ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PLAN FOR PIHA BEACH RESERVES, PIHA

Transcription

1 ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PLAN FOR PIHA BEACH RESERVES, PIHA

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3 Ecological Restoration Plan for Piha Beach Reserves, Piha Contract Report No Project Team: Nick Goldwater - Field survey, report compilation. Nick Ranger, Shona Myers - Technical review and advice. Prepared for: Auckland Council Private Bag Auckland 1142 November 2012 AUCKLAND OFFICE: 97A MT EDEN ROAD, MT EDEN, AUCKLAND 1023 P.O. BOX , HERNE BAY, AUCKLAND 1001, Ph ; Fax HEAD OFFICE: 99 SALA STREET, P.O. BOX 7137, TE NGAE, ROTORUA Ph ; Fax , [email protected],

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5 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 2 3. METHODOLOGY Environmental pest plant survey Planting Pest animals 3 4. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT 3 5. PROJECT AREAS North Piha Esplanade Les Waygood Park Piha Esplanade Reserve North Piha Strand Piha Domain South Piha Road Reserve 5 6. ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS Environmental pest plant control priorities 5 7. PEST PLANT MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Overview Priority pest plants Provenance of Pohutukawa and Other Planted Species North Piha Esplanade Les Waygood Park Piha Esplanade Reserve North Piha Strand Piha Domain South Piha Road Reserve PLANTING RECOMMENDATIONS Overview Spinifex and pingao North Piha Esplanade Les Waygood Park Piha Esplanade Reserve North Piha Strand Piha Domain PEST ANIMAL CONTROL Rabbits Predators Contract Report No. 3014

6 2012 Contract Report No. 3014

7 10. MONITORING TIMING 20 REFERENCES 22 APPENDICES 1. Figures Site photographs List of environmental pest plant species recorded from the project area List of vascular plant species for Piha Reserves, Recommended herbicide treatments Contract Report No. 3014

8 Reviewed and approved for release by: Shona Myers Senior Ecologist, Manager (Auckland office) Wildland Consultants Ltd Wildland Consultants Ltd 2012 This report has been produced by Wildland Consultants Ltd for Auckland Council. All copyright in this report is the property of Wildland Consultants Ltd and any unauthorised publication, reproduction, or adaptation of this report is a breach of that copyright Contract Report No. 3014

9 1. INTRODUCTION Auckland Council commissioned Wildland Consultants Ltd to develop an ecological restoration plan for six Piha Beach reserves: North Piha Esplanade, Piha Esplanade Reserve, Les Waygood Reserve, North Piha Strand, Piha Domain and Piha South Road Reserve. Ecological management plans have recently been prepared for the adjacent Les Waygood Reserve and North Piha Strand (Wildland Consultants Ltd 2011a and 2011b). These existing reports have been combined with management plans for the four remaining reserves to create a master ecological restoration plan for Piha Beach. Piha Beach lies within the Waitakere Ecological District. The rugged Waitakere west coast is characterised by a rocky coastline and significant dune areas including at Piha, Whatipu and Te Henga. The wider Piha catchment contains a continuous sequence of mature vegetation from coastal, through to alluvial flat, rugged hill country, and high relief (Denyer et al. 1993). The Piha Coastcare Group has been undertaking dune restoration for a number of years. In the master plan, environmental pest plant species within the project areas have been identified and their distribution and abundance mapped and described. An environmental pest plant management programme has been prepared, as well as an indigenous planting plan that can be implemented following environmental pest plant control. In the preparation of this report, some guidance has been taken from the Piha Reserves Management Plan, which was compiled by Waitakere City Council in The plan recognises the importance of controlling pest plant and animal species throughout the reserves. The four key policies contained in the plan are as follows: (i) Control, and where possible, eradicate pest plants and animals. (ii) Prioritise pest plant and animals for removal or control, and target areas that are particularly sensitive to pest plant and animal pests and areas where eradication of such pests is still possible. (iii) Encourage adjacent land users to control pest plants and animals on their land to reduce invasion into the reserves. (iv) Pest plants will be controlled in accordance with Council s current herbicide policy. Minimisation of herbicide use should be ensured by use of manual control where feasible, and by the use of targeted control methods, such as drilling and injecting, or cutting and painting pest plants. Where herbicides are used, the lowest toxicity herbicide available should be used Contract Report No. 3014

