an area of about 140,251 hectares, particularly in Upper Nile State. The main crops grown are Sorghum, Sesame, Sunflower, and Rice. Other crops are horticultural (vegetables & fruits). Mandate Plant Protection Directorate Formulate plant protection policy and legal frame work for plant protection units (Plant quarantine, Pesticides, pest control, laws and Regulations); Establish surveillance system to detect and identify of pests and diseases whether exotic or indigenous ones; Establish quarantine procedures to restrict introduction of new pest and diseases at entry points; Build rapid response capacity to response to emergency pests outbreaks in the country; and Monitor and control migrant pests. 43

51 Major Pests and DiseasePests and diseases are widely spread on all crops in the country, they are the major factors for heavy crop losses in the field and in the stores. The major pests of cereals (Sorghum, Maize, rice & pearl millet). Migrant pests like Quelea birds, army worm, tree locust caused heavy cereals losses. Other pests and diseases that also caused considerable damage to cereals include stemborers(sesamia critica, Chilo partellus, Busscola fusca), sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola), shoot fly (Atherigona soccata), Green bug (Nezera viridula), Dura andat (Agonoscelis pubescens), African bollworm (Heliothis armigera), termites and diseases such as sorghum head smut, maize stripped virus, Rodents and striga weed. Some of Major Pests Pests and Diseases of oil crops FIGURE 37: BIRDS FIGURE 36: RATS FIGURE 38: BUGS Ground nuts pests include white grub (Schizonycha africana), thrips (Thrips tabaci), aphids (Aphis gossypii) and termites (Hodotermes thorcalis). Sesame pest include sesame webworm (Antigastra cataunalis), sesame gall midge(asphondylio sesame), Sesame stink bug (Eusarcoris ventralis) spider mite (Tetranychus urtcae). Pests & Diseases of root crops Pests of cassava (mealy bug (Phenacoccus manihoti), green mite, (Mononychelulls tanajoa) elegant grasshoppers, whiteflies (Bemisia spp). Diseases: cassava fungal leaf spot diseases; white leaf spot, brown leaf spot, and leaf blight, cassava mosaic virus (CMV), each of which can cause considerable crop losses. Control by the use clean planting materials. Pests and diseases of legumes Bean fly (Agromyza phaseolis), Bean aphids (Aphis fabae) Stripped blister beetle(epicauta vittata), Mexican bean beetle(epilachuna varivestis), spider mite (Tetranychus urtcae). Horticulture Pests and DiseasesFruit flies, ( mealy bug (Phenacoccus manihoti), Aphids, Jassid, Boll warm melon beetles. 44

52 SUCCESS STORIES OF PESTS CONTROL South Sudan had success in controlling Quellea birds in collaboration with Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa (DLCOEA) in (2013) at Upper Nile state. Challenges or Constraints to the Plant Pest Department. No surveillance system established to detect and identify crops prevailing pests and diseases to establish their status in the country; South Sudan is bordered by many countries with no establish quarantine entry points to restrict introduction of exotic pests and diseases; Lack of legal frame work for plant protection units; and Inadequate human resources in various disciplines of plant protection at national and state levels. Recommendations Build the capacity of the Ministry of Agriculture to conduct national pest surveillance, reporting and setup early warning system for detection of pest outbreaks; Establish and equip lab for plant protection services; Assist dealers in pesticides and application equipment to comply with international procedures and guidelines for the importation and sale of pesticides; Establish surveillance system to detect and identify exotic and indigenous pest for data base; and Cooperation and coordination with different international and regional organizations and institutions dealing with pests and diseases. Comments from the Plenary The facts that for over 20 years, no farming has been practised in South Sudan, the gut feeling is that; can we consider the products for South Sudan as organic? We can explore this opportunity for marketing! How will you move forward on control and surveillance? How will you improve this capacity? Agriculture has been neglected in preference of oil revenue. There is likelihood that the current groundnut pest infestation could have been transmitted under the current displacement as a result of war. As an economically integrated region, there is need to understand the pest as a region lest we be caught unawares. The government of the Republic of South Sudan is keen on fostering regional partnership with its neighbours for both capacity building and surveillance objectives. 45

53 SESSION 3: WHO DOES WHAT, WHERE? MAPPING OF WHO DOES WHAT? CURRENTLY. THE PROPOSED ALLIANCE PLATFORM. 46

54 SESSION 4: MANAGEMENT TOOLS, OPTIONS AND GAPS KENYAN TASKFORCE ON MNLD Bramwel Wanjala and Anne Wangai ; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) MLND working team in Kenya: MOA KARI KEPHIS PCPB UON CIMMYT ICIPE STAK CGA AAK Collaborators: OARDC- Ohio State University, USA University of Minnesota, USA CABI Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), UK FIGURE 39: MR. BRAMWEL WANJALA FROM KARI. Emergence of MLN in eastern Africa September 2011: Disease first reported in the lower parts of Longisa division of Bomet District of Kenya. February 2012: Noticed in Bomet Central division, spreading into neighbouring Chepalungu, Narok North, Narok South and Naivasha Districts of Kenya. April 2012: Disease further spread to Sotik,, Koinon, Transmara, Rumuruti, Kisii, Bureti, Kericho, Mathira East, Imenti South and Embu Districts of Kenya. In Tanzania: Lake zone (Mwanza and Musoma), Manyara, Arusha and Moshi. Farmers views on possible origin of MLND Contaminated seeds from agro-vet shops Relief seeds (issued through the Government) Insect damage Frost damage Do not know the source God s vengeance The Public concern on implications of the new disease and effects on: Food Security Farm income Food shortage Period to receive effective, affordable and sustainable control measures Difficulty of shifting from their dietary preference of maize H o us e 47

55 FIGURE 40: SPREAD OF MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS (MLN) IN EASTERN AFRICA?? A Mapping done by ASARECA indicated more areas in Africa are considered suitable/prone to MLND. Symptoms observed in a seed production lot in Tanzania was indicative of seed loss through tip die-back and premature drying of male parent. This results in total loss of the seed production field. Global occurrence of MCMV/MLN Country MCMV / MLN Year Reference FIGURE 41: MLND DISTRIBUTION IN KENYA 2012 Peru MLN 1973 Castillo and Hebertt (1974) USA CLN 1976 Niblett and Cafflin (1976) Argentina CLN 1982 Teyssandier et al. (1982) Mexico MCMV/MLN 1987 Delgadillo and Gaytan (1987) Thailand MCMV 1983 Cited in Uyemoto (1983) Brazil MCMV 1983 Cited in Uyemoto (1983) China MLN 2011 Xie et al. (2011) Kenya MLN 2012 Wangai et al. (2012) Tanzania MLN 2012 CIMMYT Task Force Report to Ministry of Agriculture, Tanzania Uganda MLN 2012 Godfrey Asea s presentation in MLN Workshop (Nairobi; Feb 12-13, 2013) Rwanda MCMV 2013 Claver Ngabiyasonga s presentation during MLN Training Workshop (Nairobi; July 1, 2013) DRC MCMV 2014 IITA TABLE 7: RECORDED MCMV/MLN INCIDENCES GLOBALLY. 48

56 Distribution of MCMV and MLN Maize lethal necrosis has occurred fairly rarely and sporadically around the world over the past 40 years. SCMV was described in Kenya in 1930 s; MCMV was first detected in Kenya in Serological protocols for detection such as ELISA or TBIA were used. The confirmation of the presence of viruses was done using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).(Ohio State University & FERA). FIGURE 42: MCMV AND MLN DISTRIBUTION GLOBALLY (SOURCE -PEG REDINBAUGH) Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) Family: Potyviridae Genus: Potyvirus Species: Sugarcane mosaic virus Acronym: SCMV FIGURE 43: A LABORATORY SAMPLE OF SCMV FIGURE 44: MCMV LABORARATORY SAMPLE Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) Family: Tombusviridae Genus: Machlomovirus Species: Maize chlorotic mottle virus Acronym: MCMV 49

57 Disease Symptoms: Severe mottle on the leaves CURRENT APPROACHES FOR MLN CONTROL - KENYA Awareness creation to all stakeholders Policy makers, researchers, extension staff, seed producers, farmers Reduction of the level of inoculum Introduction of maize free Break the continuous maize growing seasons- Bomet and Kiboko areas Crop rotation Planting early Crop diversification Rouguing diseased plants Clean seed certification policy Routine seed inspection and certification by KEPHIS The three MLND workshops were as follows:- MLN Regional Workshop and Field Day (Feb 12-14, 2013) CIMMYT & NARS A Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Meeting at Narok (30 th June 3 rd July 2013) Workshop to develop a strategic plan for Maize Lethal Necrosis disease for Eastern and Central Africa, Jacaranda Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya, August, 2013 Identification and deployment of material with genetic resistance to MCMV (and SCMV) The screening of inbreed lines is being done by (KARI and CIMMYT). The team has evaluated over 6,000 maize genotypes in Narok and Naivasha. The research is on elite inbreed, pre commercial hybrids, elite lines and pre-commercial hybrids/commercial hybrids. The evaluated lines revealed resistance/moderate to both MCMV and SCMV. Artificial inoculation achieves up to 90 % transmission Promising CIMMYT inbreds and pre-release hybrids against MLN identified. 50

58 MLN testing facility in Eastern Africa Centralized MLN screening facility established at KARI-Naivasha Offer an opportunity for screening elite germplasm for CIMMYT, KARI as well as public and private partners in EA FIGURE 45: MLND TESTING FACILITY IN EAST AFRICA Epidemiological gaps Survey for MLND in maize growing regions Identify distribution of SCMV and MCMV Enhanced diagnostic testing for MLND at KARI Understand the underlying factors that facilitate rapid spread of MLND. FIGURE 46: GERMPLASM EVALUTIO N AT KARI NAIVASHA FIGURE 47: DISTRIBUTION OF MCMV AND SCMV IN 15 CO UNTIES IN KENYA

59 Host range studies What alternate hosts of MLN-causing viruses are prevalent in the region? How best to control them? Genera Susceptible/Resistant Sorghum bicolar? FIGURE 48: ALTERNATE HOSTS OF MLN-CAUSING VIRUSES Panicum miliaceum (Pearl millet) Cyperus esculentus Avena fatua Echinochloa crus-galli Eragrostis trichodes Setaria italic (Foxtail millet) Penisetum glaucum Penisetum purpureum Agropyron repens Bromus inermis Elusine coracana (Finger millet) Hordeum vulgare (Barley) Triticum aestivum (Wheat) Susceptible Resistant Resistant Resistant Resistant Susceptible Resistant Resistant Resistant Resistant Susceptible Resistant Resistant Improving virus detection procedures is being done through capacity building for researchers and the setting up of a functional laboratory for screening MLND viruses Serologica/Molecular) FIGURE 49: RESEARCHERS AT THE MLND LABORATORY KAPAP Activities The programme is World bank funded, with KARI as a lead Institution. Other members include MoA, KEPHIS, UoN, ICIPE and PCPB. The Strategic Objectives of the MLND project that could delivered by year 2014 include: Awareness Creation and Management of Insect vectors Information and technologies on diagnostics, epidemiology Identify vectors of viruses causing MLND, their host range and management options The Way forward Continuous surveys to map and better document the extent of disease (locally and internationally) is advised. There is need to study the epidemiology of the disease such as the role of seed, aerial, soil/water, environmental factors and agronomic practices. The understanding MLN Insect-vector dynamics would via a catalogue known vectors of MLN diseases and their role in disease spread is fundamental. This will help the documentation of the modes of transmission of the disease. Finally, it is critical to evaluate diverse sets of maize germplasm to identify potential sources of resistance and incorporate it in farmers varieties. 52

