Inside the Hype Cycle: What s Hot and What s Not in 2009
|
|
|
- Lorin Pope
- 10 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Inside the Hype Cycle: What s Hot and What s Not in 2009 Jackie Fenn Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written approval from Gartner. Such approvals must be requested via [email protected]. Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates.
2 Welcome! Here s how to participate in today s webinar You can listen to the presentation using your computer s speaker system as the default (VoIP). Or dial the conference line by selecting Use Telephone in the webinar audio pane. Have a question for the presenter(s)? Type it into the Questions pane we will answer as many as time permits. A recording of this presentation will be sent to you within 48 hours. If you would like a copy of today s presentation, contact your Gartner Account Executive or us at: [email protected]. Please note you may be polled during the webinar; only aggregate answers will appear.
3 Our world-class, objective insight is drawn from thousands of daily client interactions 60,000 Clients 10,000 Client Enterprises 5,500 Benchmarks 100,000 IT End-User Inquiries 65% of Fortune 1000; 85% of Global Million+ IT End-User Searches 60+ Conferences 650 Analysts Across 80 Countries 3,700 CIOs 10,000 Media Inquiries 2009 Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. 2
4 Gartner s Hype Cycle Special Report, Hype Cycles (technologies, applications, management, industries, regional) Over 1600 individual technology profiles (including definition, assessment of business impact, advice on adoption and example vendors for each) New Hype Cycles this year: - cloud computing - data center power and cooling technologies - enterprise information management - media broadcasting - mobile device technologies - photovoltaic solar energy. - virtualization Hype Cycle landing page
5 The Hype Cycle of Innovation Peak of Inflated Expectations Expectations Innovation Trigger Positive Hype Negative Hype Trough of Disillusionment Slope of Enlightenment Plateau of Productivity Time
6 Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle 2009 expectations Wireless Power Internet TV 3-D Printing Augmented Reality Surface Computers Mobile Robots Behavioral Economics Cloud Computing E-Book Readers Social Software Suites Microblogging Green IT Video Telepresence Mesh Networks: Sensor Video Search Technology Trigger Home Health Monitoring Public Virtual Worlds Context Delivery Architecture Quantum Computing 3-D Flat-Panel Displays Human Augmentation Peak of Inflated Expectations Years to mainstream adoption: Online Video Speech Recognition SOA Corporate Blogging Location-Aware Applications Wikis Electronic Paper Tablet PC Idea Management Web 2.0 Social Network Analysis Over-the-Air Mobile Phone Payment Systems, Developed Markets RFID (Case/Pallet) As of July 2009 Trough of Disillusionment time Slope of Enlightenment less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 years Plateau of Productivity obsolete before plateau
7 Hype Cycle Indicators expectations Startup companies, first round of venture capital funding R&D Supplier proliferation Mass media hype begins Early adopters investigate First-generation products, high price, lots of customization needed Activity beyond early adopters Negative press begins Supplier consolidation and failures Second/third rounds of venture capital funding Less than 5 percent of the potential audience has adopted fully Methodologies and best practices developing Second-generation products, some services High-growth adoption phase starts: 20 to 30 percent of the potential audience has adopted the innovation Third-generation products, out of the box, product suites Innovation Trigger Peak of Inflated Expectations Trough of Disillusionment time Slope of Enlightenment Plateau of Productivity
8 Adoption Activity By Enterprise Personality Type Peak of Inflated Expectations Type A Activity Zone Type B Danger Zone Type B Activity Zone Expectations Innovation Trigger Trough of Disillusionment Type C Activity Zone Slope of Enlightenment Plateau of Productivity Time Key Lesson: Be selectively aggressive
9 The Hype Cycle of Innovation: Key Questions What's here that we could be using? What's here that we're not using? Was that a deliberate decision? Expectations Time
10 Interactive Poll Which of these do you think will generate the most value for your organization during 2010 to 2011? 1.Cloud computing 2.Social software suites 3.Video telepresence (eg HP Halo, Cisco) 4.Virtual worlds (eg Second Life) 5.RFID
