Adebisi Funsho Adedayo and Nurudeen Adesola Malik. Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Ilorin

Transcription

1 Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 16, No.8, 2014) ISSN: Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania EFFECTS OF URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAMMES ON THE SLUM RESIDENTS OF LAGOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA Aebisi Funso Aeayo an Nurueen Aesola Malik Department of Geograpy an Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Ilorin ABSTRACT Tis paper examines te effects of urban renewal programmes on te slum resients in Lagos metropolis. 1,080 responents were selecte troug systematic-ranom tecnique in te nine upgrae slums. Te ata generate from responents were analyze using tables, graps, mean values an nominal regression analysis. Te stuy reveale tat te mean rankings of te perceive impacts by slum resients sowe marke variations across te nine upgrae slums. In aition, te result of te nominal regression analysis sowe tat improve meto of refuse isposal, provision of pipe borne water, creation of open space, construction of rainages, construction of roas/reabilitation an provision of public toilet a irect an positive impacts on te slum resients wit values of 0.307, 0.297, 0.216, 0.214, an respectively. Te stuy conclues tat Lagos state government soul sustain urban renewal policy. Tis will enance sustainable evelopment of renewal programmes an enance improve living conitions of slum wellers. Keywors: Upgrae Slums, Urban Renewal, Effects, Lagos, Nigeria 30

2 INTRODUCTION Te city environment is caracterize by complex economic, social an cultural activities tat consequently create many ifficulties an concomitant problems relating to uman settlements an oter infrastructure in te built environment. One of suc problems relating to te built environment is te proliferation of substanar ousing an squalor (UN-HABITAT, 2003), informal or squatter settlements collectively referre to as slums (Drakakis-smit, 1981 reporte in Onokeroraye, 1988). A slum is terefore an urban abitat tat as eteriorate an must be reabilitate an organize jointly wit te full participation of te inabitants (Percq, 1994) An attempt to control, emolis an upgrae slums a receive te attention of various governments in Lagos state, Nigeria over some ecaes now. Tis is in line wit te global agena of eraicating slums (Sliuzas, 2004). Approaces towars te eraication of slums inclue slum emolition an upgraing collectively known as urban renewal. To acieve sustainable renewal programmes an sustainability of its effects on te slum resients, Lagos State Government embarke upon participatory slum appraisal (PSA) involving te slum communities, governments agencies an Local Government Areas (LGAs). However, Lagos State Government wit a focus of builing te capacity of state an local government staff in consultative planning embarke upon intense participatory process to ientify community nees an priorities. Te upgraing experience from Nigeria an oter parts of te worl was consiere in planning te slum upgraing intervention. Terefore, Lagos state government set a target of US$ 30,000 (N 495,000) per ectare in orer to elicit information on te basic infrastructural facilities require by te slum areas. Te interactive process involve te full participation of all te necessary stakeolers in te slum upgraing programmes. In all, eigty-tree (83) stakeolers consultative meetings, nineteen (19) community level meetings, sixteen (16) working sessions wit local governments, two urban fora in aition to various meetings wit senior state officials were conucte before te subprojects proposals were finalize. Te community emans were furter turne to plans by local engineers an planners wic were sare wit te state, LGAs an te slum communities to ensure a clear an sare unerstaning among te ifferent stakeolers. Tis means tat te final proposal reflect a clear agreement between te slum communities preferences, feasible options in terms of availability of lan, financial constraints an te aoption of stanars tat is contiguous to eac slum area, tat is local government stanar. In te two approaces to urban renewal, very little, if any consieration is given to assess te effect of urban renewal troug slum upgraing on te slum resients. Terefore, te objective of tis stuy is to assess te effect of urban renewal programmes on te slum resients of Lagos metropolis. Tese programmes inclue: Drainage an roa construction/reabilitation, provision of water an ealt facilities, improve meto of refuse isposal, construction of toilet an market an community all among oters. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAMMES IN LAGOS METROPOLIS In te last few ecaes, urban evelopment an upgraing of slums in Lagos metropolis pose great callenges resulting from increasing population growt. Tis is evient in its proportionate growt of about 230,256 to 1,135,805 between 1950 an 1963 (Mabogunje, 1968) an over 9 million in 2006 (2006 Census). Tis growt as resulte in callenges of inaequate ousing (Abioun, 1976) couple wit ig population ensity of 1,308 persons per square kilometers wit available lan 31