60 CIMMYT EXPERIENCE WITH MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS (MLN) ADDRESSING MLND CHALLENGE IN MAIZE PRODUCTION IN AFRICA THROUGH ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF RESISTANT MAIZE GERMPLASM George Mahuku, D. Makumbi, Janet Kimunye, D. Bish, A. Wangai, Y. Beyene, S. Mugo, Joseph Ombaka, K. Semagn, and BM. Prasanna. Maize Lethal Necrosis is combination of MCMV and either Pityvirus, SCMV, MDMV or WSMV. Individual infection with each virus can also cause the disease. Typically, infection with one virus results in milder symptoms than MLN but reaction depends on germplasm and viral strain. FIGURE 50: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MLN DEVELOPMENT Virus: Either individual or compound Vectors: Presence of aphids and thrips, other insects MLN Development Susceptible Germplasm Environment: Conditions favoring vectors and disease Some sights from infected fields - Disease incidence and severity Naivasha (Kenya) Bomet (Kenya) Arusha (Tanzania) Babati (Tanzania) Loss of seed production The seed industry in East Africa is under stress. Seed demand has decreased in the MLNaffected region by several thousand tons. The demand has changed and consequently the sales have reduced. There is a lot of carry over seed. Import restrictions have been enforced. Seed treatment with systemic insecticides has increased the cost of seed. Severe vulnerability of commercial varieties released in Kenya has been noted. The STAK-KARI trials ( ) revealed that screening of 119 commercial maize varieties (both hybrids and OPVs) released in Kenya under MLN artificial inoculation trials in Naivasha and Narok in Kenya revealed that 117 of these are highly vulnerable to MLND. The project was initiated in August 2013 with funding support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. The objectives were: Establishing a centralized MLN screening facility at KARI- Naivasha Developing and using an optimized MLN screening protocol Ensuring a continuous flow of MLN resistant elite germplasm in sub-saharan Africa FIGURE 51: TIP DIE-BACK AND PREMATURE DRYING OF MALE PARENT RESULTED IN TOTAL LOSS OF SEED. 53

61 Seed systems support for rapid scale-up, demonstration and marketing of MLN resistant varieties to replace susceptible products Training /capacity building of partners in Africa in MLN diagnosis and breeding for MLN resistance MLN Screening Facility in KARI-Naivasha The MLN screening facility is one of several important facilities established through KARI-CIMMYT partnership for the benefit of Kenya and sub-saharan Africa at large. The 20-hectare dedicated facility has: Three screen houses; Laboratory-cum-office complex for MLN research; and Field facilities to screen maize germplasm. FIGURE 52: MR. GEORGE MAHUKU FROM CIMMYT The Screen houses are complicated by a field of 16 ha for germplasm screening. A Laboratory is currently being used for inoculum production. It has the capacity for detection and diagnosis of MLN virus components. The objectives for the MLN facility are to:- Develop & optimize artificial inoculation protocols Develop standardized disease rating system Screen germplasm (CIMMYT and partners, private and public) for response to MLN Conduct targeted research to better understand the disease and casual agents Build capacity of collaborators in MLN Inoculum production Produced enough inoculum for 15 ha, inoculating twice Maintain the two virus strains in separate greenhouses Quality control to minimize contamination Developed SOPs for the screen houses FIGURE 53: INNOCULUM PREPARATION 54

62 % infected plants Field Operations Maize for germplasm screening was planted on 14 ha piece of land (each ha has 3300 rows). The hybrids and inbred lines were screened. The germplasm came from CIMMYT / IITA, partners (both public and private companies). The inoculation was done on an 8 ha piece of land and evaluations are currently being done. Screening Maize Germplasm for MLN Resistance No Germplasm Type Number 1 Hybrids in NPT 54 2 Elite advanced hybrids WWT trials 86 4 Number of inbred lines Number of F2: Commercial hybrids 15 7 Single cross 66 Total 2217 TABLE 8: TABLE SHOWING GERM PLASM SCREENING AT NAIVASHA, KENYA Reaction of inbred lines for MLN disease previous experiments FIGURE 54: CHART DIPLAYING PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS GENOTYPES Genotype numbers NB: Tolerant genotype Entry 6 ( CKDHL0085) and entry 7 (CKDHL0089) Susceptible genotype Entry 25 (CKDHL0202 ) and entry 27 (CKDHL0326) and all checks How National Agricultural Research stations (NARS) and Private Sector can participate A call for applications is made twice a year. The partners suggest the number of rows they need. The panel allocates rows and the partner sends seed. CIMMYT plants and screens the germplasm. A series of field days are organized for partners to view their material under field conditions. CIMMYT sends data back to partners. The current costs are USD 4 per row for the seed company, CIMMYT and IITA. NARs are not charged anything. MLN phenotyping service to both public and private sector institutions is done on a costrecovery system. Information and seed material of promising inbreds and pre-release hybrids are shared with several public and private partners in Africa. Some promising hybrids in NPTs and some more in pipeline are highlighted on a wider reach through nonexclusivity, till supply is more than the demand. 55

63 Conclusions. Operations are under way and the major focus is germplasm screening. Training workshops have been organized for the preceding month; the aim is for partners to learn how to deal with MLND. Planting will be done in two seasons and evaluation done for each season. The major challenges encountered were:- The need to acquire another irrigation system to expedite the process. Develop standardized protocols and transfer to partners. Germplasm from both public and private institutions. Evaluation under optimized MLN protocols Selection for MLN resistance and other relevant traits Release, seed scale-up and adoption of improved varieties. Discussions in the Plenary. The seed sector stress elaborated in the presentation is natural and normal in the short term, but what could be done for the long-term? Could these be an opportunity for the seed sector? Response: If seed companies could produce disease-free seeds, then this could translate into more markets. There is need to do a longitudinal study where the seed companies could bulk their seed in the countries where MNLD has not been reported. It has been observed that MNLD is most severe when there is less rain. Is it the wash-away effect on vectors or rain that causes the disease incidence to decline? Response: Insecticides are not effective compared to rain! Insect vector populations reduce when it s cold and raining. MCMV+SCMV amplification in screenhouse FIGURE 55: PHOTO COURTESY/KARI 56

64 EXPERIENCES IN MNLD RESEARCH ON VIRUSES OF CEREALS, LEGUMES, VEGETABLES AND ORNAMENTALS Hanu R. Pappu Professor: Department of Plant Pathology Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. The sudden emergence and rapid spread of diseases with significant damage could be attributed to the following:- The host was the same, the genotypes/varieties probably have been the same Vectors probably the same Change in the vector biotype? More efficient biotype emerged or introduced? In case study of the thrips-transmitted tospoviruses, it was found that only 10 species out of 5,000 species of thrips can transmit these viruses (about 30). Thus one species can transmit more than one virus. Epidemiology of IYSV in Onion TABLE 9: PROFESSOR HANU PAP PU There is no proven evidence of seed transmission. The only possible means of virus introduction is by viruliferous thrips coming into a field or transplants carrying viruliferous thrips. The virus has to be acquired by the thrips larva. The virus replicates in the larva, survives the moulting. The adult starts transmitting, for the rest of its life. The virus is not seed-transmitted, the only means of spread is by thrips. The disease epidemic depends on 1. the number of thrips vectors 2. their migration 3. the proportion of transmitters among the known vectors Noticeably, continued losses despite research and management programs implemented, has resulted in fingers pointed increasingly at infected seed as primary source of inoculum. This has in turn raised concern in the region of seed production. In spring 2001, a seed lot quarantined in New York, showed the relative importance of seed-borne inoculum vs. endemic inoculum; lack of standardized seed assay. Early detection and rapid response entails: Training first responders Workshops on virus diagnostics On-farm, in-field diagnostics Educational materials disease keys Outreach and information transfer: print and electronic media FIGURE 56: DIAGNOSIS USING ELISA 57

65 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Tomato spotted wilt virus Susceptible Hosts Tomato Spotted Wilt Disease Insect Vectors Environment > 900 species of plants Warm season Thrips species (Family Thripidae) FIGURE 57: WILT SYMPTOMS Contingency and Mitigation Plans include: Database of viruses endemic in the area and the crops that they affect Pest risk analysis Exotic viruses and the crops they affect Shifting landscape ecology especially in urban-rural inter-phase Shifting cropping patterns changes in sequence, new crops Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease MLND It is a complex of viruses with different Biology, Ecology, Epidemiology and Molecular Biology. How they interact with each other and how they interact with maize virusgenotype interactions determines resistance or sustainability. The virus is unique on:- Virus-vector relations Virus strains biological and genetic diversity Virus diagnostics flash kits The sudden emergence and rapid spread of MNLD with significant damage where the ecology is the same and the landscape has not changed much, makes us ask: Is there a shift in crops and the sequence grown? Are there Shifts in urban vs. rural inter-phase? The emergence and rapid spread is also facilitated by: Genetic basis of natural host plant resistance Genetic resistance to one virus or both viruses Molecular basis of pathogenicity Nature of virally-coded silencing suppressors of host-mediated gene silencing 58

66 EAST AFRICA DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK This could be modelled along the highly successful National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) in the USA where:- Each country in the region will enter information on a particular disease situation Secure log-in; controlled access Regional platform Standardized data entry Be able to talk across borders Increased communication and coordination Thus the East Africa Surveillance Team could be a regional portal for disease database for Collaborations and Capacity Building. There will be expertise in: Virus diversity: strain characterization at biological and molecular levels Molecular typing of both viruses in the context of landscape ecology Diagnostics RNAi (pathogen-derived resistance) Virus-virus interactions at the molecular level Next Gen Sequencing for small RNA profiles Protein interaction maps Aphidtransmitted legume viruses Thrips and Tospoviruses in vegetables and legumes Potato-virus interactions Uganda Kenya Tanzania Viruses of cereals/small grains Viruses affecting floriculture Integrated Disease Management DRC Burundi FIGURE 58: EAST AFRICA SURVEILLANCE TEAM A REGIONAL PORTAL FOR DISEASE DATABASE Questions in the plenary. Who is managing the International Plant Diagnostic Network in East Africa? It is managed by KARI. In West Africa is IITA. The only limitation in Africa is access to internet. How does USA react when an epidemic arises? The Land Grant University is linked to the state Department of agriculture. Therefore they take lead. 59