11 Emerging Technologies Hype Cycle 2009 expectations Wireless Power Internet TV 3-D Printing Augmented Reality Surface Computers Mobile Robots Behavioral Economics Cloud Computing E-Book Readers Social Software Suites Microblogging Green IT Video Telepresence Mesh Networks: Sensor Video Search Technology Trigger Home Health Monitoring Public Virtual Worlds Context Delivery Architecture Quantum Computing 3-D Flat-Panel Displays Human Augmentation Peak of Inflated Expectations Years to mainstream adoption: Online Video Speech Recognition SOA Corporate Blogging Location-Aware Applications Wikis Electronic Paper Tablet PC Idea Management Web 2.0 Social Network Analysis Over-the-Air Mobile Phone Payment Systems, Developed Markets RFID (Case/Pallet) As of July 2009 Trough of Disillusionment time Slope of Enlightenment less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 years Plateau of Productivity obsolete before plateau
12 Emerging Technologies Priority Matrix 2009 benefit years to mainstream adoption less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 years transformational Web 2.0 Cloud Computing Internet TV Public Virtual Worlds SOA 3-D Printing Context Delivery Architecture RFID (Case/Pallet) Human Augmentation Mobile Robots Quantum Computing high E-Book Readers Augmented Reality Electronic Paper Home Health Monitoring Green IT To be updated Location-Aware Applications Online Video Social Network Analysis Social Software Suites Wireless Power Behavioral Economics Mesh Networks: Sensor moderate Corporate Blogging Idea Management Microblogging 3-D Flat-Panel Displays Speech Recognition Over-the-Air Mobile Phone Payment Systems, Developed Markets Surface Computers Video Search Tablet PC Video Telepresence Wikis low As of July 2009
13 Fifteen Years of Hype Cycles Visibility Peak of Inflated Expectations Intelligent Agents Hype Cycle of Emerging Technologies, January 1995 Technology Trigger Emergent Computation Information Superhighway Wireless Communications Virtual Reality Video Conferencing Trough of Disillusionment Handwriting Recognition Slope of Enlightenment Object-oriented Programming Speech Recognition Plateau of Productivity Knowledge-based Systems Time Example paths Bluetooth: Peak 1999 Bluetooth Cable Replacement, Slope 2003; Bluetooth Networking, Trough 2003 Electronic Paper/Digital Ink: Pre-peak 1999 Early Slope 2009 Speech Recognition: Slope 1995 Slope 2009
14 The future is already here, it s just not evenly distributed. William Gibson Photo: Midnightzulu
15 Inside the Hype Cycle: What s Hot and What s Not in 2009 Available wherever books are sold Visit Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written approval from Gartner. Such approvals must be requested via [email protected]. Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates.
16 Thanks for participating! Do you have any questions? If you haven t done so already, please type your questions into the Questions pane. We will answer as many of your questions as time permits.
17 Looking to reduce your IT costs? Gartner can take the cost out of IT in four ways Get the best pricing and terms for your IT purchases Identify major cost-saving opportunities Implement cost-saving technologies Implement cost-saving process improvement
18 Two simple steps for increasing the value of today s webinar experience Contact your Gartner account executive (or [email protected]) with any additional questions, comments or requests or to order a complimentary copy of today s presentation Visit gartner.com/webinars for a schedule of upcoming Gartner webinars (plus replays of previous webinars) and share these resources with your colleagues
The Gartner Scenario For 2010: The Current State and Future Direction of the IT Industry
The Gartner Scenario For 2010: The Current State and Future Direction of the IT Industry Martin Gutberlet RVP Gartner Germany Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials
Technology Trends You Can t Afford to Ignore
Gartner Webinar Technology Trends You Can t Afford to Ignore 1 July, 2009 Nikos Drakos, Research Director Raymond Paquet, Managing Vice President Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes
Higher Education Hype Cycle
Higher Education Hype Cycle Jan-Martin Lowendahl Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written approval from Gartner. Such approvals
Hype Cycle for Intelligent Grid Technologies
Hype Cycle for Intelligent Grid Technologies Dr. Žarko Sumić VP & Distinguished Analyst Energy & Utilities Industry Advisory Services [email protected] Environmental Issues are Getting on the Main
IT Project & Portfolio Management 2010 Magic Quadrant
IT Project & Portfolio Management 2010 Magic Quadrant Daniel Stang Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written approval from Gartner.