3 falling prey to unregulate an unplanne evelopment. Despite te emolition of slums by past government aministration, te rate of growt of slums as been on te increase. Te UN 2004/2005 Declaration to reuce poverty an improve te ousing conitions of 100 million slum wellers tus enance te promotion of te components of sustainable evelopment incluing intergenerational fairness an te extent of uman impact relative to te global carrying capacity (Gbaegesin an Aluko, 2010). Tis confirms te view of Akinboe (1995) tat sustainable evelopment involves te provision of aequate an afforable basic nees of life for te present generation (for example, slum resients) witout jeoparizing te prospects of future generations. However, urban renewal or reevelopment as been regare as a basic tool for solving te problems of slums or squatter settlements (Aluko an Amiu, 2008). Terefore, as efine by Agbola (1987), te Lagos state government troug assistance from Worl Bank embarke upon upgraing of facilities in orer to cope wit te problems confronting it troug te growt of slums. Terefore, te sustainability of te renewal programmes will be acieve troug te replication of te success acieve in oter slums of Lagos state. STUDY AREA Te nine (9) upgrae slums in Lagos metropolis comprising of Agege, Ajegunle, Amukoko, Baia, Bariga, Ilaje, Itire/Ijesateo, Iwaya an Makoko are te focus of tis stuy (Figure 1). Te nine slums covere 760 ectares out of te 1,620 ectares covering te 42 slums ientifie in 1984 troug te UN stuy. Te public-private intervention of urban renewal (slum upgraing) starte wit a pilot upgraing of Baia wit te sum of N314 million (US$2.0 million) uner te 1995 Lagos Drainage an Sanitation Project. Te positive results of te upgraing at Baia sowe tat infrastructural upgraing a greatly improve te living conitions of te community. Te Lagos state government terefore embarke on massive upgraing of infrastructures wit a target of $30,000 (N495, 000) per ectare in accorance wit upgraing experience in Nigeria an oter parts of te worl. Tis was use by te government to etermine te basic requirements of te nine upgrae slums (Table 1). Te eterogeneity of Lagos metropolis is reflecte by te influx of people from all parts of te country. However, te original inabitants of te state inclue te Ijebus, te Aworis an te Eguns wo occupie te eastern part from somolu local government area to Epe, central part of te state from Lagos Islan an Io Islan eastwar troug Ojo local government to part of Baagry as well as Baagry an its environs respectively. However, Mabogunje (1968) researc finings reveale tat Yoruba an non-yoruba migrants into te metropolis accounte for 37% an 26% in 1950 wile Oumosu (1992) puts te migrant population at 82.2%. Te oter tribes inclue te Ijaw farmers, Isoko palmwine tappers, Urobos, Igbiras an Ilajes wo are mostly fisermen. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Data use for tis stuy were collecte from bot primary an seconary sources. Information on te slum upgraing programmes in eac slum area was collecte from Lagos State Metropolitan an Governance Project (LMDGP) an Lagos State Urban Renewal Autority (LASURA).Te primary ata focuse on responents perceive effects of te slum upgraing programmes on te resients of te upgrae slums. Tese are: construction of roas/reabilitation, provision of 32