10 2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES Map the distribution and density of environmental pest plants in all six reserves. Identify and recommend areas for planting. Prepare plant schedules of suitable species. Compile a staged programme of environmental pest plant control, planting and pest animal control. Outline a recommended approach for future monitoring. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Environmental pest plant survey Field surveys for environmental pest plants were undertaken at Les Waygood Park and North Piha Strand on 22 November A field survey of the remaining four reserves was undertaken on 18 September Environmental pest plants are introduced species that threaten the ecological processes and values within the area where they are present. Field survey methods were based on previous environmental pest plant inventories undertaken by Wildland Consultants Ltd (2011a). The field survey involved walking through the project area identifying and recording location, distribution and density of environmental pest plants. The GPS locations of selected pest plant infestations were recorded where it was deemed necessary to ensure the control/monitoring of isolated pest plant populations. During the survey, particular attention was given to open dune areas, bush margins, stream margins, exposed banks, and especially clearings within the canopy as these areas are most vulnerable to environmental pest plant invasion/reinvasion. Environmental pest plant distributions and densities were mapped in the field onto hard copy prints of digital orthophotographs. The maps were then used for data input into ArcGIS9.3 (GIS programme). The location and distribution of each environmental pest plant species were digitised. Environmental pest plant species were labelled with their common name and a brief description of the extent of the infestation, either as percentage cover or as the number of individuals, overlain on the aerial photograph. The relative priority for the control of each environmental pest plant species was assessed based on the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy (ARPMS) (ARC 2007), the ecological values of the site in which the infestation occurs, the relative vulnerability of the vegetation and habitats present, the level of threat posed by the environmental pest plant species, and the size of the infestation. Environmental pest plant species within each priority level (Levels 1-5 with Level 1 being the highest priority for control) are listed in Section 4.1 below Contract Report No. 3014

11 3.2 Planting Potential planting sites and areas where planting would be advisable were identified during the field surveys. These areas include sites where environmental pest plant infestations will be an ongoing problem if planting is not undertaken, hind-dune areas suitable for restoration and establishment of indigenous dune species, open areas within existing plantings and indigenous vegetation (including foredunes), and areas vulnerable to erosion. 3.3 Pest animals Recommendations for the monitoring and control of pest animal species in the dunes are outlined in Section 7 of the plan. 4. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT The project area is located within the Waitakere Ecological District (ED) and are characterised by a range of vegetation types along the low-lying dunes that extend along most of Piha Beach (north and south ends). Most of the mid and hind-dunes and dune slacks are highly modified, and comprise a diverse range of exotic species including several environmental pest plants. The foredunes, however, have a high degree of naturalness and are dominated by spinifex (Spinifex sericeus) with occasional pingao (Ficinia spiralis). The healthy state of the foredunes has been aided by restoration work undertaken by Council contractors and local community groups such as Piha Coast Care. Numerous beach access paths have been created through the reserves, some of which are fenced to discourage people walking over the dunes. Unconsolidated coastal dunes are a characteristic feature of the west coast of the Waitakere ED (Denyer et al. 1993), including Piha. Dune systems have been significantly reduced from their former extent nationally and regionally, and the intact landform sequences of foredunes to hind-dunes present on the Waitakere west coast have been lost elsewhere in the region. The protection of dunes is identified as a national priority as only 11.6% of their original extent remains (Ministry for the Environment and Department of Conservation 2007). In Auckland, only 15% of dune vegetation remains today (Lindsay et al. 2009). The loss of active dunes since the 1950s has been greatest in Northland, Auckland and Manawatu, with a 68.4% decline in Auckland (Hilton 2006). The restoration of dunes, including control of pest plants, and replanting with appropriate indigenous species is a priority Contract Report No. 3014