Emerging Trends, Disruptions and Digital Business
Emerging Trends, Disruptions and Digital Business Samuli Savo, Executive Vice President twitter: @samusavo enfo.fi / enfo.se Enfo Group: WhoWeAre? enfo.fi / enfo.se 2 Aalto Technology Management Flow 1.
the 2010 E-Commerce Magic
Top Trends in E-Commerce and the 2010 E-Commerce Magic Quadrant Gene Alvarez Bill Clark Welcome! Thank you for joining this Gartner webinar. Today's topic is Top Trends in E-Commerce and the 2010 E-Commerce
The Real Truth About Cloud, SaaS and Saving Money Now
The Real Truth About Cloud, SaaS and Saving Money Now Daryl Plummer, MVP, Chief of Research, and Chief Gartner Fellow Gartner Webinar 15 July 2009 Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes
The Nexus and the Top Strategic Technologies for Education, 2014
The Nexus and the Top Strategic Technologies for Education, 2014 Juan Gutiérrez Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced or distributed
The Quantified Self. Market Overview and Proprietary Financial Intelligence
The Quantified Self Market Overview and Proprietary Financial Intelligence Note: this is an adopted presentation of one given at the SVB Quantified Summit in Boston on April 3, 2014 Contents Quantified
Gartner delivers the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day.
Gartner s Value for Higher Education Clients Georgia Institute of Technology Gartner delivers the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day. Allison Weil,
Software as a Service: Uncertainties Revealed
Software as a Service: Uncertainties Revealed Robert DeSisto Vice President and Distinguished Analyst Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced
IT Services Opportunities in IP Telephony (Executive Summary) Executive Summary
IT Services Opportunities in IP Telephony (Executive Summary) Executive Summary Publication Date: 12 January 2004 Author Eric Goodness This document has been published to the following Marketplace codes:
Dobre praktyki zarządzania zakupami technologicznymi
Dobre praktyki zarządzania zakupami technologicznymi Leszek Maśniak Executive Partner, Gartner Poland Ministerstwo Administracji i Cyfryzacji, Warszawa 12-10-2014 Gartner at a Glance 6,100 associates 14,000+
GARTNER FOR TECHNOLOGY INVESTORS
GARTNER FOR TECHNOLOGY INVESTORS INVESTORS NEED TO KNOW MORE New globalization trends are impacting the strategies of investment professionals, rearranging priorities and posing new things to consider.
Curtin University: Curtin University: Who are we?
Curtin University: Cloud Infrastructure Strategy Heath Wilkinson and Steven Lim #questnet #52ccis http://myanswers.mobi/questnet Curtin University: Who are we? Curtin University of Technology is Western
Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for Smart Government
Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for Smart Government Rick Howard Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced or distributed in any form
ITIL and IT Operations Optimization
ITIL and IT Operations Optimization Ed Holub, Research VP 17 June 2009 Gartner Webinar Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written
Unveiling the Business Value of Master Data Management
:White 1 Unveiling the Business Value of (MDM) is a response to the fact that after a decade of enterprise application integration, enterprise information integration, and enterprise Data warehousing most
Gartner delivers the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day.