67 UGANDA EXPERIENCE ON BXW BANANA XANTHOMONAS WILT CONTROL IN UGANDA. Byantwale Stephen: Assistant Commissioner, Crop Pests and Diseases, MAAIF The banana crop is important in the following ways:- Banana is a livelihood base for about 16 million Ugandans; most of them rural, throughout the year (Kabagambe, 2010). One of the most expensive staples in Kampala produce half the demand. Less than 1% of the dessert banana market in the East African region (Nairobi, Kampala, Kigali, Juba) is utilised. High industrial potential (fibre bio degradable plates, industrial starch, beverages). As a tree, it picks more CO2 from the atmosphere than most other food security crops; important for mitigation of climate change effects. Its extensive root system and leaf canopy stabilizes the banana agro-ecological system sustainable natural resource management. Wealth levels and banana production areas Where banana are the major crop, there is less poverty incidence. FIGURE 59: UGANDA S MAIN BANANA GROWING AREAS FIGURE 60: UGANDA ; SUBCOUNTY POVERTY INCIDENCE Major constraints to banana production FIGURE 61: VARIOUS SYMPTOM OF BXW 60

68 Why control BXW? BXW indiscriminately attacks all Musa cultivars causing up to 100% yield loss, severely compromising livelihoods and food security for over 30 million banana farming households across the region. Although BXW had been effectively controlled in some areas, resurgence occurred in some major banana growing areas. The objectives of the BXW programme were:- a. Effective coordination mechanisms at district level are put in place. b. Farmer knowledge and skills in control of BXW and other banana pests and diseases are enhanced. c. Improve local government capacity to prevent, mitigate and respond to banana pest and disease epidemics. a. Effective Coordination Mechanisms Established. A stakeholders meeting was held in June 2012 in Mbarara at Rwizi Arch Hotel. The stakeholders drawn from the 10 districts of Ankole sub-region included:- Technical wing (District NAADS Coordinators, District Agricultural Officers and District Production and Marketing Coordinators); Political wing (District Local Council V Chairpersons, secretaries for production for the districts); Administrative wing (Resident District Commissioner, Chief Administrative Officer); LCIII Chairperson, Chief and NAADS Coordinator of the worst hit sub county in districts; Farmers representatives; Zonal NAADS Coordinator and Zonal Agricultural Research and Development; and Institutes (ZARDI) also participated. MAAIF including NARO Roles and Responsibilities The elected political leaders to spearhead mobilisation of farmers, also their voters, for the control of BXW; The technical wing were to effectively deliver technical information for BXW control; Administrative wing was for supervision of the technical staff and implement community and sub county by-laws; Farmers actively control BXW; MAAIF/NARO bring in BXW experiences from other areas; The same representation formed the Ankole regional BXW control Taskforce, the lead implementing organ; Their terms of reference became the regional BXW control action plan; and Goal to reduce BXW incidence (farm level) from 45% to below 0.1% in 18 months in the whole of Ankole. Selection of hotspots Ten (10) hotspots, one in each of the 10 districts of Ankole were identified to host activities to demonstrate BXW control to affected communities. A hotspot was a LCI village, comprising of more than 200 households, with more than 60% of their banana fields affected by BXW. Task forces in the hot spots were established and trained to mobilise farmers for BXW. The sub county teams (platforms) were tasked to continuously monitor the level of implementation of the activities and to support enforcement of community byelaws. These teams reported progress to the district teams and the Ankole regional taskforce who subsequently reported to MAAIF. 61

69 Mbarara Isingiro Ntungamo Rubirizi Sheema Buhweiju Kiruhura Mitooma Ibanda Bushenyi Bunches sold per month BUHWEIJU BUSHENYI IBANDA ISINGIRO KIRUHURA MBARARA MITOOMA NTUNGAMO RUBIRIZI SHEEMA Mean No. of HH FIGURE 62: BBW INCIDENCE (FIELD LEVEL) REDUCTION IN A YEAR ON HOTSPOTS EVER HAD MAY13 Jun DISTRICTS FIGURE 63: BANANA YIELD RECOVERY WITHIN 4 MONTHS Baseline- Aug months later- Dec Districts Field days to showcase successful BXW control on previously affected fields in hotspots Field days were conducted in Kashekuro- Sheema District and Bukiro -Mbarara District, the outstanding performing hotspots. Districts of Sheema,Mitooma, Bushenyi, Buhweju, Rubirizi attended the field day in Kashekuro Sheema District. Districts of Mbarara, Ntungamo, Isingiro, Ibanda and Kiruhura attended the field day in Bukiro- Mbarara. Invited guests included the LCV Chairperson, RDC, Chief Administrative Officer, District Production Secretary, District Production and Marketing Officer, Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research Institute, together with Zonal NAADS Coordinator, District NAADS Coordinator were invited from each District. The press picked lessons and disseminated in local media the speech of Chairperson LCV, Mbarara in the BXW control campaigns. The news about the apprehended three rich farmers who defaulted on BXW control in Bukiro subcounty was published in Vernacular newspaper in Ankole, during a BXW control campaign month. As result the BBW incidence FIGURE 64: NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS FROM THE UGANDA MEDIA 62

70 reduced from over 45% in June 2012 to below at 13% at farm level and to 3% at plant level in November Banana production recovery of 40% was registered, an equivalent of UGX 161 Billion annually so far. Many banana fields in Mitooma, Rubirizi and other areas were completely destroyed. Farmers need be supported to replant their banana fields. National efforts building on the Ankole BXW control experience The national Launch was conducted in Mbarara, the best performing sub county. The guest of honour was the representation of His Excellency the President. 60 districts attended from all banana growing areas. Four regional meetings were later on conducted which conducted training of stakeholders trainers in the four main regions. Awareness campaigns in several FM radios in all the 4 main banana growing regions was also undertaken. Region % Presently affected farms % Over all controlled farms Central East Mid-west S.west Over all TABLE 10: CURRENT BBW STATUS IN UGANDA AS AT NOV % of the affected fields were in the Southwest which includes the Kigezi region. Ankole alone is 13%, while 60.9% of the previously affected fields effectively controlled BBW in the South West; 87% controlled BBW in Ankole. Banana production recovery (No. of 30 kg bunches/ month/field) in 4 banana growing regions in Uganda as at Nov first attack peak attack currently 0.0 Central East Mid-west S.west FIGURE 65: BANANA PRODUCTION RECOVERY IN FOUR REG IONS OF UGANDA Hon. Minister of MAAIF, launching the revised BBW control strategy for Uganda 2013.This is in Bukiro, sub-county, one of the several communities of good practice successful in BBW control. Lessons were incorporated in Uganda s revised strategy for BBW control nationwide launched by the Hon. Minister on behalf of HE the President. FIGURE 66: KEY MESSAGE CAPTURED FROM SPEECH OF THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE ANKOLE TASKOR CE 63

71 SESSION 5: THE PRIVATE SECTOR VIEW BANANA XANTHOMONAS WILT IN A WIDER FARMING/LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS CONTEXT. Blomme Guy - Bioversity International. FIGURE 67: SYMPTOMS OF BXW Mode of transmission for Xanthomonas wilt of banana include garden tools, Insect vectors, infected shoots/planting materials, large flying birds, bats, cattle and small ruminants. The Control strategy entails; Early removal of male buds (to prevent insect vector transmission) Sterilisation of garden tools Use of clean planting material Complete uprooting of diseased mats Single Diseased Stem Removal (SDSR) Incomplete systemicity. On station (Kifu, Central Uganda) and on farm observations (where farmers only cut visibly diseased stems and did not uproot complete mats as was advised). Due to incomplete systemicity and latent infections, the removal of single diseased stems will lead to recovery of banana fields. FIGURE 69: PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION OF SSDR FIGURE 68: RECOVERY OF BANANA FIELDS. 64

72 Bioversity International experience on single diseased stem removal technique. The SDSR technique comprises: I. regular (at least once a week) cutting, at soil level, of all visibly disease stems, II. the removal of the apical meristem of cut plants to prevent re-growth of diseased stems, III. adding some soil on the cut stem surface, so that no vector gets in contact with the ooze, IV. disinfecting the cutting tools after all visibly diseased stems have been cut (cutting tool sterilization is hence only done once), V. leaving cut stems intact in the field or at the edge of the plantation/a compost heap in a corner of the farm during annual crop cultivation/intercropping, and VI. minimizing farm tool use for e.g. de-leafing and de-suckering during the initial 3-4 months of SDSR application. Farmers are also advised to continue with the practice of male bud removal using a forked stick. FIGURE 70: EXPERIENTIAL RESULTS ON XANTHOMONAS WILT INCIDENCES. Scaling out, community mobilisation and collective action was done at the village, community level. The pilot sites of 20 or 30 farms were selected under collective action. There were also Isolated farms which were assessed on the need for collective action. Bioversity-ILAC-CRS-Diobass collaboration Farmer self-help groups training/discovery learning on XW and subsequently other crop constraints; Promoting Farmer associations such as FFS; Use of power structures/ influential actors (e.g. traditional chief, government representatives, religious leaders, school directors); and After the removal of diseased banana stems there is ample space for the cultivation of annual crops (during one or two seasons). Systems approach (for optimum productivity, income, nutrition) This is based on which annual crops to cultivate and which cultivars in terms of (yield/market demand/nutrition)? Tomatoes? Beans? Maize? Sweet potato? Taro? 65

73 REGIONAL TRANSBOUNDARY-BBTD FLAGSHIP PROJECT NETWORK OF PARTNERS AND ACTION SITES /LEARNING ALLIANCE Fen Beed :International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) The Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) has spread rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa during the past decade. Regional Transboundary (RTB) centres and partners prepared to battle this disease across Sub-Saharan Africa Workshop in Arusha: 2-4 February participants: Malawi, DRC, Burundi, Zambia, Congo Brazza, Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin IITA, Bioversity, CIRAD, advanced research institutes Approximately 50 experts from 20 countries gathered in Bujumbura, Burundi from 20 to 26 January, 2014 to coordinate an ambitious effort to contain the spread of Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) in Africa and help farmers to recover from the devastation. FIGURE 71: REPORTED INCIDENCES OF BBTD IN AFRICA 8 pilot sites selected include : Burundi Malawi DRC Kisangani DRC, bas Congo Congo Brazza: Gabon Cameroon Nigeria Benin Containment and Recovery This was RTB financed. The tools for piloting integrated community approaches to maximize the recovery of affected areas were devised. Strategies to ensure low-cost, healthy planting material were formulated. There was increased understanding of the host virus vector dynamics by cropping system for more effective containment and recovery strategies. Building capacity in laboratory detection tools, epidemiology, gender and cropping systems was done through: - Training workshop in Burundi (20-26 January 2014) - Training workshop Montpellier (March 2014) Surveys of BBTV presence in Africa were done in Nigeria, Benin, Gabon/Equatorial Guinea, Congo Brazzaville, Zambia and Central African Republic. 66