12 5. PROJECT AREAS 5.1 North Piha Esplanade North Piha Esplanade (c.2.7 ha) comprises a long, narrow coastal strip of low-lying dunes that extends from the North Piha surf club to the end of Marine Parade North. The northern half of North Piha Esplanade is characterised by dune shrubland dominated by karo (Pittosporum crassifolium) (c.3-4 m in height) with frequent taupata (Coprosma repens) and pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia complexa), and occasional houpara (Pseudopanax lessonii) (Plate 1), similar to that at Les Waygood Reserve. The shade provided by the shrubland effectively inhibits the growth of lightdemanding pest plants. The indigenous shrubland appears to be advancing towards the foredunes and karo, in particular, is able to compete with exotic grasses such as kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus), veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta) and buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secondatum). Despite the abundance of exotic plant species, the dune slacks at North Piha Reserve provide habitat for a range of indigenous species such as New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia implexicoma), knobby clubrush (Ficinia nodosa), spinifex and pohuehue. The foredunes are dominated by spinifex and are currently free from pest plant infestations (Plate 2). Monkey (Takutapu) Rock, a small but prominent rock stack, is present in the middle of the reserve. The rock is largely unvegetated, other than a few scattered exotic herbs and grasses. 5.2 Les Waygood Park Les Waygood Park (c.5.8 ha) comprises a range of vegetation types on low-lying dunes at North Piha. The most interesting feature of the park is the presence of a healthy and relatively large dune forest dominated by karo (c.3-4 m in height). This forest is one of the largest areas of woody indigenous vegetation on stabilised dunes on the Piha coast, and provides habitat for a range of indigenous species (Wildland Consultants Ltd 2008). Pest plants are less able to compete in this habitat, and are thus most abundant on the open dunes (mid and hind-dunes) and dune slacks (Plate 3). The park also contains a small campsite that is well-maintained, and bordered to the west by pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) and other indigenous coastal shrubs. Marawhara Stream lies along the eastern boundary, adjacent to the campsite. 5.3 Piha Esplanade Reserve Piha Esplanade Reserve (c.1.5 ha) comprises a small, narrow area located between the confluence of Marawhara and Wekatahi Streams and opposite Wekatahi Reserve. It is characterised by rank kikuyu and buffalo grass, with frequent areas of indigenous forest and shrubland. At the northern end of the reserve there is a small but good quality piece of forest dominated by karo and houpara with frequent kawakawa (Macropiper excelsum), nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) and occasional emergent cabbage tree (Cordyline australis). The reserve is contiguous with saltmarsh vegetation on the margins of Marawhera Stream. To the south, it includes a small area of dunes and sandflats Contract Report No. 3014

13 5.4 North Piha Strand North Piha Strand (c.2.9 ha) is a long, narrow reserve that covers the area sometimes known as the middle beach at Piha. The northern limit of the reserve is located at the confluence of Wekatahi and Marawhera Streams. The south end of the reserve provides direct access to Lion Rock. A car parking area is provided between the road and sand dunes. The reserve contains low-lying mid-dunes characterised by rank exotic grasses, vetch and pohuehue, with smaller areas of foredunes dominated by spinifex (Plate 4). 5.5 Piha Domain Only the part of Piha Domain to the south-west of Piha Stream (c.1.7 ha) was surveyed for this report. The northern extent of the reserve includes stabilised dunes dominated by kikuyu, and more natural foredunes that include a mosaic of indigenous and exotic plant species. There is a small stabilised dune that has a wastewater treatment area on it. This dune has been planted with pohutukawa, karo and Tasmanian ngaio (Myoporum insulare), while open areas are characterised by veldt grass, prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii), and patches of Solanum nodiflorum. The southern part of the reserve comprises a large, steep hillslope that is dominated by kikuyu and climbing asparagus (Asparagus scandens) (Plate 5). 5.6 South Piha Road Reserve This reserve (c.0.6 ha) comprises a narrow strip along the top of the dunes at South Piha, together with a triangular area of mown grassland bounded by Marine Parade South. Moana Stream runs through the reserve. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS Twenty-four plant species were identified as environmental pest plants within the project areas. Thirteen of these species are not identified in the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy (ARPMS) (2007). The distribution and abundance of environmental pest plant infestations are mapped in Figure 1. A full list of environmental pest plants is provided in Appendix Environmental pest plant control priorities Environmental pest plants are prioritised according to the three categories in the ARPMS: (i) Total Control Pest Plants, (ii) Containment Pest Plants, and (iii) Surveillance Pest Plants. Two further classes of plants are identified in this report: (iv) pest plants not currently covered by the ARPMS; and (v) exotic plant species which are not considered a threat to the ecology of the reserve but which the removal of would be beneficial. Brief descriptions of the distribution of environmental pest plant species are listed below, separated into their respective categories Contract Report No. 3014

14 (i) Total Control Pest Plants Total Control Pest Plants have a limited distribution or density within the Auckland Region, or defined areas of the Region. They are considered to be of high potential threat to the Region, and Auckland Council assumes full responsibility for funding and implementing appropriate management programmes for these species. The aim is to eradicate these plants from the Region or defined areas of the Region, over a period of time, which may exceed the life of the current ARPMS. No Total Control pest plant species were recorded in the project area. (ii) Containment Pest Plants Containment pest plants are those that are abundant in certain habitats or areas in the region. Landowners/occupiers are required to control these plants whenever they appear on their land. All containment pest plants are banned from sale, propagation, distribution, and exhibition through the entire Auckland Region. One containment pest plant species was recorded in the project area. gorse (Ulex europaeus) Boundary control (20 m in rural areas only). (iii) Surveillance Pest Plants Surveillance pest plants include species that have been identified as having significant impacts on the biosecurity values of the Auckland Region. Auckland Council seeks to prevent their establishment or spread by prohibiting their sale, propagation, distribution, and exhibition. Nine surveillance pest plants were recorded during the survey, all of which are present in small infestations. agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus) climbing asparagus (Asparagus scandens) climbing dock (Rumex sagittatus) German ivy (Delairea odorata) montbretia (Crocosmia crocosmiiflora) Tasmanian ngaio (Myoporum insulare) (iv) Environmental Pest Plants not Within the ARPMS Environmental pest plant species that are present in moderate to large infestations within the project area and are not identified in the ARPMS Contract Report No. 3014