Gartner delivers the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day. The Digital Commerce Challenge "By 2017, due to Internet-enabled price visibility, the
While you are waiting for our webinar to begin, you might be interested in the downloads on the Attachment tab:
While you are waiting for our webinar to begin, you might be interested in the downloads on the Attachment tab: A copy of today s presentation and our Upcoming webinars Information on how to dial in if
IT Governance. Key Initiative Overview
Michael Gerrard Research Vice President and Distinguished Analyst IT governance addresses two major topics: demand governance ( doing the right things ) and supply-side governance ( doing things right
Virtualization With VMware or Hyper-V: What You Need To Know
Virtualization With VMware or Hyper-V: What You Need To Know Tom Bittman Gartner Webinar 26 August, 2009 Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced
Big Data Has the Answers: Now All We Need Are the Questions! Steve Sonka
Big Data Has the Answers: Now All We Need Are the Questions! Steve Sonka Recent Headlines The big-data revolution in US health care: Accelerating value and innovation How big data can revolutionize pharmaceutical
Contact Center Consolidation and Centralization: Building a Plan to Get There
Contact Center Consolidation and Centralization: Building a Plan to Get There November 3 rd 2011 1 www.inin.com Interactive Intelligence, Inc. Founded in 1994 with over 4,000 customers worldwide Single,
Future of Business Intelligence
Future of Business Intelligence Ibraheem Kateeb North Carolina A&T State University [email protected] Shahbaz Humayun North Carolina A&T State University Dalal Bataweel North Carolina A&T State University
Internet 3.0: Ten Problems with Current Internet Architecture and a Proposal for the Next Generation
Internet 3.0: Ten Problems with Current Internet Architecture and a Proposal for the Next Generation Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] These slides are
The Next Wave: The Internet of Things and Security
The Next Wave: The Internet of Things and Security F. Christian Byrnes Twitter: @cbyrnes Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced or
Webinar Solutions for Lead Generation Get More For Less
Dakota Performance Solutions Webinar Solutions for Lead Generation Get More For Less Matthew A. Marnach President & CEO Presented by: Matt Haynes Director, Webinar Services and Event Management Introduction
Microsoft Windows 7 and Office. Key Initiative Overview
Michael Silver Research Vice President and Distinguished Analyst IT leaders have questions and concerns about issues associated with Microsoft Windows 7 and Office 2010 migrations. This overview points
Strategic Planning. Key Initiative Overview
David Aron Research Vice President This overview provides a high-level description of the Strategic Planning Key Initiative. IT leaders can use it to create strategies that help the business win, and change
Getting 'Gartnered': How Vendors Can Work With Gartner
Getting 'Gartnered': How Vendors Can Work With Gartner Gareth Herschel and Matthew Goldman Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with
What Makes A Good Hosting
What Makes A Good Hosting Provider? Tiny Haynes Gartner is a registered trademark of Gartner, Inc. or its affiliates. This publication may not be reproduced or distributed in any form without Gartner's
Presented by Kevin Tolin Scheper
The information presented in this Webinar is current as of date of live airing April 12, 2012. Presented by Kevin Tolin Scheper Vice President, Professional Services Now is the time to switch Meaningful
Your University of the Future -
Your niversity of the Future - Executing on the Higher Education Business Model Scenarios Dr. Jan-Martin Lowendahl Vice President Research [email protected] Gartner is a registered trademark
Big Data Decision Making
Big Data Decision Making Use Cases Daniel J. Power University of Northern Iowa and DSSResources.com, Cedar Falls, Iowa USA [email protected] 1 About me Daniel J. Power Technology generalist Decision
Negotiating Vendor Contracts. Key Initiative Overview
Christopher Ambrose Research Vice President This overview provides a high-level description of the Negotiating Vendor Contracts Key Initiative. IT leaders can use this overview to understand how to improve
GARTNER S MAGIC QUADRANT and HYPE CYCLE Sabrina Bresciani, Martin J. Eppler
Collaborative Knowledge Visualization Case Study Series Case Nr. 2, 2008 GARTNER S MAGIC QUADRANT and HYPE CYCLE Sabrina Bresciani, Martin J. Eppler Abstract The analyst and consultancy company Gartner
Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technologies
Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technologies for 2011 October 2010 Gartner, Inc. today highlighted the top 10 technologies and trends that will be strategic for most organizations in 2011. Gartner defines a strategic
Virtualization. Key Initiative Overview
Philip Dawson Research Vice President Virtualization brings flexibility, agility and increased capabilities to enterprise users. IT leaders can use this overview to assess their virtualization needs and
IT & The Economy: Balancing Cost, Risk & Growth
IT & The Economy: Balancing Cost, Risk & Growth Peter Sondergaard Senior Vice President Gartner Research Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced
BT One. Analyst and consultant update, September 2012. BT One. Communications that unify 1
BT One Analyst and consultant update, September 2012 BT One. Communications that unify 1 BT One Agenda Introductions Neil Sutton Vice President Global Portfolio BT One Overview Andrew Small Vice President
Cloud Computing. Key Initiative Overview
David W. Cearley Research Vice President and Gartner Fellow This overview provides a high-level description of the Cloud Computing Key Initiative. IT leaders can use this guide to understand what they
Network Evolution, Cloud & Future Services. Opportunities & Challenges for Next-Decade Services
Network Evolution, Cloud & Future Services Opportunities & Challenges for Next-Decade Services Outline Trends: Data, Services & Networks Cloud What is Next? 2 Law of Telecom Complexity Telecom complexity,
The Importance of Information Delivery in IT Operations
The Importance of Information Delivery in IT Operations David Williams Notes accompany this presentation. Please select Notes Page view. These materials can be reproduced only with written approval from
UC & C Success Requires a Services Lead Approach
UC & C Success Requires a Services Lead Approach Presented by Zeus Kerravala Principal Analyst 2014 ZK RESEARCH, A DIVISION OF KERRAVALA CONSULTING The Business Climate is Changing Technology Solution
Gartner Research Methodologies. Technology-related insights for your critical business decisions
Gartner Research Methodologies Technology-related insights for your critical business decisions Why research matters As digitalization continues to transform the way organizations do business, every technology
The all-in-one Unified Communications solution for SMBs.
OpenScape Business The all-in-one Unified Communications solution for SMBs. Improve your performance and take your business to the next level with Unified Communications. Amplifying opportunities The success
The Future of the Australian ICT Industry. Bob Hayward CTIO CSC Australia Asia September 2010
The Future of the Australian ICT Industry Bob Hayward CTIO CSC Australia Asia September 2010 What will be the next high-growth information and communications technologies? What opportunities..and DISRUPTIONS..
Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 2011
Research Publication Date: 28 July 2011 ID Number: G00215650 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 2011 Jackie Fenn, Hung LeHong Technologies at the Peak of Inflated Expectations in 2011 include activity
Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group, Global Innovations Practice
, Global Innovations Practice Introduction Demand for differentiation, innovative products and services, reduced operating costs, greater flexibility and agility, and more compelling customer experiences
Huawei Enterprise UC&C Product and Solution Guide. -Mobility, Video Integration, and Cloud Collaboration HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Enterprise UC&C Product and Solution Guide -Mobility, Video Integration, and Cloud Collaboration HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. A Better Way UC&C Product Line Huawei enterprise service business group
Global E-business and Collaboration
Global E-business and Collaboration Content Define and describe business processes and their relationship to information systems. Evaluate the role played by systems serving the various levels of management
INNOVATION FOR TOMORROW S TRADING EDGE OPEN TRADE
INNOVATION FOR TOMORROW S TRADING EDGE OPEN TRADE THE FIRST INTELLIGENT TRADING COMMUNICATION PLATFORM COMBINING: INTELLIGENT TRADING Conferencing Video Trading applications E-mail IP telephony Instant
Gartner s Magic Quadrant and Hype Cycle
Gartner s Magic Quadrant and Hype Cycle Case study Reference no 908-029-1 This case was written by Sabrina Bresciani, under the direction of Professor Martin J Eppler, Università della Svizzera Italiana
What s the promise of the Internet of Things?