74 Tools for participatory community/farmer learning and experimentation - Local management of clean seed systems - establishment of BBTV/Aphid free fallow - replanting for greater crop productivity - management of BBTV re-infection - gender in community and household knowledge and decision making Studies - Gender, social relations and cropping systems - MSC students in each pilot site - PhDs for cross site comparison of epidemiology, cultivars, etc. Action Plan to mitigate Fusarium Wilt (TR4) in Africa. Containing the spread of disease in Mozambique to other regions through: Mobilizing regional stakeholders to institute preparedness measures to contain the spread (prevent introduction in other countries and regions), including establishing diagnostics; and Screening regional banana gene pools for tolerance/resistance to TR4 in Asia. Questions during plenary: Was there sterilisation of knives under SDSR? Yes either fire/jik etc. Fire is more affordable. FIGURE 72: WORKSHOP REPORT ON ACTR4 In all photos, intercropping with beans was displayed. Given the pressure on land is this achievable? The choice of intercrop was entirely on the farmers preference. Beans have short maturity periods and a high economic value. Is Bioversity going to produce training materials for SDRS? This calls for collaboration and concerted efforts by all stakeholders. What will be the role of crop rotation in mitigating BXW? Does the infection by ruminants (farm animals) contribute to the spread of diseases? Each plant that is visibly diseased is removed. If you remove the male buds then all the risks for inoculum spread are removed. Animals like cattle produce saliva that has bactericidal properties. Structurally, their hooves could transmit the inoculums. 67

75 SESSION 6: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNED MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES IN ECA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE INITIATIVES AND PLANS AT ASARECA. Brian E. Isabirye, Ivan Rwomushana and Fina Opio. (ASARECA) Association for Strengthening Agriculture Research in Africa - ASARECA More than 800 million people globally do not have adequate food; 1.3 billion live on less than $1 a day. The supply of food in the developing countries will have to rise by around 7 per cent by 2020 to feed the 6.5 billion people in the world. Food demand will double by 2050, requiring a 40% increase in cereal production or and an additional million hectares of land. Abiotic stresses (Pests and Diseases) are ever increasing: At least 10% of global food production is lost to plant diseases! The problem of pests and diseases is now compounded by the impacts of climate change. COUNTRY Burundi SITUATION 28% are food insecure, while 53 % of children under 5 stunted and 8 % have acute malnutrition D.R. Congo Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda 3.7 million severely food insecure and 17.2 million moderately food insecure people. Acute malnutrition affects 11 % of children under % of population are food insecure, and import 50 % of cereal. 8.2 million people are chronically food insecure. 40% of the provinces food insecure. 38 % of the children under 5 are underweight. 3.8 million people need emergency food aid. 2.5 million in urban areas are chronically food insecure. 1.7 million people in needed food assistance of whom 294,000 were severely food insecure Sudan In South Sudan over 60 percent of the returnees were (2011) food insecure and in some areas 20 percent of the residents were food insecure. In Darfur 1.7 million people were food insecure. Tanzania Food insecurity is present everywhere in rural areas. 30 percent are food insecure or are vulnerable. 34 percent of children under 5 are underweight or stunted and 6 percent are severely malnourished. Uganda Food insecurity is everywhere affecting 50 percent of the country in most years. In 2006, nearly 7 million were highly and 4 million rural people were moderately vulnerable. Madagascar 33 % are undernourished, while 50 percent of children are malnourished. TABLE 11: A SNAP SHORT OF THE FOOD SITUATION IN ECA REGION What cuts across ECA Countries? Countries in the region are facing similar challenges to improve agriculture s performance. Food production in the region is consistently lower than population growth while poverty is increasing. The agro-ecological zones cut across political boundaries, and therefore, similar technologies needed. Therefore there are great untapped opportunities to promote agricultural led growth through sharing of Agricultural research in regional collective action, collaboration and specialization. ASARECA s activities mainly include facilitatating the generation of Technology Innovations and Management Programmes (TIMPs) for the sub-region and up-scaling of appropriate TIMPs across borders. It also ensures an enabling policy environment for agricultural transformation thus enhancing institutional and stakeholder capacities for innovation generation. ASARECA is regional hub and think tank for knowledge, information and learning. 68

76 PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES PROGRAMMES AT ASARECA Past Initiatives. Bananas. Sustainable Management of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt within Banana Cropping Systems in Eastern and Central Africa US$ 398, Enhanced Management of Banana Xanthomanas Wilt for Sustainable Banana Productivity in East and Central Africa: US$ 483, Out Scaling Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) Control in East and Central Africa, US$ 500,000. FIGURE 73: BRIAN ISABIRYE FROM ASARECA Results: Recommended BXW control technologies in affected communities in ECA scaled out; Adoption of policy options that support effective implementation of BXW control enhanced; Institutional and technical capacities to sustainably manage BXW and increase access of banana to markets built; and Availability of information and knowledge for management of BXW enhanced. Cassava Mega Project on Improved Cassava Productivity and Utilisation in Eastern And Central Africa to address the constraints (CMD and CBSD) along the value chain in an integrated multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary manner in ECA. Period: : US$ 4,955, Integrated Management of Cassava Brown Streak Disease and Cassava Mosaic Disease for Enhanced Productivity and Utilisation of Cassava in ECA: US$ 642, The Eastern Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (EAAPP) is strengthening and scaling up regional cooperation in generation of cassava technology, training, and dissemination under Cassava regional centre for excellence (RCoE). Sorghum Integrated Striga Management for Improved Sorghum Productivity in ECA. To increase sorghum productivity by reducing crop losses caused by Striga and create market opportunities US$ 370, Integrated Striga Management for Improved Sorghum Productivity in ECA US$ 143, Enhancing Sorghum Adaptability to Climate Change Striga Resistance and Drought Tolerance Traits Pyramiding through Biotechnological Approaches US$ 536,480 Fighting Striga: Resistance Genes Deployed to Boost Sorghum Productivity US$ 436,091 Evaluation of Striga Resistant Farmer Preferred Sorghum varieties in the ECA US$ 210,059 69

77 Livestock Forages Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Resistance. To mitigate the effects of Napier diseases on smallholder dairy in ECA US $ 600,300 Seed Systems Interventions Application of tissue Culture to Improve Access to Cassava and Sweet potato Clean Planting Materials for Farmers in Eastern and Central Africa; Establishment of a Genetic Transformation Platform for Cassava in the ECA; and Rationalization and Harmonization of Policies, Laws, Regulations and Procedures for Key Agricultural Sectors in ECA. Current Initiatives and Future Plans There is need to align and refocus our roles in the region: Up scaling the various pest and disease TIMPs developed in OPI or available in the region. Build upon past successes and lessons; Facilitate the arrest and containment of the spread of endemic and emerging pests and diseases in ECA; Support NARS to sustainably manage transboundary pests and diseases in ECA; Carry out research to generate new information and TIMPs for sustainable management of pests and diseases (MLN, Fruit fly, Fusarium); Establishment ECA coordination mechanisms for coordination of agreed research and development agenda and to monitor pest and disease movements; and Improve knowledge and information flow and utilization in the region on pests and diseases management. Pest and Disease forecast models for mapping and identifying hotspots in ECA Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) African rice gall midge (AfRGM), Orseolia oryzivora Panama disease of banana (Fusarium oxysporum)! Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD)! Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)! Maize Lethal Necrosis In August 2013, ASARECA convened a regional stakeholder meeting in Nairobi to develop a strategy for MLN: Diagnostics and epidemiology; breeding for MLN resistance; MLN agronomic management options; phytosanitary measures and regulations; understanding the socioeconomic impact of the disease; communication, information and knowledge management; and capacity enhancement. FIGURE 74: CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF MLN IN AFRICA 70

78 Developing and up scaling technologies and innovations for management of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in ECA. Enhance the understanding of MLN and the socio-economic impact in the semi humid lowland agricultural systems; Enhance the generation of varieties and gender responsive technologies and innovations for management of MLN; Validate and scale out gender responsive technologies and innovations for management of MLN; Strengthen the regional capacity for the management of MLN; Facilitate the development and harmonization of policies to prevent transboundary spread of MLN; and Enhance the utilization of knowledge and information on MLN. Managing the Trans-boundary Maize Lethal Necrosis Diseases in ECA To validate and scale out available MLN TIMPs in affected communities in ECA; Support adoption of policy options and catalyze stakeholder s needed thrust and support for MLN management in ECA; To strengthen institutional and technical capacities for farmers, public and private extension and local leaders to sustainably manage MLN; and To enhance availability of information and knowledge for management of MLN. FIGURE 75: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR VECTOR POPULATION 71

79 The Proposed ECA Pest and Disease Decision Support System Data Products Forewarning Decision Support System Decision- Making User Community Satellite Remote Sensing ASARECA 3 Themes Pest and Disease Modeling, DSS Tools Forecast & Seasonal Outlooks Policy Making ECA Regional Policy Actors Extension & Training Integrated Pest & Disease Portal. Pest and Disease Outbreak Agricultural Extension Crop and Environmental ASARECA KI-Hub Farm Decisions Pest and Disease Outbreak Issues raised in the plenary. Uganda has taken the lead on disease management; Burundi is on track on how to use the authorities for surveillance. However, in DRC the involvement of government is a handicap, what can the researchers do to bring governments on board? In Uganda the National Disease and Pests Steering committee brings all stakeholders (academia/research, NGOs, etc.) together. There is a national technical committee for all scientists. There are also structures in government utilised to the maximum, up to districts and county levels. To bring governments on board, you need a national strategy. An effective zonal stakeholder s consultative meeting is the beginning point for stakeholder involvement. In the Ugandan case study, the president participated in the translating the Banana manual into the local Ankole language. The political will must be involved. And for errant farmers, by laws if well formulated can work well. The proposed TCP project will focus on Phytosanitary system and trans-boundary diseases. What about the status of genotypes to farmers who have developed their own tolerant cultivars? So far this has not been incorporated in the project design. This can be included as a suggestion in the questionnaires being circulated to the participants. On modelling, I noticed that very little is being done on vectors and the challenge is people to give you data.i.e. white fly distribution. On modelling why are we not involving human behavioural tendencies such as moving from one place to another transmitting the inoculum? ASRECA has incorporated these two parameters as components of study. Refer to the mathematical models for vector and host population. ASARECA has a strategic position to strengthen Phytosanitary system i.e. how we can improve the role of IPSAC. ASARECA will participate as a constituent of RAFA. 72

80 SESSION 7: SURVEILLANCE, PREPAREDNESS AND PLANNING FOR MANAGEMENT FRONT LINES SUPPORT TO BIG PESTS AND DISEASES: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS Julian Smith - Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA). We have experienced a history of big pest events and these Shock events drive poverty. Examples: Cassava Mosaic Disease Cassava Brown Streak Disease Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Banana Xanthomonas Wilt FIGURE 76: SHOCK EVENTS THAT DRIVE POVERTY. Climate Change: Changes in land use and changes in pest pressure. Crop futures in the balance Climate change, Trade and human movement present an increased risk of future epidemic events. Thus the Focus is on crop pests and the role of plant health services. Why plant health services matter: Cinderella organisation in Africa To avoid the event To anticipate the event To manage resistance To maximise the shelf-life of existing and new cultivars with farmers To ensure upfront investment in breeding or pesticide development have maximum return Entry of BXW amongst countries of the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Ethiopia 1968 Enset 1974 banana (or as early as 1930s) Uganda 2002 DR Congo 2004 Rwanda 2005 Tanzania 2005 Kenya 2006 (Burundi 2006) Many countries unaffected. FIGURE 77: MAP DEPICTING THE SPREAD OF BBW IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION 73