4 ealt centres/ospital, provision of pipe borne water, construction of umpsite, construction of rainages, construction of moern market/community all, provision of public toilet, creation of open space/playgroun, construction of scools/reabilitation, construction of police post an stable electricity. A total of one tousan an eigty (1,080) responents (ouseol eas) wit one unre an twenty (120) responents in eac of te nine (9) upgrae slums were selecte troug systematic-ranom tecnique. Te aministration of te questionnaire starte by pure ranom selection of te first ouse (starting point) an proceee progressively at an interval of five ouses on a street. Te information collecte was analyze troug escriptive an inferential statistics. Te escriptive statistics use were tables, graps, mean values an rankings. Nominal regression analysis was use to analyze te responents assessment of te perceive effects of te renewal programmes on te slum resients in Lagos metropolis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Drainage an Roa Construction/Reabilitation Te rankings of te beneficial impacts of construction of roas by responents in te stuy area reveale tat te igest impact was felt in Agege slum area wit mean value of 9.49 wile te lowest was in Amukoko slum area (6.14). Te regression coefficient as reveale in Table 3 inicate tat construction of roas/reabilitation a te fift igest (.199) positive impacts on te resients in te nine upgrae slum areas. Te reuce rate of flooing in te slum areas can be acieve troug improve rainage system. Te igest beneficial impact of rainage construction an opening up of blocke rains was felt in Agege slum area wit mean value of 8.48 wile Itire/Ijesateo recore te least beneficial impact (Table 2). Te fining as reveale by responents in Figure 2 inicate tat te builings tat were not prone to flooing were above 50% in Ajegunle, Amukoko, Baia, Ilaje an Itire/Ijesateo. Te regression coefficient (.214) as reveale in Table 3 inicate tat construction of rainages a te fourt (4 t ) igest irect positive impact on te slum resients in te slum areas. 33

5 Figure 1: Upgrae Slums in Lagos Metropolis Source: Cartograpy section, Geograpy& Planning Department, Lagos State University,

6 Table 1: Slum Upgraing Programmes of Lagos State Government in te Nine (9) Upgrae Slums Slum Areas Upgraing Programmes Agege Roas: New construction, 20 streets (4.4km), reabilitation: 2 streets (0.6km). Water supply: 12 boreoles. Healt centre: 1 (to be locate). Street ligting: 6 streets, 4.3km. Public toilets (3). Box culverts (4) Ajegunle Roas: New construction, 54 streets (12.1km), reabilitation: 3 streets (1.8km). Water supply: 12 boreoles. Healt centre: 2 (to be locate). Street ligting: 4.0km (to be locate) Public toilets (5). Scools: 2 new primary scools, reabilitation of 3 scools, 2 primary, 1 seconary. Market stalls (1), community all (1), electric transformers (5) Amukoko Roas: New construction, 12 streets (4.4km). Water supply: 1.5km pipes. Healt centre: 1 (to be locate). Street ligting: 8 streets, 3.9km. Public telepones (4).Electric transformers (4), market (1) Baia Roas: New construction, 25streets (6.6km), reabilitation: 1street (0.4km). Water supply: 13 boreoles. Healt centre: 2 for reabilitation. Street ligting: 29 streets, 6.6km. Public toilets (2). Scools: 4 scools for reabilitation. Market stalls (2), public telepones (5), box culverts (35). Bariga Roas: New construction, 8 streets (2.5km). Water supply: 2.3km water pipes, 19 streets, 5km. Healt centre: 2 for reabilitation. Street ligting: 46 streets, 9km. Public toilets (2). Scools: 4 scools for reabilitation. Scool construction (1). Dreging of canals to be one uner te rainage component. Ilaje Roas: New construction, 6 streets (2.2km), reabilitation: 1street (0.4km). Water supply: 8 streets, 5km pipes. Healt centre: 1 for reabilitation. Street ligting: 46 streets, 12km. Electric transformers (2). Scools: 4 scools for reabilitation, scool construction (1). Market stalls (1), Fis smoking facilities (2), box culverts (22). Dreging of canals will be one uner te rainage component. Itire/Ijesateo Roas: New construction, 24 streets (5.1km), reabilitation: 8 streets (3.6km). Water supply: 20 boreoles. Healt centre: 1 (to be locate). Street ligting: 17 streets 5.2km.Public toilets (5). Scools: 2 new primary scool. Market stalls (1), public telepones (5), Box culverts (10) Iwaya Makoko Roas: New construction, 18 streets (3.7km), reabilitation: 1street (0.4km). Water supply: 2.5km water pipes. Healt centre: 2 for reabilitation. Street ligting: 18 streets, 3.9km. Electric transformers (2). Scools: 4 scools for reabilitation, scool. Market stalls (2), community all (1), box culverts (10). Postal agency. Roas: New construction, 14 streets (3.7km), reabilitation: 1street (0.4km). Water supply: 6 boreoles. Healt centre: 1 new an 1 for reabilitation. Street ligting: 14 streets, 3.7km. Electric transformers (2). Scools: 2 scools for reabilitation. Public toilet/batrooms (2), refuse truck (1), box culverts (10), community all (1), col rooms (2) for fis storage, postal agency, fis smoking facility, floating jetty. Dreging of canals will be one uner te rainage component but seconary an tertiary rains are inclue. Source: Aapte from Stovelan Consultant,