15 Fourteen species in this category was recorded in the project area. buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum sedundatum) fruit salad plant (Monstera deliciosa) garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) gazania (Gazania linearis) gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus) Indian doab (Cynodon dactylon) kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) lupin (Lupinus arboreus) marram (Ammophila arenaria) radiata pine (Pinus radiata) tree aloe (Aloe arboreus) umbrella sedge (Cyperus eragrostis) veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta) vetch (Vicia sativa) 7. PEST PLANT MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Overview Due to the dynamic nature of dune systems and the sheer abundance of vetch, lupin, kikuyu, gazania, and buffalo grass throughout the reserves, a more considered management approach should be adopted where these pest plants are present. It would not be possible to carry out wide scale control in the short-term, given the prolific seed bank of fast-growing, light-demanding pest plant species that awaits any future disturbances. Moreover, in the Piha Reserves Management Plan 2000 it was acknowledged that widespread pest plant species such as kikuyu cannot feasibly be eradicated from Piha. It is recommended that priority areas for control should be established. Foredunes, for instance, are still largely dominated by spinifex and to a lesser extent, pingao, and should therefore be a priority for pest plant control. Both spinifex and pingao are key indigenous sand-binding plants, and are highly vulnerable to competition from introduced species and disturbances caused by humans and vehicles. Some pest plant species (e.g. vetch and kikuyu) are less tolerant of the exposed conditions present on foredunes, while others such as marram and lupin are able to advance in some parts of the foredunes. Vetch and kikuyu should only be controlled either in instances where it is actively smothering indigenous vegetation or for spot spraying prior to planting, noting that vetch is an annual so is not present year round. Specific pest plant management recommendations are provided for each reserve. Recommended control methods for environmental pest plants species are presented in Contract Report No. 3014

16 Appendix 5. It is recommended that all environmental pest plant control operations be undertaken in line with the Agrichemical Users Code of Practice, NZS : The Management of Agrichemicals, and any relevant Auckland Council Policies and procedures such as herbicide reduction strategies. Ongoing monitoring for environmental pest plants should be maintained throughout the project area on at least an annual basis. Any other pest plant species encountered during the annual pest plant control operation should be controlled. 7.2 Priority pest plants Marram Marram is currently present in relatively small quantities, often occurring in local patches in the mid-dune and back dune areas. Of all pest plant species present at Piha, marram has the potential to cause the most damage to the foredunes and overall dune dynamics. Efforts should therefore be made to contain current infestations in the short-term with a view to total eradication of marram from Piha in the medium to long-term. Containment of a marram will involve the targeted control of outlier populations and any new infestations in order to halt any further spread of this species. In the longer term, the main infestation can be controlled from the edges working towards the centre. Lupin Lupin is a serious pest plant of mid-dunes and dune slacks, and due to its relatively tall stature it readily excludes almost all other dune vegetation. A concerted effort to target lupin, combined with planting of indigenous species, will make a significant difference to the natural state of the dunes at Piha. A strategy to contain lupin in the short to medium-term (as per marram) should be instigated by working from the northern and southernmost infestations, towards the middle of Piha. The long-term view should be to effectively eradicate this pest plant from all coastal margins of Piha. Effective eradication is achieved when all mature plants have been controlled. Follow-up control then target seedlings and small plants so they can be removed before they can mature and reproduce. Large plants and infestations will likely require herbicide control, whereas small plants can easily be hand-pulled and left in situ to rot. Local community groups can undertake this on a regular basis and make a valuable contribution to controlling lupin. The long-term goal of effective eradication will need significant buy-in by local residents and landowners, some of whom are likely to have lupin growing in their gardens. Gazania Gazania thrives in sandy soils and withstands salt-laden winds and tolerates extreme drought conditions, which makes it a perfect invader of coastal areas. In addition, due to its high seed production, gazania can rapidly disperse and out-compete indigenous plant species. This pest plant is abundant in the mid-dunes of Piha and in some places it has managed to spread in the foredunes Contract Report No. 3014