81 Pest Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) in East Africa (Nov 2013) Kenyan farmers describe it as a fire on Maize (2011). The virus is complex. MCMV and SMV have been identified. MLN reported across 6 countries in just 2 years (Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Mozambique, South Sudan and Uganda). A failing state of plant health capacity, 2006: Foresight Infectious Diseases: preparing for the future Action Plan Are records of new pest reports evidence of a fit surveillance system? Do these data indicate Africa as lacking vigilance in pest surveillance and monitoring? First reports of BXW, MLND and UCBSV all undertaken outside of Africa FIGURE 78: REPORTED AREAS WITH MNLD Possible driver of change in African plant disease risk No. of high risk scores out of 15 Lack of adequate surveillance systems 14 Poor implementation of disease legislation 11 Lack of adequate disease control systems 10 Loss of diagnostic systems due to civil conflict 10 Conflict-induced human migration 10 Increased trade and transport 9 Increase in mean temperature 8 Increase in heavy rainfall events 8 Lack of technological innovation for diagnosis 7 Poor crop husbandry 7 TABLE 12 : GAP ANALYSIS: EXPERT OPINION Intervention Time Impact FIGURE 79: WHAT SUCCESS LOOKS LIKE The importance of New Disease Report publications: For each country it is vital that a report of a new disease is verified to avoid confusion and noise that distracts from an appropriate action Reporting with the IPPC is a responsibility of NPPOs A new pest report must be robust Peer review publication is one pathway CABI provides a pest identification service in the region that is available to national partners on request and assists with the publication. 74

82 Crop Pest diagnostics; what question are we asking? Identification of known or unknown pest Support to certification (service) Research question Challenge of sampling over detection Fit-for-purpose FIGURE 80: FERA TEAM UNDERTAKING PEST DIAGNOSTICS Next generations sequencing (NGS) for identification of unknowns. They are good at identifying what is known and familiar. NGS can be used to seek out all virus, bacterial, fungal nucleic acid sequences in infected samples. It can be used to prove a negative but it is challenged when faced with a new problem. FIGURE 81: CHARACTERISATION OF MLND - MCMV Lab diagnostics This is real-time PCR and high throughput extraction of generic formats. The lab diagnostics has developed real-time based PCR systems suitable for seed testing on cassava (CBSVs) and maize seed (MCMV). They are characterised by high throughput. Validation and quality assurance is also supported. Field diagnostics. Conducted by communities and industry for low volume testing, rapid result and low technical need. Confirmation is based on a visual identification (certification and surveillance). Lab Field Diagnostics are available for BXW, CBSVs, Ralstonia solanacearum LAMP based diagnostics ; this is the new black in diagnostics. Characterised by :- Isothermal Loop Mediated Amplification Equivalent to real-time PCR for sensitivity and specificity Advantages in cost and robustness of equipment Format versatility: Genie II or Lateral Flow Device Easy to apply in the field or basic labs Less suited for high volume (currently). 75

83 Increase in scale Increase in rigour Fit-for-purpose field and lab diagnostics; It poses a challenge of sampling over detection. A diagnostic capability for known pests is relatively straightforward Testing for unknowns is technically challenging but necessary Sampling and extraction is a bigger challenge Capacity strengthening; capacity strengthening is a long-term process, and not to be achieved by training.twinning is an example of pairing like-mandated institutes over 2-yr periods (EU enlargement). KEPHIS recognized as a Centre of Phytosanitary Excellence within the COMESA region. In order to provide regional training in the use of diagnostics for CBSVs, the following need to be observed:- A mixture of repeat reinforcing training with a core staff and exposure to new staff Recognized roles for national mentors Was inclusive of research and phytosanitary institutes Measuring competence in diagnostics; Communities of practice Proficiency Testing Scheme enables a laboratory to demonstrate its assays are working Helps compare data and build confidence Participation in Proficiency testing is common practice within the food industry Anticipating future events. Pest Risk Analysis is an accepted tool for evidencing risk, priority setting for research and policy To what extent can, or should, breeding be anticipating future pest introductions or more conducive climates? The surprise about BXW is that it took so long to arrive in the Great Lakes from Ethiopia The initial failure to respond to BXW was an inability to demonstrate impact and risk Risk matrix for seed multiplication; Multiplication stage Source fields (Primary) Source fields (Secondary) Tertiary fields CBSD prevalence in multiplication area CBSD free Low CBSD High CBSD Increase in risk of CBSD from environment Multiplication and the trade-offs in testing and risk when going to scale FIGURE 82: STACKING RISK FACTOR - TRADING CONFIDENCE Germplasm and declaration of free from listed pests Global community and assurance on seed or tissue culture material exchange as free from pests CIP demonstrated potato germplasm held at Lima is tested for listed pests to ISO As good as the pests listed; unknowns not captured 76

84 Areas of change The challenge is embedding crop pest risk, surveillance, prevention and response into costviable practices. Farming & Markets Production & food input services Government bodies Policy Regulation and response Research FIGURE 83: INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC- PRIVATE INITIATIVES Policy & regulations Voluntary standards Research and analysis National extension Private sector Knowledge management Communities Farmers/farmer associations Markets/market associations Publics and public peerage Evidence & knowhow Market & field data Private sector Agro-dealers Traders Food processors & manufacturers 1. Step change Information Communication Technology Mobile phones, Apps and social media Gathering local knowledge out with communities and in the hands of the private sector/extension services Assimilating information with national bodies Adoption by CABI Plant Clinics in use of ICT is ongoing 2. Step change Pest Diagnostics: Fit-for-purpose Lab or field, high volume or rapid in-situ diagnostics application Validation, statistical rigour and competence in use Local testing out with communities and in the hands of the private sector/extension services Assimilating information with national bodies Diagnostics were developed for CBSVs suitable for us in high throughput testing of planting material and for in-situ analysis 3. Step change Government underpinning Leadership from plant health and food safety institutes Coherence on regulations and standards of plant health and food safety Making institutes work (e.g. by Twinning and building Communities of practice ) Current practices of a failing state: Weak involvement of community Weak involvement of the private sector Disengagement with government 77

85 Future Focus: Involvement of community Involvement of the private sector Engagement with government FIGURE 84: PROPOSED PRIVATE- PUBLIC STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT Northern Examples EUPHRESCO (EU PHytosanitary RESearch Coordination) An ERA-net for research policy development and implementation in the area of statutory and emerging plant pests, diseases and invasive species (but not GMOs). EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the keystone of European Union (EU) risk assessment regarding food and feed safety. In close collaboration with national authorities and in open consultation with its stakeholders, EFSA provides independent scientific advice and clear communication on existing and emerging risks. Summary To look backwards as to what has happened is pointless if we do not learn from these events. A signature of successful agricultural systems is the investment in risk analysis, building for systems that allow for early pest identification and planning for effective response capabilities, including policies. Strengthening the National Plant Protection Agencies is key. Plenary questions: How did you conclude that it was CBSD in DRC? By use of the LAMP based diagnostics. Your approach to surveillance and monitoring of cassava diseases. Will the donors focus on funding surveys? Pests and diseases cannot be confined by administrative boundaries. The devastation across regions will definitely compel donors to fund surveys. I agree that we need to focus on the seed industry, however we are targeting cereals and making business. There is no vegetative seed system sector like for Cassava and sweet potatoes. How can vegetative seed systems be developed? Working with local research organizations such vegetative planting materials can be developed. Is there any relationship on the type of virus in the white fly and those that cause Brown streak disease? In Rwanda it is assumed that CBSD is caused by the white fly, but it is not known if it is an aggressive variety. Sampling and extraction was the biggest challenge. Diagnostics were developed for CBSD in high throughput testing of planting material and for in-situ analysis. 78

86 POSSIBLE ROLE OF PLANT CLINICS IN EWS FOR PHYTOSANITARY RISKS CABI: Washington Otieno, Willis Ochilo and MaryLucy Oronje Plant clinics They function just like the human health clinics (doctors, pharmacies, diagnostic services and laboratories). The plant clinics offer opportunity for frontline diagnosis at farmer/agricultural extension officer level. They also provide a diagnosis and a prescription (recommendation) from a trained plant doctor usually agricultural extension officers. Farmer access to advisory service Record data about the farmer, location, crop presented, pest diagnosis and recommendation Knowledge bank technical resource to support field diagnosis & advise to farmers Vision: link PCs with suitable labs logistics & handling samples and identification FIGURE 85: MARYLUCY ORONJE FROM CABI Plant clinics for frontline diagnosis and surveillance They provide a mechanism by which new and emerging pests can be detected (surveillance). Geographically, Kenya has 53 plant clinics (23 out of 47 counties) and in Uganda 94 PCs in 112 districts. Count of DIAGNOSIS Column Labels Row Labels BUNGOMA EMBU KIAMBU KIRINYAGA MACHAKOS NAKURU NYERI TRANS NZOIA WEST POKOT (blank) Grand Total MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE MAIZE STALK BORER MAIZE STREAK VIRUS HEAD SMUT NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY PHOSPHOROUS DEFICIENCY NITROGEN DEFICIENCY LARGER GRAIN BORER MAIZE SMUT MAIZE WEEVIL CHAFER BEETLES EAR SMUT WHITE GRUBS CHAFFER GRUBS AFRICAN WEEVILS 1 1 ANTS 1 1 APHIDS 1 1 BLISTER BEETLES 1 1 BORER 1 1 INSECTS 1 1 MOTHS 1 1 NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT 1 1 RODENTS 1 1 SMUT 1 1 STEM ROT 1 1 TERMITES 1 1 Grand Total TABLE 13: VALIDATED PC DATA: MAIZE 79

87 Challenges with MLND Diagnosis & identification Response - emergency action plans Response mechanisms Direction - advise to farmers Capacity and expertise local/regional/international Using PC data: Information generation Identify important crops and pests Farmer factsheets G & Y lists Photo sheets Identify research gaps for knowledge generation Sharing of generated PHS information Specific plant health issues and raising awareness- Plant Health Rallies Other Materials produced. Full and mini fact sheets, Recording forms, Banners, Flyers for clinics, Photo sheets and Samples. CABI conducts plant health rallies by the roadside and in markets. They select place in advance, crop health focus (pc data), develop information flyers, factsheets etc. They mobilise people through short talk and interviews and then distribute materials. 44% 13% 27% 16% MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE MAIZE STALK BORER MAIZE STREAK VIRUS OTHERS TABLE 14: MLND & PLANT CLINIC QUERIES IN KENYA EWS for Plant Health Early warning systems are essential for enabling regulatory actions to contain spread of new/emerging pest introduction. EWS is comprised of survey, detection (field diagnosis) and identification. EWS calls for PHSD in which strong and functional linkages are established among organizations and individuals with mandates and competency for detection and identification plant health problems - digital images, remote microscopy. Plant clinics enable documentation of pests as data, data validation and analysis. EWS for Plant Health/2 It provides an opportunity for improved pest recording and improved use of pest data/records. Communicating /sharing information on new pest situations is complimented by additional resources for general surveillance. Country priorities on target crops/pests for specific surveys are formulated. Any links of PHSD with Phytosanitary Capacity Development are enforced. CABI and partners with IPPC and its contracting parties should chart the way forward. A new pest arrives at the Plantwise Clinic: Proposed workflow The Plant doctor collects the sample. The sample is then submitted to diagnostic centre. The identification verified and a rapid response for surveillance triggered. A task force for pest management options is then formed. The NPPO report to IPPC on the new pest. 80