7 Table 2: Te Effect of Renewal Programmes on te Slum Resients Slum Area Te Effect of Renewal Programmes by Responents (Mean Values an Rankings) Agege Ajegunle Amukoko Baia Bariga Ilaje Itire/Ijesat eo Iwaya Makoko 9.49/1 s t 7.52/6 t 6.14/9 t 6.78/8 t 9.20/2 n 9.02/3 r 7.94/5 t 8.07/4 t 7.20/7 t 8.42/2 n 7.49/7 t 7.04/9 t 7.88/4 t 7.40/8 t Source: Autors fielwork, /5 t 3.31/9 t 9.08/1 st 4.26/4 t 8.51/3 r 5.86/9 t 7.03/7 t 8.43/1 st 5.95/8 t 7.93/3 r 7.61/6 t 7.81/5 t 8.62/2 n 7.06/6 t 8.13/4t 8.28/1 st 6.10/7 t 1- Roa Construction/Reabilitation 2- Provision of Healt Centre/Hospital 3- Provision of Improve water (Boreole& Treate water) 4- Improve Refuse Disposal Meto 5- Drainage construction to reuce Flooing 6- Provision of Government Scools 7- Stable Electricity Supply 8- Provision of Market & Community Hall 9- Provision of Public Toilet 10- Improve Security 5.26/2 n 5.83/8 t 5.92/7 t 5.58/1 st 6.42/5 t 4.28/3 r 4.13/5 t 3.68/8 t 3.93/6 t 3.78/7 t 6.40/6 t 6.61/3 r 4.74/9 t 6.53/4 t 6.90/2 n 7.08/5 t 4.46/9 t 5.10/8 t 7.82/2 n 8.98/8 t 2.60/9 t 2.63/4 t 9.92/2 n 3.29/5 t 2.51/7 t 9.68/3 r 5.82/2 n 11- Provision of Playgroun 4.08/2 n 4.67/7 t 6.03/5 t 4.65/8 t 9.68/3 r 6.22/1 st 4.79/1 st 3.03/9 t 9.40/6 t 2.84/8 t 2.41/8 t 8.49/1 st 8.33/9 t 3.58/4 t 2.22/9 t 6.89/6 t 7.48/3 r 7.38/4 t 10.08/1 st 4.61/3 r 2.85/3 r 9.40/6 t 3.19/6 t 2.56/6 t 9.55/5 t 3.16/7 t 2.60/5t 6.59/3 r 6.31/4 t 5.06/6 t 3.38/4 t 2.83/5 t 4.60/2 n 4.90/1 st 2.63/8 t 2.58/9 t 3.50/3 r 7.45/1 st 2.73/6 t 6.88/ 2n 2.69/7 t 36

8 Table 3: Metric an Stanarize Coefficients on Direct an Inirect Effects of Lagos Renewal Programmes on Slum Resients Depenent: Perceive impacts by Slum Resients Inepenent Variable Direct Effect SE F P-value Inirect Effect SE F P- value construction of roa/reabilitation provision of ealt centers/ospitals Improve Refuse Disposal meto provision of Improve water (boreole& treate water) provision of playgroun/open space provision of public toilet construction of moern market/community all construction of rainages construction of scool/reabilitation Improve security stable electricity Source: Computer output of Fielwork,

9 Prone to floo not prone to floo Percentage Agege Ajegunle Amukoko Baia Bariga Ilaje Itire/Ijesateo Iwaya Makoko Slum areas Figure 2: Reporte flooing of Resiential builing in te slum areas Source: Autors fielwork,