17 Containment of gazania should be undertaken in the short to medium-term in conjunction with the control of lupin, given that both species occur in similar areas in similar quantities. The long-term view should be to effectively eradicate this pest plant from all coastal margins of Piha. Most gazania infestations will require herbicide control. Community groups, however, can be engaged to removed small isolated plants, though any dug-out plants will have to be removed from the dune areas and safely disposed of off-site, ensuring weed hygiene procedures are followed. Gazania is also likely to be present as a pest plant in residential gardens, particularly lawns along Marine Parade North. Land-owners will need to be made aware of this weed species. Agapanthus Agapanthus has been recognized as a priority pest plant in the Piha Reserves Draft Management Plan (1999). Although agapanthus was only observed in very small quantities during the surveys (proof of recent control), vigilance must be maintained to prevent it from re-invading the dunes. It is a very resilient, shade-tolerant plant and has the potential to spread throughout most duneland habitats, including dense karo forest. Agapanthus is common on the Piha cliffs and in the gardens of local residents. In a survey in 1995 it was found in 79% of gardens in Piha (WCC 1999). Boneseed As with agapanthus, boneseed is only present in very small quantities on the dunes of Piha, as a result of past control works. Given its prolific seeding and rate of growth, efforts must be made to eradicate boneseed and monitor for future incursions. Climbing asparagus Climbing asparagus occurs infrequently in the dunes, although there is a significant infestation of climbing asparagus in the Piha Domain (see Section 6.7). This species is readily dispersed by birds, and is shade-tolerant. Any infestation will continue to act as a major source of invasion in surrounding natural areas, including forest, shrublands, dunes and wetlands. The large infestation in Piha Domain should be controlled in a staged operation (three to five years) in conjunction with other pest plants such as lupin, agapanthus, and climbing dock. Staged pest plant control can then be followed by the staged planting of coastal tree species (see Section 8.5). Cape ivy A large infestation of Cape ivy is present in Piha Domain, bordering a residential property (Plate 6). This pest plant forms dense layers that can smother indigenous vegetation. Any infestation will act as a source of dispersal to surrounding areas, including dunes, where it has previously been recorded in small quantities (Wildlands 2011b). It would be relatively easy to control this infestation of Cape ivy in the short to medium-term, with ongoing monitoring for new infestations required in the longer term Contract Report No. 3014

18 7.3 Provenance of Pohutukawa and Other Planted Species Kermadec pohutukawa (Metrosideros kermadecensis), pohutukawa cultivars such as Maori Princess and other non-ecosourced specimens are commonly planted around New Zealand, and as such can threaten the genetic integrity of local species through hybridization. A general assessment of the provenance of pohutukawa and other planted species within the reserves should be undertaken (as recommended by the Piha Coastal Management Plan 2000). Any species or cultivars that have the potential to cross with naturally occurring indigenous species in the Piha region, should be removed from the reserves, and replaced with more suitable species. 7.4 North Piha Esplanade Only one Surveillance pest plant species (agapanthus) was recorded at North Piha Esplanade (Figure 1, Appendix 1). It is present at low densities, thus effective eradication is feasible. Where indigenous shrubland is largely absent, the more sheltered dune slacks and back dune areas are dominated by exotic grass species and locally common lupin and gazania. Such species are significantly affecting the ability of species such as spinifex and knobby clubrush to colonise these parts of the dune system. Gladiolus and vetch are present in small quantities and should be controlled. Wide-scale control of exotic grass species is not warranted. Control of lupin in the mid-dune slack areas is desirable, however, followed by the planting of taller stature indigenous plants that can compete with exotic grasses, e.g. taupata, karo and tauhinu (Ozothamnus leptophyllus). Kikuyu should only be controlled either in instances where it is actively smothering indigenous vegetation or for spot spraying prior to planting. Maintaining the weed-free nature of the foredunes and karo shrubland is a priority. Monitoring for the presence of shade-tolerant pest plants such as climbing asparagus and moth plant in the karo shrubland need to be undertaken on a regular basis. GPS co-ordinates for the following isolated infestation were recorded during the field survey: Pest Plant Species agapanthus GPS Co-ordinates NZTM E N Les Waygood Park There were three Surveillance pest plant species recorded at Les Waygood Park (alligator weed, boneseed, and Tasmanian ngaio), all of which are at low densities, thus effective eradication is feasible 1. The following Class (iv) plants are present in small numbers and should be controlled: gladiolus, garden nasturtium, fruit salad 1 Potential upstream infestations of alligator weed should be investigated in order to prevent reinvasion following control Contract Report No. 3014