88 Features desired of EWS PHS with strong inter-institutional linkages and advisory service. Institutional mandates incorporating support to agricultural advisory service. Focus on increased productivity due to reduced crop losses to pests. Special budgets for EWS to enable rapid response. Plenary Points. To what level is CABI involved Mozambique? They are piloting a mobile pilot for a data collection and monitoring. In regard to the Panama disease in Mozambique, a plant clinic has already been opened. The plant health diagnostic support for the plant leaf has been a challenge; noticeably there is a mechanism to help support the diagnosis. In Uganda, some of the elite academicians and researchers are being supported by the universities especially Makerere university. There are plans to come up with a referral diagnostic laboratory for the region. Do you think we need to remain objective or just coincidental? In Uganda, more of nematodes and their manifestation are visible. However this is as per the samples presented by farmers does it represent the overall disease situation? There is a difference between regular surveillance reporting and reporting in distress. There is need to link Plant clinics with the national systems to enhance regular surveillance. If we are going to base our management system based on the symptoms then the farmer may not benefit from the management advice. In Uganda, the challenge of the distance is that farmers may find it hard to walk for long distance. Could they send the samples or pictures? The aim is to have as many plant clinics as possible, within a range of 5km, also expand to where they are much needed by the farmers The mobile clinic kits are presented containers for sample collection. The plant doctors are agricultural graduates; most of the problems, farmers encounter are what this people have learnt in colleges/universities. A budgetary allocation under regulatory funds has been set aside so that they can apply for in order to send samples to the universities. What is the legal status of these clinics that you have established everywhere in Kenya and Uganda? It is within the Agricultural Development Strategy of Uganda, also under the plant health act (NAPPO). CABI and other partners came to peg into Uganda s development. The NAPPPO has been mandated for the operationalization and with budget support from the government. In Kenya the plant doctors are extension officers based under crop protection services within the Ministry of Agriculture. At the end of the day they are offering enhanced extension service to the farmers. FIGURE 86: COMMUNITY DISCUSSION WITH A PLANTWISE FACILITATO R 81

89 NEMATODE PESTS OF MAIZE AND BANANA Danny Coyne: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kenya What role do we have to play in a drier world? In hotter world? Water use efficiency? In more intensified world? In a world with fewer pesticides? According to Reuters, African farmers must do more to beat climate change. Farmers need to invest in fastergrowing, drought-resistant crops, there is more need to store water and switch to hardy crops that are vulnerable to climate change. The entire scenario is hampered by pests. Maize nematode damage FIGURE 87: DANNY COYNE MAKING A PRESENTATION Root knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp Lesion nematodes - Pratylenchus spp. Other nematodes Root rots Maize Nematodes. FIGURE 88: GALLED, CLEAN AND NECROTIC 82

90 Lesion nematodes Radopholus similis Helicotylenchus multicinctus Pratylenchus spp. (toppling) Root knot nematodes Root galling Meloidogyne spp Root necrosis Temperature / altitudinal distribution of species Radopholus similis dominant < 1500 m asl Pratylenchus goodeyi dominant > 1500 m asl H. Multicinctus Meloidogyne spp. 83

91 FIGURE 89: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES Ghana 1960 s R. similis key P. coffeae present Nigeria 1980 s R. similis & H. multicinctus P. coffeae = not recorded Now P. coffeae - dominant R. similis Now P. coffeae = dominant in west & midwest TABLE 15: GEOGRAPHICAL SHIFTS OF PRATYLENCHUS COFFEAE Issues raised in the Plenary. Root not nematodes have four main species but very many strains. How specific are the root knot nematodes to crop species? Does crop rotation offer effective control? What other crop management options are feasible? Sygenta are coming up with a huge project to address nematodes, however chemicals will be an issue in the future. Through research some early wheat and rice varieties have resistance to Nematodes. There is a future tomato urban project planned with possible funding. As the soils become degraded due to intensification do they give rise to more nematodes? Is the crop able to withstand nematodes better on good soil fertility? Is there any way the plant can be made more robust to resist nematodes? We need to look for ability to resist a wider list of diseases. There can be induced resistance by use pesticides. Nematodes have a 20 day cycle. Getting good data on the extent of nematode damage to crops including all the pictures in the presentation were not for experiment. They were obtained from farmers in the field. We need to be able to present the facts without being alarmist. 84

92 FUSARIUM WILT OF BANANA (PANANA DISEASE) AND INTRODUCTION OF TROPICAL RACE 4 TO MOZAMBIQUE. Fen Beed. IITA: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Tanzania IITA and partner networks develop agricultural solutions to tackle hunger and poverty through implementing research for development. Crop Healthcare System IITA supports national responsibility, regional cooperation and global excellence in the following: risk assessment disease surveillance disease diagnosis control recommendations farmer adoption advocacy research interventions Some examples what diseases pose a risk? FIGURE 90: IITA MEMBER COUNTRIES -BXW in Uganda 56% production loss over 10-year period. -With loss of 2-8 billion dollars Banana Xanthomonas Wilt Spread by: Insects Infected tools and Planting material Plan and execute surveys with national partners harmonised methods FIGURE 91: DISEASE CAUSING RISKS IN AFRICA 85

93 Field to laboratory for confirmatory diagnostics FIGURE 92: FIELD TO LABORATORY FOR CONFIRMATORY D IAGNOSTICS A project Planning Workshop on the management of RTB critical pests and diseases under changing climates, through risk assessment, surveillance and modelling. The major outcomes were: 1) Focus on PRAs for pests and diseases highly relevant for the Kivu region (within Great Lakes). 2) Identification of project action sites in Burundi and Rwanda. 3) Harmonization and standardization of household baseline and field survey methodologies to collect comparable data for modelling. 4) Identification of training and coordination needs. The Target pests and diseases were: BXW BBTV Foc TR4 Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) Cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) Guatemalan potato tuber moth (Tecia solanivora) Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) Late blight (LB) caused by Phythopthora infestans and Ralstonia solanacearum for potato Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) for sweet potato 86

94 Impact of climate change on plant diseases. Range expansion Due to increased temperature and storms, there is a corresponding range expansion. This has led to a more rapid crop development and an extended cropping season. Consequently the extended cropping season has resulted in Increased pathogen pressure, due to decreased genetic and pesticide resistance. It is worth noting that: Infection by bacteria increased by moisture pulses. Infection by fungi increased by moisture and low temperatures. Infection by viruses increased by drought and high temperatures. These is directly influenced by natural enemies, antagonists and beneficial organisms and on the other hand indirectly influenced by plant health (endophytes and nutrient cyclers). These are the times where new and emerging pathogens are being discovered. To provide open access downscaled and bias-corrected climate model projections for impacts research visit: FUSARIUM WILT OF BANANA: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) in central America Foc: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, Race 1 FIGURE 93: FUSARIUM WILT CONTROL IN CENTRAL AMERICA. The following are the Races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense:- Race 1 Gros Michel (AAA), Silk (AAB), Pome (AAB), Pisang Awak (ABB), Musa textilis. Race 2 Bluggoe (ABB) Race 3 Heliconia species Race 4 Cavendish (AAA), Pisang Mas (AA), Pisang Berangen (AAA), AAB plantains, plus cultivars susceptible to race 1 and race 2. (both tropical and sub-tropical) Figure 94: Global occurrence of Foc TR4 (VCG 01213/16) 87

95 Reasons for Fusarium wilt epidemics 1. Large scale monoculture of bananas 2. Expansion of the international trade 3. Domination of trade with Cavendish bananas 4. Disregard of quarantine regulations 5. Movement of plants, people and equipment The first case of Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4 was identified in Metocheria farm, Nampula, Mozambique in February It was ascertained that one disgruntled farm worker purposely infected the farm after a trip to Asia, where that disease is prevalent. The assessment was done jointly by IITA, FAO and the Mozambique government. As a result, a mitigation risk strategy is being implemented in the country. Most of the affected plants have been burnt and the land left desolate for a while. FIGURE 95: WORKSDHOP REPORT Prepare the region and continent 02/13: First symptoms observed 06/13: Fungus identified as FocTR4 08/13: Recommendations to farm 09/13: Mozambique NPPO visit 10/13: Stakeholder meeting: Maputo 11/13: NPPO notified IPPC portal 11/13: NPPO-partner press release 12/13: RTB provided $ /14: AC4TR4 FocTR4 workshop 05/14: Regional activities Questions raised in the plenary. How is FOC TR4 detected? Virus detection you can use an ELISA test. Fusarium is difficult to identify. The BCG analysis is slow but the best to detect the fungal multiplication. The recommendation is any affected land fenced off/burnt and not used (abandonment). This option puts a strain on the limited land resource. Is there anybody in Africa doing the same modelling in order to halt transmission from Mozambique? Such forums are essential to lobby governments in the region to halt the spread of this disease. The reason of transmission from Asia is as a result of movement of planting materials by a worker due to sabotage. 88

96 Is it possible to calibrate models from Mozambique and calibrate possible areas where people could move to with planting materials? Every country with Cavendish plantation for export should be on high alert. It is up to the meeting in South Africa April to devise a strategy. What is the difference of Race 1 and 4? How did race 4 originate? Is it due to the selection pressure of the Cavendish variety? Race 4 is more pathogenic. Its evolution is currently under research. DRC already has land conflicts. If such a disease is identified and the land is abandoned, what will the peasant community do? Is there a way of getting the soil to recover even if it entails planting another different crop? The major problem is soil. Even the new crop will still be infecting other soils. There is no identified method to clean out the land. Furthermore, the management of common Fusarium wilt Race 1 will not affect Cavendish varieties! The few varieties that are susceptible include Gros Michel and Pisang Awak. Should a farmer suffer from this disease, he ought to grow a different variety. It would be better if another alternative crop could be grown with allelopathic properties to kill/reduce Fusarium R4. Could a parallel study similar to Strigga be used? For instance the use of trap crops for Strigga, only 10% of the Strigga infestation is transferred to the next cropping system. There is a lot of concern that hybrids in Burundi are susceptible to Fusarium wilt. What is the way forward on compensation in the case of abandonment? Are there any insurance agents /state to compensate? This poses a future challenge, in comparison to the mad cow disease in Europe a few years ago, everybody claimed that their cow was mad in order to get money. We need to check the Institutions and systems of management in order to determine the level of compensation. FIGURE 96: ACTION FOR THE FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. CUBENSE TROPICAL RACE 4 89