10 Provision of Water an Healt Facilities Te Worl Healt Organization (WHO) classifie sources of water as improve an unimprove. Te improve sources of water inclue treate water (tap) an boreole wile te unimprove are water from wells an water venors. Te beneficial impact of improve source of water was felt most in Ajegunle, Itire/Ijesateo an Amukoko wit mean values of 9.08, 8.62 an 8.51 respectively (Table 2). Te finings inicate 46.7% of te responents in te nine (9) slum areas a access to improve source of water (Treate water an boreole). Te implication of te fining reveale an improvement in te resients access to improve sources of water contrary to earlier finings of (Onokeroraye, 1988 an Makinwa- Aebusoye,1988) finings were 25% in Ajegunle an 38.11% in Olaleye-Iponri slums a access to improve water source (pipe borne). Te regression coefficient (.297) inicate tat te provision of boreoles a te secon (2 n ) igest irect positive impact on te resients in te slum areas (Table 3) Te beneficial impacts as ranke by responents inicate tat te ealt programmes of Lagos State Government especially for te slum wellers troug provision of aitional ealt centres were felt mostly in Ilaje slum area wit mean value of Figure 3 reveale te accessibility of responents to ealt facility in te upgrae slums. Te regression coefficient (.133) reveale tat te provision of ealt services to slum resients troug aitional ealt centres a te eigt (8 t ) igest irect positive impacts on te slum resients in te stuy area (Table 3). Refuse Disposal Meto Te Lagos State Government troug its agency calle Lagos State Waste Management Autority (LAWMA) is carge wit te responsibility of refuse collection, isposal an management in te state. Te slum areas are usually caracterize as filty environment ue to iniscriminate umping of refuse into te environment. Te Baia slum area as reveale in Table 2 a te most beneficial impact wit mean value (5.58) in terms of regular isposal of refuse by responents troug LAWMA trucks wile Agege recore te least impact (3.31). Te fining reveale tat 86.8% of responents ispose teir refuse troug LAWMA (Table 4). However, it was observe tat te isposal of refuse troug te common meto calle Truck pusers a been eraicate in all te slum areas. Moern Market, Community all an Public Toilet Te responents rankings of te beneficial impact of provision of markets an community all reveale tat te effects was more in Baia, Amukoko, Itire/Ijesateo an Ilaje wit mean values of 6.22, 5.82, 4.61 an 3.58 respectively (Table 2). Te regression coefficient (.148) as reveale in table 3 inicate tat te construction of market/community all a te sevent (7 t ) igest irect positive impact on te resients in te upgrae slum areas. Te rankings by responents as reveale in table 2 sows tat te impacts were felt more in Baia an Amukoko wit mean values of 4.79 an 4.08 respectively. However, te nee for public toilets in tese slum areas were limite because most builings a toilet facilities ominate by pit latrine locate insie or outsie te builing. For instance, in te slum areas of Amukoko, Bariga, Ilaje an Iwaya, public toilets were not require (Table 1). Te regression coefficient (.193) inicate tat tis slum upgraing programme a te sixt (6 t ) igest positive impact on te resients in te slum areas (Table 3). 39

11 Accessible Not accessible Percentage Agege Ajegunle Amukoko Baia Bariga Ilaje Itire/Ijesateo Iwaya Makoko Slum areas Figure 3: Accessibility of responents to ealt facility in te slum areas Source: Autors fielwork,

12 Table 4: Metos of Refuse Disposal in te Stuy Area Slum Areas Refuse Disposal Meto Lanfill Incinerate LAWMA Trucks Open space Agege 01(0.8%) 119(99.2%) Ajegunle 02(1.7%) 118(98.3%) Amukoko 120(100%) Baia 03(2.5%) 117(97.5%) Bariga 02(1.7%) 82(68.3%) 36(30.0%) Ilaje 19(15.8%) 04(3.3%) 90(75.0%) 07(5.8%) Itire/Ijesateo 119(99.2%) 01(0.8%) Iwaya 10(8.3%) 95(79.2%) 15(12.5%) Makoko 02(1.7%) 01(0.8%) 77(64.2%) 40 (33.0%) Source: Autors fielwork,