19 plant and tree aloe (Figure 2, Appendix 1). Marram is present in moderate densities and should be controlled, given its ability to dominate foredune communities. It is difficult for environmental pest plants to establish in the karo forest, which is essentially self-sustaining. Light-demanding species such as vetch are restricted to small clearings within the forest and, without a significant disturbance, are unlikely to affect the long-term ecological integrity of the forest. Monitoring of shade-tolerant species such as moth plant (Araujia hortorum) and climbing asparagus should be undertaken, the latter of which has been previously recorded from the site (Wildland Consultants Ltd 2008). GPS co-ordinates for the following isolated infestation were recorded during the field survey: Pest Plant Species boneseed (one shrub) GPS Co-ordinates NZTM E N Piha Esplanade Reserve In the Piha Reserve Management Plan (1999) it states that control will be carried out on prioritised pest plant species, particularly to encourage regeneration of indigenous riparian plants. Control of some Tasmanian ngaio shrubs has recently been undertaken on the riparian margins of Marawhara Stream. There are four Surveillance pest plant species present at Piha Esplanade Reserve (agapanthus, boneseed, climbing asparagus, and montbretia), all of which are at low densities, thus effective eradication is feasible (Figure 3, Appendix 1). GPS co-ordinates for the following isolated infestation were recorded during the field survey: Pest Plant Species boneseed GPS Co-ordinates NZTM E N North Piha Strand There were six Surveillance pest plant species recorded at North Piha Strand (agapanthus, alligator weed, boneseed, Cape ivy, German ivy, and montbretia) all of which are at very low densities, thus effective eradication is feasible 1 (Figure 4, Appendix 1). The following Class (iv) plants are present in small to moderate densities and should be controlled: gladiolus and marram. Buffalo grass is present in small to moderate quantities but does not currently threaten indigenous systems. Gazania is abundant in the southern part of the reserve (Plate 7) and should be controlled as part of a medium to long-term containment program. 1 Potential upstream infestations of alligator weed should be investigated in order to prevent reinvasion following control Contract Report No. 3014

20 GPS co-ordinates for the following isolated infestation were recorded during the field survey: Pest Plant Species agapanthus (two plants) GPS Co-ordinates NZTM E E N Piha Domain One Containment environmental pest plant (Class (ii)) (gorse) and five Surveillance environmental pest plants (Class (iii)) were recorded within the project area: agapanthus, Cape ivy, climbing asparagus climbing dock, and Tasmanian ngaio (Figure 5, Appendix 1). Apart from climbing asparagus, which is abundant on the north-east facing slopes, these species all occur in small infestations thus local eradication is feasible. The following Class (iv) plants are present in small numbers and should be controlled: gladiolus, Mauritius hemp, and lupin. Marram is locally common on the northern dune area and should be controlled, given its ability to dominate foredune communities. Given the size of the climbing asparagus infestation, and the potential for it to spread into nearby natural areas, a dedicated control programme is recommended. Due to the relatively steep gradient of the site and the subsequent risk of erosion, it is recommended that control of climbing asparagus is staged over a period of three to five years. Control should start from the top of the slope and work down towards the riparian margin. As the climbing asparagus, and rank grass it is growing amongst, dies down, it will act as an effective mulch that can be planted into the following winter. GPS co-ordinates for the following isolated infestation were recorded during the field survey: Pest Plant Species Agapanthus Cape ivy GPS Co-ordinates NZTM E N NZTM E N South Piha Road Reserve Due to the size and management regime of this reserve, very few pest plants are present (Figure 6, Appendix 1). Gazania, buffalo grass and lupin are present in small quantities at the northern end of the reserve, which forms part of the larger dune system at South Piha. Effective (local) eradication of these species from this area should be a relatively simple task. The central part of the reserve is maintained largely for aesthetic purposes Contract Report No. 3014