97 BANANA BUNCHY TOP DISEASE Fen Beed : International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) IITA and partner networks develop agricultural solutions to tackle hunger and poverty through implementing research for development. The characteristics of the Banana Bunchy Top Disease Virus (BBTD) are that the infected plants are severely stunted, unproductive and eventually die. FIGURE 97: A BANANA STAND It is estimated that over 50% of the production is affected in DRC, Congo, Gabon, Burundi Equatorial Guinea, and Malawi. However, less than 10-20% of the banana production in Cameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Zambia, Angola, Rwanda, CAR and Egypt is affected. BBTV Control a) Preventive Exclusion & Prevention Control of material movement Awareness campaigns Increased vigilance Routine surveillance Field isolations Supply of clean planting material FIGURE 98: MOLECULAR TYPING OF BBTV ISOLATES CONFIRMED COMMON SOURCE OF VIRUS ORIGIN FOR SSA SPREAD 90

98 b) Curative Reduce sources of inoculum-eliminate crop refuges Reduce spread Vector control (bio control) Reduce impact Replace infected mats It should be noted that there is no durable resistance to BBTV in Musa germplasm. The eradication of BBTV infected plants is not an easy task! c) Herbicide treatment It involves the use of Insecticide sprays. The last resort is slash and burn or burry. Uproot the infected mat. This exercise is expensive and labour intensive. It is also not eco-friendly and difficult to implement. For this to work effectively, we need sound implementation policy and government support. There should be incentives to farmers by way of compensation. The governments also need to prioritise the production and supply of clean planting material. A Partnership workshop to tackle emerging diseases of banana in Africa was conveyed to share results and develop action plans. The workshop was held under the theme Meeting the Challenges of Emerging Disease Threats to Banana and Strategies for Raising Awareness, Surveillance and Management of these Diseases in sub-saharan Africa on the August 2009 in Arusha, Tanzania. FIGURE 99: PARTICIPANTS AT THE ARUSHA WORKSHOP. The Workshop led to development of key recommendations and joint action plan for building a collaborative, public private R4D alliance to address BBTV in Africa CGIAR Roots, Tubers and Banana Program. The Alliance Objectives for BBTV control were as follows: Understand the factors driving the field spread in endemic areas. Develop and distribute sensitive diagnostic tools, and develop capacity for disease recognition and knowledge of control options. Establish location-specific clean banana production and distribution systems Train scientists in diagnostics and surveillance Replacement of infected planting material Cooperation and coordination is key to the alliance success. 91

99 PLANNING FOR MANAGEMENT OF WHEAT RUSTS AND REFLECTIONS ON FOC TR4 IN PHILIPPINES Fazil Dusunceli, Agriculture Officer, Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO. The objectives of the Emergency Prevention (EMPRES) division are:- The current focus is on transboundary Plant Pests and Diseases such as:- Philippines) Case study : The Yellow rust (Yr9) spread from Kenya to Ethiopia to Yemen, then Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and finally India in 1997/8. The Wheat Rust Diseases Global Programme (BGRI, IFAD, CIMMYT, ICARDA, AARHUS Univ. +) addresses the following: FIGURE 100: MR FAZIL (FAO ROME). a) Prevention (Management): Integrated disease management Through Farmer training / Farmer field schools, study groups and Fostering Research Extension Crop protection- Seed Linkages. Seed system support Accelerated variety registration process, capacity building, training technical officers Farmers access to resistant cultivars, rapid seed multiplication and distribution. b) Preparedness and Timely Response Usually conducted through awareness raising and contingency planning. Support is given to national governments for monitoring, surveillance early warning support. Farmers are also empowered for timely response and preparation of contingency plans. c) Contingency Planning: It entails the promotion of both collaborative and participative processes. The purposes of contingency planning include: An Integrated approach of planning ahead of crisis / epidemics for prevention and rapid response; and Developing a strategic long term vision and identify prioritized actions needed. 92

100 As a process, it attempts to answers to a number of questions such as: What are strengths, what are lacking and what do we need? What? How? With whom? With what? Coordination / Process? Awareness raising and contingency planning Three national workshops have been undertaken in Syria, Morocco and Ethiopia. A similar three regional workshops have been conducted in Turkey, Tunisia and Nepal. There were also three International conferences at Aleppo, New Delhi and Izmir. The focus of awareness raising and contingency planning was on:- Surveillance Developing resistant cultivars, Seed system Collaboration The Workshop outcomes included: Contingency planning documents Prioritized actions for short and medium term such as the Formation of national committee / task forces. The engagement of all stakeholders and improvement of collaboration within central institutions and decentralized field offices. The responsibilities of institutions (research institutions, seed sector, crop protection and extension units.) Surveillance for rapid response: How fast could it be? Timely response requires rapid surveillance and information sharing, wide coverage, early warning and decision making. The field data collected must be reliable and rapid. Participatory Surveillance- is done using the SMS based too. This is more than a survey tool. The outcomes are Real-time information. It constitutes a database, daily warning SMS/mail and a Search tool. FIGURE 101: THE SMS TOOL 93

101 Functions of the system It enables the utilization of extension offices for surveillance. This speeds up Real time access to field data, facilitates exchange of information among extension, offices, operation units and relevant authorities. An early warning and decision-making tool helps facilitate timely interventions. The system not only makes a connection but also assist research institutions for more effective scientific surveys. Fusarium wilt Tr4! It is has been effective in South East Asia over the last two decades especially on Cavendish varieties of bananas. The transmission is through infected plant materials and infested soils. Studies have shown that soil treatment is not adequately effective, prevention of spread is the most effective tool. This calls for collaboration, awareness and planning. FIGURE 102: IMPACT OF FOC TR4 IN ASIA. Issues raised in plenary. The use of mobile phones for surveillance and rapid detection is just being introduced in Africa. How has this worked in Asia? A case in mind is Tanzania which invested in the digital pen technology where it was reported that data transmission increased up to 70% but without a corresponding response, the system collapsed. In reality (and what happens in Asia), the response should come from extension system and not the central government. How much training did you have to do in terms of use of phones and secondly identifying the disease to report? Did you have to give out free phones? Wheat rust in Philippines is common and easy to identify. The training took three days. Yes we had to provide standard phone running on an Android application. What are the percentages in losses for the banana if you have a disease and manage it on the farm! No data available. As the disease spreads more and more crops will be affected! 94

102 ALLIANCE APPROACH FOR THE CONTROL OF EMERGING PLANT DISEASE THREATS IN WEST AFRICA Lava Kumar 1 & Joyce MulilaMitti 2 1 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 2 FAO-Regional Office for Africa IITA s Plant Health Research IITA s plant health research operates in an interdisciplinary mode working very closely with public and private sector in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The objectives are:- Develop and disseminate technologies and products Strategies and policies for plant health protection Information dissemination and training FIGURE 103: DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH PRIORITY PATHOGENS Africa has registered an increasing epidemics of old and new diseases. Some of the reasons include:- Dynamic state of viruses and vectors. Crop intensification and extensification. Cultivation of new crops and new varieties. Changes in geographic distribution of hosts and pathogens. Poor adoption of control measures (where available). Poor monitoring and capacity for early & accurate detection. Surveillance and emergency response This is critical for early recognition of problem and control. It asks questions such as how and by whom? It also addresses challenges. Surveillance and emergency response is gaining support for timely action through overcoming glut effect. Also Pre-emptive control, including preparedness and capacity development is still waiting for grand support. In the Disease distribution model, the Human factor is obvious. Case study: Interception of nonindigenous pests at US ports during the period :- 725,000 pests (non-indigenous insects, mites, molluscs, nematodes, plant pathogens and weeds). 62% of intercepted pests were associated with baggage. 95

103 30% were associated with cargo. 7% were associated with plant propagative material. 50,750 new diseases have been discovered in 17 years (ca. 3,000 interceptions per year). Two new diseases have been reported in African continent since 2011 and there are several reports of new spread of existing pathogens within the continent. *Source: McCullough et al., 2006, Biological invasions 8: FIGURE 104: CASSAVA BROWN STREAK DISTRIBUTION MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS NEW DISEASE IN THE CONTINENT (SINCE 2011) Kenya (in 22 districts), Tanzania (Arusha, Mwanza, Manyara, Dodoma); Uganda (eastern districts of Busia and Tororo) Rwanda DRC (Beni and Lubero) FIGURE 105: MAP SHOWING NEW SPREAD OF MNLD FROM EAST AFRICA INTO DRC 96

104 Asian connection to MLN outbreak in Africa. The MCMV in East Africa is homogenous. The viral isolates from Kenya, Tanzania and DRC are % identical l similar to isolates from China. SCMV isolated detected is more similar to isolates from China than those reported in Africa. MCMV SCMV SCMV + MCMV MSV SScMV Maize stripe 51 (64%) 18 (22.5%) 17 (21.5%) 16 (20%) 13 (16.2%) 4 (5%) 0 TABLE 16: INCIDENCE OF MLN AGENTS DIFFER Maize Mosaic Virus MLN virus vectors Identification of aphids: Molecular analysis (COI gene-based) confirmed aphids in Tanzania R. padi and R. maidis in Nigeria. Knowledge and gaps What do we know/have: Disease biology (symptomatology) Diagnostics Virus diversity in infected plants Phenotyping facility for germplasm evaluation Potential tolerant germplasm What we do not know Transmission & Epidemiology Inoculum survival Vector diversity and their role in spread Disease distribution 97

105 Awareness about diseases is critical to facilitate rapid response. The symptoms disguise easy detection. This then poses a danger due to complexity with symptom-based detection. CMD CBSD CMD + CBSD There is scant knowledge on distribution, diversity of number of maize pathogens. There is a general lack of awareness about disease and inability to detect it early enough is the key causes for failing to nip outbreaks. There is also poor awareness about risk of disease spread through planting material. As a result there exist fragmented efforts due to lack of networking and non- effective strategies for trans-boundary diseases. The Need for alliance! The major disease threats are concentrated in Eastern-Southern Africa. The available control measures are fragmented. There is insufficient coordination, communication and information sharing. The significant role of human-assisted spread of diseases has not been adequately addressed. Eventually there is a high risk of further spread towards West Africa. Brainstorming session on strategies for prevention and containing emerging diseases and pests in Africa were held on 1 3 July 2013, FAO-RAF, in Accra, Ghana. The major objective was to establish a strategy for regional coordination and a road map for implementation of action plans for prevention and control of emerging and established biotic threats to West African agriculture. Problem analysis and strategy framework Establishment of a strategy for regional coordination of measures to control emerging pest and disease threats, including a plan for an FAO-RAF-led coordination of regional implementation efforts. Establishment of/strengthening partnerships for knowledge and technology generation, capacity building, active collaboration and dissemination. Partnerships for implementation Develop communication plans to sensitize governments and inter-governmental agencies in the region to mobilize support and stimulate preventive action. Strengthen partnerships with AU and sub-regional economic bodies (ECOWAS, ECCAS, EAC, SADC). 98