What s the promise of the Internet of Things? Tim Ensor 6 October 2015 What is the Internet of Things? 6 October 2015 2 What is the Internet of Things? >> I m fine >> Getting quite full now >> I need emptying
Hype Cycle for Customer Relationship Management, 2003
S. Nelson Strategic Analysis Report 6 June 2003 Hype Cycle for Customer Relationship Management, 2003 Customer relationship management is maturing as a business strategy, but many aspects of CRM are more
1.0 Introduction and Report Overview
1.0 Introduction and Report Overview Customer relationship management (CRM) represents the key business strategy that will determine successful enterprises in the 21st century. Enterprises engaged in CRM
What s New for HP Service Anywhere & Service Manager September 15, 2015
What s New for HP Service Anywhere & Service Manager September 15, 2015 Copyright 2015 Vivit Worldwide Copyright 2015 Vivit Worldwide Brought to you by Copyright 2015 Vivit Worldwide Hosted by Laura Walker
Enterprise 2.0 and SharePoint 2010
Enterprise 2.0 and SharePoint 2010 Doculabs has many clients that are investigating their options for deploying Enterprise 2.0 or social computing capabilities for their organizations. From a technology
LIVE REPLY: INNOVATIVE SERVICES IN THE TELCO AND MEDIA SECTOR
LIVE REPLY: INNOVATIVE SERVICES IN THE TELCO AND MEDIA SECTOR Over the last few years Web 2.0 solutions have attracted a growing number of users. The impact of 2.0 services is not limited to the Internet
Introducing VEGA. www.vega-global.eu. Communications made easy. Video Communications. Skype For Business & Collaboration. Audio Visual Solutions
Introducing VEGA Video Communications Audio Visual Solutions Skype For Business & Collaboration Digital Media Communications Telephony & Voice Workspace Management www.vega-global.eu Communications made
Unified Communications and Collaboration The Questions You Need to Ask
Unified Communications and Collaboration The Questions You Need to Ask UC&C: What s in it for your people and your business? Giving end users the IT infrastructure they need to perform at their best can
Cisco Video Collaboration Guide. Select the Right Equipment and Vendor
Cisco Video Collaboration Guide Select the Right Equipment and Vendor See How Video Collaboration Fits Your Needs Camera. Microphone. Monitor. Speaker. Codec. These are the five essential components that
Agenda Overview for Multichannel Marketing, 2015
G00271717 Agenda Overview for Multichannel Marketing, 2015 Published: 19 December 2014 Analyst(s): Adam Sarner, Jennifer S. Beck Multichannel marketing is where content and context meet and where brand
Enterprise Architecture Program. Key Initiative Overview
Richard Buchanan Research Managing Vice President This overview provides a high-level description of the Enterprise Architecture Program Key Initiative. IT leaders can use this guide to understand what
MSC Malaysia Research & Development Grant Scheme (MGS) 21 April 2011
MSC Malaysia Research & Development Grant Scheme (MGS) 21 April 2011 Innovation Ecosystem The MSC is a gift to the world, a global test-bed of innovative ICT products Investments in R&D in knowledge-based
Thailand Tomorrow Tech Trends 2015 What is the catch?
Thailand Tomorrow Tech Trends 2015 What is the catch? Commercial Advisory and Due Diligence March 2014 The Internet of Things Proliferation across connected devices 1 Thailand Tomorrow Tech Trends 2015
Personal Telepresence
Personal Telepresence Personal Telepresence 3050 Personal Telepresence 3020 (PT Mini) User Guide 29 January 2015 Contents Introducing the touchscreen controller 3 The home screen 5 Forwarding calls and
Agenda Overview for Digital Commerce, 2015
G00270685 Agenda Overview for Digital Commerce, 2015 Published: 18 December 2014 Analyst(s): Jennifer Polk Marketing is making a greater impact on, and taking more responsibility for, digital commerce.