21 8. PLANTING RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Overview Plant schedules have been compiled for the planting areas in five reserves based on the Waitakere City Council Planting Guide (2004) and the Auckland Regional Council Coastal Planting Factsheets, physical site characteristics and existing vegetation cover. They are based on species that would occur naturally on sites with these characteristics. Other factors considered include the selection of species that are likely to have a relatively high growth rate and survival rate. Guidance has also been taken from the Piha Reserves Management Plan (1999). The focus of planting efforts at Piha should be on restoring the dunes to indigenous habitats. This will involve the gradual phasing out of key pest plants in order to allow indigenous species to regenerate. In most cases it is not necessary to carry out extensive plantings as there is plenty of evidence to suggest that indigenous species will rapidly regenerate following the removal of pest plants. Planting recommendations in this report therefore tend to favour planting (or seeding ) clusters of indigenous species into areas that are currently dominated by adventive plants, particularly with regards to the mid-dune and hind-dune areas. All plant species must be eco-sourced from the Waitakere Ecological District. It is preferable to use seed sourced from Piha, particularly for species such as pohutukawa. Planting should be carried out in consultation with local residents, and local community dune restoration groups, such as Piha Coastcare, who have been undertaking dune restoration for many years. 8.2 Spinifex and pingao Recent restoration work carried out by volunteers such as the Piha Coast Care Group has made a significant difference to the condition of the foredunes. Spinifex, and to a lesser degree pingao, are flourishing in foredunes areas that are not affected by human disturbance. Given the abundance of spinifex, it is recommended that this species is only planted where foredunes have eroded or to replace plants that have been damaged by trampling or rabbit browse. There is an opportunity to enhance the foredunes with more pingao. Planting technique, planting depth and the use of fertiliser are important factors to consider when planting sand-binding plants. Below are the planting guidelines for spinfex and pingao taken from an article produced by the Dune Restoration Trust of New Zealand (2011): Spinifex Spinifex grown in root trainers can be planted quickly in spade holes. Deep planting (sand level at least 10 cm above surface of potting mix) will maximise root contact with moist sand horizons and result in greater survival and better growth, especially under conditions of moderate sand scouring by wind. The use of plants at least 60 cm high will allow deep burial Contract Report No. 3014

22 Results from planting trials have consistently shown that applying slow-release fertiliser at planting significantly improves early establishment and growth of spinifex (Bergin et al. 1998). Spinifex seedlings planted with fertiliser have produced several stolons within a year of planting. The technique involves incorporating 30 g of slowrelease NPK fertiliser to the sand around the root system as the seedling is planted. Pingao Large numbers of container-grown seedlings can be quickly planted on foredunes using spades. Deep planting pingao will increase survival especially on highly dynamic beaches where there is substantial sand movement. Planting pits need to be sufficiently deep to allow root collars of seedlings to be planted at least 10 cm below the sand surface. Trials have demonstrated that planting pingao seedlings in groups of 10 to 20, with approximately 50 cm spacing between plants, has been effective in starting the dune building process within six months. Close spacing provides mutual shelter on exposed sites and application of fertiliser promotes growth, and thus the trapping of sand. Application of a slow-release NPK fertiliser (e.g. Magamp, 30 g per plant, incorporated with the sand around each seedling) does not always increase survival but it is known to significantly increase early growth and health. Occasionally, if there are high rates of sand accumulation at a planting site, or the sand is enriched, there may be no immediate benefit from fertiliser. As a general rule however, it is advisable to apply slow-release fertiliser to all plantings. 8.1 North Piha Esplanade Two areas have been identified that would benefit from indigenous planting (Figure 7, Appendix 1). These are indicative only, as areas that require planting will be more easily identified following removal of environmental pest plants. Rather than planting large numbers of indigenous species throughout the reserve, a more passive approach of enhancement planting should be taken. Rather than carry out extensive pest plant control and planting, there is an opportunity to interplant species such taupata, coastal karamu, tauhinu, karo, harakeke and coastal toetoe (Austroderia splendens). Plants should be arranged in robust clusters of 5 to 8 plants of mixed species, which can be scattered throughout the planting area. In the northern part of the reserve, where the karo shrubland seems to be advancing towards the foredunes, planting may not be necessary at all. Planting Area 1 comprises hind and mid-dune areas dominated by rank grassland and locally common lupin. These areas can be spot-sprayed and planted with appropriate indigenous trees and shrubs such as and karo. These species will eventually shade out the surrounding grass, allowing for the regeneration and spread of indigenous plants. Planting Area 2 comprises mid-dune slacks infested with lupin and foredunes, the latter of which are currently free from any pest plant infestations. The control of lupin will allow indigenous plant species to regenerate in the dune slacks Contract Report No. 3014

