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1 CPUInheritance Scheduling DepartmentofComputerScience ComputerSystemsLaboratory BryanFord SaiSusarla UniversityofUtah October30,1996 1

2 KeyConcepts Threadsscheduleeachotherbydonatingthe Onerootschedulerthreadperprocessorsources CPUusingadirectedyieldprimitive. allcputime. Kerneldispatchermanagesthreads,events,and CPUdonationwithoutmakinganyscheduling policydecisions. 2

3 TheDispatcher Implementsthreadsleep,wakeup,schedule,etc. clocks,ortimers. Runsinthecontextofcurrentlyrunningthread. Hasnonotionofthreadpriority,CPUusage, Dispatcherwakesaschedulerthreadwhen: Eventofinteresttothescheduleroccurs. Scheduler'sclientblocks. 3

4 SchedulingExample Scheduler CPU Scheduler thread Ready queues CPU donation Port scheduling requests Running thread Ready threads App 1 Waiting thread App 2 4

5 Theschedule()operation Sensitivitylevels: schedule(thread,port,sensitivity) ONBLOCK:Wakethescheduleranytimeits ONSWITCH:Wakethescheduleronlywhena clientthreadblocks. ONCONFLICT:Wakethescheduleronlywhen dierentclientisrequestingthecpu. twoormoreclientsarerunnableatthe sametime. 5

6 ImplicitDonation e.g.: Workslikeschedule(),exceptdoneimplicitly; Threadattemptingtolockaheldmutex Clientthreaddonatestoserverthreadfor donatestocurrentowner Analogoustopriorityinheritanceintraditional thedurationofanrpc systems. CPU S0 6 T0 (high-priority) T1 (low-priority)

7 MultiprocessorScheduling Scheduler CPU 0 Scheduler threads Ready queues CPU 1 App 1 App 2 7

8 Benets Hierarchical,stackableschedulingpolicies Application-specicschedulingpolicies Automaticpriorityinheritance ModularCPUusagecontrol AccurateCPUusageaccounting Naturallyextendstomultiprocessors Supportsprocessoranitypolicies andscheduleractivations 8

9 PrototypeImplementation Implementedasafancythreadspackageina Schedulersimplemented: BSDprocess. Fixedpriorityround-robinandFIFO Ratemonotonic Lottery 9

10 SchedulingHierarchy Root Scheduler Fixed-priority Real-time Scheduler Rate-monotonic RM1 Real-time periodic threads Timesharing Class Lottery scheduling RM2 LS1 Web browser Lottery scheduling JAVA1 Java applet threads JAVA2 Background Round-robin RR1 RR2 FIFO Scheduler Non-preemptive FIFO1 Cooperating threads FIFO2 10

11 Results Threemeasures: Schedulingbehavior(correctness) Overhead Implementationcomplexity 11

12 Multi-policy Scheduling Behavior Accumulated CPU usage (sec) Rate-monotonic thread 1 (50%) Rate monotonic thread 2 (25%) Lottery thread (Interactive - bursty) Round-robin thread 1 (Insatiable) Round-robin thread 2 (Insatiable) RM1 (50%) RR1 (compute) LS1 (burst) RR2 (compute) RM2 (25%) Time (clock ticks)

13 Modular Control of CPU Usage Applet thread 1 Applet thread 2 FIFO thread 1 FIFO thread 2 Round-robin thread 1 Round-robin thread Time (clock ticks) Relative CPU time allocation (percent)

14 Real-time Scheduling Behavior CPU donation on mutex contention No CPU donation Number of occurrences Mutex lock latency for real-time thread (clock ticks)

15 Performance Dispatcheroverhead {Sensitivitytohierarchydepth {Basecost Contextswitchingoverhead {Numberofadditionalcontextswitches {Costofcontextswitches 15

16 SchedulingHierarchyDepthDispatchTime(s) DispatcherMicro-benchmarks Rootscheduleronly 2-levelscheduling 3-levelscheduling 4-levelscheduling 8-levelscheduling

17 Contextswitchoverhead Inprototype,measurewhatproportionof (i.e.,extra) contextswitchesaretoschedulerthreads OnarealOS,measurerateofcontext ProjectslowdownintwoOSs,basedonexpectedrateandspeedofcontextswitches switchesinvariousworkloads 17

18 ContextSwitchesforSimpleTests RM1 RM2 RM3 Client/ ServerDatabasetime 57 ParallelReal-General LS1 JAVA1 FIFO RR RR2 RR RR4 Userinvocations Rootscheduler Ratemonotonic Lotteryscheduler Appletscheduler FIFOscheduler Round-robinsched Schedulerinvoc Totalcsw Scheduler% 41% %52% %

19 StatisticsforCommon Applications Runtime(sec) Contextswitches/sec Traps/sec Systemcalls/sec gzipgcc tarconfigure Deviceinterrupts/sec

20 10 8 Microkernel:configure (13000 csw/s) Microkernel:gcc (3500 csw/s) Microkernel:gzip (930 csw/s) FreeBSD:configure (202 csw/s) FreeBSD:gcc (32 csw/s) FreeBSD:gzip (11 csw/s) Overall slowdown (percent) Additional overhead per context switch (microsec)

21 CodeComplexity Dispatcher: Exampleschedulers: 550raw,160linesofsemicolons eachis100{200semicolons 21

22 RelatedWork Existingmulti-policysystems: Multi-classsystems:Mach,NT AegisExokernel 22

23 RelatedWork Existinghierarchicalschedulingpolicies: KeyKOSmeters Lottery/stridescheduling CPUinheritanceschedulingisnotapolicy. Start-timeFairQueuing(SFQ) 23

24 Status Works,butneedstobetriedinarealOS OSDIandFluxprojectwebpages: Sourceforprototypewillbeavailablefromthe Flukekernelimplementationinprogress 24

25 Conclusion CPUinheritancescheduling: ProvidesexibleCPUscheduling,andsupportsmanyexistingpoliciesandmechanisms Isecientenoughforcommonuses Isstraightforwardtoimplement(inuser SupportstheFlukenestedprocessmodel mode) 25

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