106 Identify potential partners and analysis of the comparative advantages of including technical capacities (within collaborating institutions) for country and regional assistance. Issues Raised in the plenary. Are scientists focussing more on resistance than susceptibility of existing land races? In some of the multiplication sites CBSD may have been un-intentionally spread. What do we do with the existing knowledge? What do we do based on what we know? How do these viruses easily move when we have all these research centres spread in Africa? How can we put together a contingency plan like what WHO did for Bird flu!! Can we borrow a leaf from the Health sector i.e. Ebola fever, Dengue fever? It is about communication and the level of importance placed on human diseases! Some independent study criticised UK response to swine flu. SACIDS is a ONE HEALTH consortium of southern African medical and veterinary, academic and research institutions involved with infectious diseases of humans and animals in the DRC, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Tanzania (progressively also plant health),in an innovative partnership with world-renowned centres of research in industrialised countries. Network of Infectious Disease in Africa on: In the United Kingdom we are failing to control diseases on trees i.e. Ash trees. Is our political will important to demonstrate that we will be able to implement the choices we come up with? We need to engage more the private sector. There is increasing commitment for agriculture research/investment. We need to engage the media and sensitise them on balanced communication. If we all can speak in one voice, then people will listen. It is always emergency reports that get attention. Formation of alliance is easier than implementation 99

107 Session 7: Break out groups Surveillance and Monitoring -Who organizes - How wide is coverage - Information/Data exchange - Early detection and warning - Regional focal point / centre? Gaps Insufficient coordination across the countries. Collate the scattered available and build a useable surveillance (incident, spread and impact) system Lack/inadequate/insufficient surveillance, diagnostics and monitoring systems (human and infrastructure). Little participation of the private sector in surveillance monitoring. Recommendations Establish a protocol for coordination and communication of various actors concerned with pest and disease surveillance. Collect and collect information for an effective surveillance (incident, spread and impact) system. Promotion of open access surveillance databases; FAO to facilitate leadership through partnership with host governments, research institutions and CSOs. C.f. CABI on Invasive species, Plantwise, maps and knowledge banks. Proposed a regional institution to serve as a focal point for data collection and information sharing. Training and capacity building in surveillance and diagnostics. Emphasis on NPPOs. Develop diagnostic centres (regional/national) Devolve mechanisms for engaging the farming communities (civil society) and Private sector in surveillance, reporting, monitoring and management of pests and diseases. Ensure concerted funding within Africa (governments/beyond) for sustained surveillance. Awareness raising within governments and creating an enabling policy environment. Links to private sector, communities and governments for sustainability. Ensure the allocation of funds for surveillance and monitoring in government budget frameworks. Build capacity of local leaders in surveillance through formation of taskforces right from grassroots to national level using existing administrative structures. 100

108 Seeds and resistance - Resistant cultivars? - Seed production sufficient? - Adoption by farmers? - Seed support? National/Regional Policies - National strategies - Regional policies - Contingency plans - Regulations etc.. Gaps No regulatory framework for seed systems across the borders. Little funds/no investment in research towards breeding for resistance. Inadequate understanding of crop specific market systems. Inadequate national policies and up to date legal frameworks for phyto-sanitary control. Poor regional harmonization due to competing economic factors. Poor linkages between government interventions and the private sector. Recommendations A concerted effort for individual countries to share germplasm for evaluation on tolerance/resistance to pests and disease. Investment in research organizations towards breeding for resistance. Develop a regulatory framework (standards/protocol) for seed systems. A review of existing standards and strengthening seed/planting materials certification process across Africa. Seed stockists appraised of mechanisms of testing and verifying quality of seed (regulation by private sector).devolve policies for seed movement within the countries and cross-border movement. Harmonized regulation around seed production and marketing. Variety release /registration systems. Support the harmonization process for technical agreements on variety releases and regulatory frameworks. Clear understanding of cropspecific seed marketing systems. An assessment and review of national policies and legal frameworks with a view to identify gaps and areas for intervention. Development of strategies to translate the development of policies into action (communication Advocacy for commitment of governments for commitment (local/national) to ensure concerted funding within Africa (governments/beyond) for sustained surveillance. Awareness raising within governments and creating an enabling policy environment. Links to private sector, communities and governments for sustainability through innovative private-public partnerships platforms. 101

109 Research on IPM options - Resistance? - Chemical? - Biological? - Agronomic? - Others Gaps Lack of harmony in research initiatives across countries. Complete ignorance on traditional knowledge on management of pests and diseases. Limited funds for human deployment and infrastructural investment in Research. Recommendations Research on eco-friendly management practices and proper use of pesticides. To harmonise/integrate research initiatives in order to fully understand the epidemiology to better manage pests and diseases. Incorporate and document indigenous knowledge through KAP surveys to understand and recommend the management pest and diseases Further screening of available varieties for tolerance and susceptibility to pests and diseases with an overview of incorporating them into IPM strategies Fine tuning IPM strategies that are simple and easy for adoption by farmers; according to regions and production systems. Develop specific capacity for research (human and infrastructure). To promote a better understanding the dynamics of pests and diseases in the context of climate change. Extension and farmer training - Advisory services - Research extension link - Farmer training Poor researchextension linkages on management of pests and diseases. Limited information flows from research institutions to other stakeholders. Little documentation of indigenous knowledge on management of pests and diseases. Promote specific traditional (biological) IPM strategies for management of pests and diseases. Promote safe and judicial use of pesticides based on eco-friendly approaches. Promoting existing technologies, knowledge and products in managing pests and diseases. Lessons and experiences in relation to surveillance. Share successful stories/case studies and experiences globally. Facilitate the research dissemination between researchers, extension officers and farmers. Incorporate and document indigenous knowledge through KAP surveys to understand and recommend the management pest and diseases 102

110 Collaboration and Coordination in the region - Strategies / contingency plans? -Surveillance and data sharing? - Materials exchange? - Experience sharing? Gaps Uncoordinated and unharmonised protocols on surveillance and contingency planning. Weak linkages between NPPOs and research institutions and other regional bodies. Limited platforms for collaboration and knowledge sharing. Recommendations Regional platform to devise a common language/information for dissemination of research findings. Strengthen the linkages between NPPOs and research. Ensure commitment in all participating partners via the regional platform. Share recommendations with host governments and Institutions of cooperation. Similar to the European Food Safety Authority Build capacities where necessary at National level for an effective Regional platform Sharing information and experiences at national and regional levels. 103

111 SESSION 8: RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD ROLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF FAO Facilitation of a Common strategy: FAO could use the successes and lessons learned on Wheat rust management and use of cellular technology for surveillance. FAO to facilitate leadership through partnership with host governments, research institutions and civil society organizations on invasive species, maps and knowledge banks. It is hereby proposed that a regional institution to serve as a focal point for data collection and information sharing. Ensure concerted funding within Africa (governments/beyond) for sustained surveillance. FAO to promote awareness raising within governments and creating an enabling policy environment. Also assist in building capacity of local leaders in surveillance through formation of taskforces right from grassroots to national level using existing administrative structures. Through the Sub regional Emergency Office for Eastern and Central Africa, FAO could assist host countries in evaluating the current policies and facilitate the harmonization of regional and national policies on surveillance. This could be through the Development of strategies to translate the development of policies into action (communication) and the development or strengthening of capacity for surveillance and diagnostic Establishment of a clear command and control centre (for management and coordination). Collaboration and contingency planning exercises have been a challenge. FAO will assist in building capacities where necessary at National level for Sharing information and experiences that would be the building blocks for an effective Regional platform. Standard operating procedures for diagnosis and surveillance: Develop a regulatory framework (standards/protocol) for seed systems. A review of existing standards and strengthening seed/planting materials certification process across Africa is necessary. Guidelines for information sharing and dissemination: FAO could facilitate the Lessons and experiences in relation to surveillance. Share successful stories/case studies and experiences globally. FAO to assist in the setting up and operationalization of a regional alliance to develop special strategies to contain dangerous emerging diseases. Regional TCPs are hereby recommended. This is through awareness raising within governments and creating an enabling policy environment. Also FAO can strengthen links to private sector, communities and governments for sustainability through innovative private-public partnerships platforms. Support to Investments that will generate baseline knowledge on diseases in the region. Incorporate and document indigenous knowledge through KAP surveys to understand and recommend the management pest and diseases. 104

112 CLOSING SESSION. Ms Karine Garnier, on behalf of the FAO Sub-regional Office of Eastern and Central Africa, thanked all the participants for their attendance and contribution over the three days to discuss with the colleagues from the region and outside as well on the very important topic to all stakeholders. She highlighted that the most important people are the people we serve in the sub-region. She wished them a safe travel to their home destination and duty stations. She reiterated Ms. Aisja s comment that the platform was on; thus sharing of information was highly encouraged. FIGURE 106: L-R; DR. AUGUSTA ABATE, MS. KARINE GARNIER AND MR. BYANTWALE. Mr Fazil assured the participants that the workshop report will be finalised as an outcome of the meeting. It would then be shared to all participants for comments. He was pleased that clear recommendations from the workshop had been articulated and documented. Being the newest FAO member in Africa, he assured the participants of his support and appreciation of this work. He emphasised on the opportunity to meet again as this forum under a general agreement from host countries. 105

113 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS. Name Organization Address. 1 Ben Lockhart University of Minnesota [email protected] 2 Bramwel Wanjela KARI Kabete [email protected] 3 Atem Garang South Sudan [email protected] 4 Longo Awic FAO South Sudan [email protected] 5 Oronje MaryLucy CABI [email protected] 6 Joyce Mulila Mitti FAO RAF [email protected] 7 Edwin Adenya FAO Consultant [email protected] 8 Fazil Dusunceli FAO Rome [email protected] 9 Salvator Kaboneka FAO Burundi [email protected] 10 Mbazunutina Innocent NPPO Burundi [email protected] 11 Svettana Gaidashova RAB Rwanda [email protected] 12 Juvenal Kaliligi FAO Rwanda [email protected] 13 Lava kumar IITA Nigeria [email protected] 14 Angela Kimani FAO REOA [email protected] 15 Karine Garnier FAO REOA [email protected] 16 Wilson Ronno FAO Kenya [email protected] 17 George Mahuku CIMMYT [email protected] 18 Fen Beed IITA [email protected] 19 Blomme Guy Bioversity [email protected] 20 Hanu Pappu WA State University [email protected] 21 Paul Henri Banisoba FAO DRC [email protected] 22 Gilbert Nbabagera MINAGRI DRC [email protected] 23 Lutete Diankenda FAO DRC [email protected] 24 Walangululu Massamba Universite Catholique de Bukavu [email protected] 25 Tchilolo T. Gina MINAGRI DRC [email protected] 26 Litucha Bakokola IFA YBI DRC [email protected] 27 Danny Coyne IITA [email protected] 28 Byantwale T. S MAAIF [email protected] 29 Martin Ameu FAO Uganda [email protected] 30 Rebbecca Mawishe MoA -Tanzania [email protected] 31 Fredrick Kivaria FAO Tanzania [email protected] 32 Sevgan Subramanian ICIPE [email protected] 33 Julian smith FERA [email protected] 34 Brian Isabirye ASARECA [email protected] 35 Stanley Kipkoech MOA -Kenya [email protected] 36 Teresia Karanja MOALF-PPSD [email protected] 37 Jackson Kangethe FAO [email protected] 38 Deborah Duveskog FAO REOA [email protected] 39 Philip Fong FAO REOA [email protected] 40 Njukwe Immanuel IITA [email protected] 41 Aisja Frenken FAO REOA [email protected] 106

114 GOUP PHOTO OF THE PARTICIPANTS. 107