13 Creation of Open Space/Playgroun Te slum builing in te slum areas are compactly an closely built togeter witout consieration for recreational spaces. (Onokeroraye s, 1988) stuy of slums in Lagos reveale tat consieration for open an recreational space was lacking. Te finings of pilot survey by Lagos Metropolitan Development an Governance project Annex 6 (2005) also reveale absence of organize recreational (open) space in te slum areas of Ilaje, Bariga, Ajegunle, Amukoko an Makoko. However, Agege slum area as one playgroun, two (2) in Baia, One at Itire/Ijesateo an two (2) use by groups at Iwaya. Te ranking by responents in Table 2 reveale tat te impact of te creation of open space was igest in Baia wit mean value of Te regression coefficient (.216) as presente in Table 3 inicate tat slum upgraing programme a te tir (3 r ) igest positive impact on te slum resients in Lagos metropolis. Tis implies tat te beautification efforts of Lagos State Government troug its Ministry of Environment an Pysical Planning towars creating recreational sites an open spaces is yieling a positive beneficial impact on te inabitant especially te resients in te upgrae slum areas. CONCLUSION Tis stuy as establise tat sustainability of renewal programmes an its effects on slum resients were reflecte on improve meto of refuse isposal troug LAWMA trucks, access to improve water source, creation of open space/playgroun, reuce flooing of slum areas troug construction of rainages, improve accessibility troug roa construction an reabilitation as well as aitional ealt centres for improve meical services. Terefore, te assessments of te impacts of urban renewal programmes in te upgrae slums ave teoretical, acaemic an planning implications for sustainable urban living stanar an upgraing of infrastructural facilities in te oter ientifie slum areas tat ave not been upgrae in Lagos State. Terefore, it can be conclue tat te policy of urban renewal troug participatory slum appraisal soul be encourage in oter slum areas of Nigeria an beyon. 42

14 REFERENCES Abioun, O.J. (1976). Housing problems in Nigerian Cities. Town Planning Review.47(4): Agbola, T. (1987). Institutional Constraints on Housing Development: Te Urban Areas of Nigeria: Te Plan Approval Processes, Habitat International 11(2): Akinboe, I.A (1995) Sustainable evelopment in rural Nigeria: An agena for suspene republic.proceeings of National Researc Service Awar Nigeria. Aluko, B.T. an Amiu, A.R. (2006) Urban Low income settlements, Lan eregulation an Sustainable Development in Nigeria. Proceeing of te 5 t FIG Regional Conference promoting lan aministration an Goo Governance, Marc 8-11, Accra Gana pp1-12 Drakakis-Smit, D.W. (1977). Urban Planning Problems in Sout-east Asia In Seon, G. (e.), Urbanisation: Twelve Papers elivere at te ANZAAS Congress, University of Melbourne. Gbaegesin, J.T. an Aluko, B.T. (2010) Te Programme of Urban Renewal for Sustainable Urban Development in Nigeria: Issues an Callenges. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 7(3): Mabogunje, A.L. (1968) Urbanisation in Nigeria, University Press Lonon. Makinwa- Aebusoye, P.K. (1988) Managing te Urban Environment: A strategy for upgraing Olaleye- Iponri Slum in Lagos Metropolitan Area in Saa, P.O. & Oemero, F.O. (es.) Environmental Issues an Management in Nigeria Development. Evans Broters. Pp Oumosu, T. (1992) Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Metropolitan Process: Te case of Lagos, Unpublise P.D Tesis, University of Lagos, Department of Geograpy an Planning. Onokeroraye, A.G. (1988) Case stuies of urban slums an environmental problems in Nigerian cities. in Saa, P.O. an Oemero, F.O. (es.) Environmental Issues an Management in Nigerian Development. Evans Broters. Pp Percq, P (1994) Les abitants amenageurs, Paris: eition e l aube. Sliuzas, R.V. an Kuffen, M. (2004), Managing Informal settlements. A Stuy using Geo-information in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. ITC Series, 112. UN-HABITAT (2003).Te Callenge of Slums: Global report on uman settlements. Lonon, Eartsean Publications Lt. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Aebisi Funso Aeayo (Professor Department of Geograpy an Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Ilorin) an Nurueen Aesola Malik (Lecturer II Department of Geograpy an Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Ilorin) 43