23 The foredunes of the reserve would benefit from a limited amount of pingao scattered throughout the existing spinifex grassland. Plant schedules are presented in Tables 1 and 2 below: Table 1: Plant Schedule for Area 1. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Austroderia splendens coastal toetoe RT 1 50 Coprosma repens taupata PB Ficinia nodosa knobby clubrush RT Ozothamnus leptophyllus tauhinu PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pittosporum crassifolium karo PB Total 900 Table 2: Plant Schedule for Area 2. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Ficinia nodosa 1 knobby clubrush RT Ficinia spiralis 2 pingao RT Ozothamnus leptophyllus 1 tauhinu PB Total Plant in mid-dune areas. 2. Plant on foredunes. 8.2 Les Waygood Park In the Piha Reserves Management Plan (1999) it states that vegetation management at Les Waygood Park will mostly be focused on encouraging the regeneration of indigenous vegetation. This will include control of pest plants that are a threat to the indigenous vegetation. Supplementary planting of eco-sourced indigenous species may occur in the area south of the car park and towards the main beach access if regeneration is not occurring naturally. The only areas that will be actively planted are the riparian edges of Marawhara Stream and areas where there have been dune blowouts in order to reduce the amount of wind blown sand. Taking the above into account, four areas have been identified that would benefit from indigenous planting (Figure 8, Appendix 1). These areas are indicative only, as areas that require planting will be more easily identified following removal of environmental pest plants. Planting Area 1 is located along the upper bank of Wekatahi Stream, where the vegetation is dominated by a thin strip of rank kikuyu, with occasional Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta), planted hebes (Hebe spp.), and harakeke/nz flax (Phormium tenax). Planting Area 2 comprises a small area surrounding a toilet block in the campsite. Tasmanian ngaio is the most common pest plant and, following its removal, should be replaced with appropriate indigenous coastal tree and shrub species Contract Report No. 3014

24 Planting Areas 3 and 4 comprise shallow dune slacks dominated by vetch and kikuyu, with locally common Yorkshire fog and buffalo grass. Indigenous species include locally common pohuehue and occasional karo, wiwi, and ti kouka/cabbage tree. Rather than carry out extensive pest plant control and planting, there is an opportunity to interplant these areas with indigenous species such as harakeke, manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), ti kouka/cabbage tree, giant umbrella sedge (Cyperus ustulatus), and toetoe. Plants should be arranged in robust clusters of 5-8 plants of mixed species, which can be locally scattered throughout the planting area. Plant schedules are presented in Tables 3 and 4 below: Table 3: Plant Schedule for Area 1. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Austroderia fulvida toetoe PB Carex virgata purei RT Coprosma robusta karamu PB Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree PB Cyperus ustulatus giant umbrella sedge PB Leptospermum scoparium manuka PB Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Total 1,000 Table 4: Plant Schedule for Area 2. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa PB5 5 3 Myoporum laetum ngaio PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pittosporum crassifolium karo PB Total 53 Table 5: Plant Schedule for Area 3. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Austroderia splendens toetoe PB Coprosma macrocarpa karamu PB subsp. minor Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree PB Cyperus ustulatus 1 giant umbrella sedge PB Leptospermum scoparium manuka PB Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa PB Myoporum laetum ngaio PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pittosporum crassifolium karo PB Total Contract Report No. 3014

25 Table 6: Plant Schedule for Area 4. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number* Austroderia splendens toetoe PB Coprosma macrocarpa karamu PB subsp. minor Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree PB Cyperus ustulatus 1 giant umbrella sedge PB Leptospermum scoparium manuka PB Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa PB5 5 5 Myoporum laetum ngaio PB5 3 5 Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pittosporum crassifolium karo PB Total Plant in damp areas, e.g. dune hollows. 8.3 Piha Esplanade Reserve In the Piha Reserve Management Plan 1999 it is proposed to leave the Piha Esplanade Reserve and the Wekatahi Reserve as they are with no further active planting. Pest plant control will be carried out on prioritised species, particularly to encourage regeneration of indigenous riparian plants (WCC 1999). 8.4 North Piha Strand There is potential to plant a significant proportion of the reserve, mainly within the hind-dunes and dune slacks. Species such as karo and taupata (Coprosma repens) have established in parts of North Piha Strand, mainly in the mid-dunes, and may well continue to spread. Taking this into account, two small trial areas have been identified that would benefit from indigenous planting (Figure 9, Appendix 1). These areas are located in dune slacks in the south of the reserve and they are relatively free from smothering pest plants such as vetch and kikuyu, and require minimal site preparation. Planting Areas 1 and 2 comprise shallow dune slacks and exotic herbfields on relatively flat, consolidated sand. Most of the plants present are low-stature species such as gazania, veldt grass, large quaking grass (Briza maxima), catsear (Hypochaeris radicata), gravel groundsel (Senecio skirrhodon), catchfly (Silene gallica), and hairy birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus suaveolens). Kikuyu and vetch are largely absent. There is an opportunity to interplant these areas with indigenous species such as harakeke (Phormium tenax), giant umbrella sedge (Cyperus ustulatus), and toetoe. Plants should be arranged in robust clusters of 5-8 plants of mixed species, which can be scattered throughout the planting areas Contract Report No. 3014

26 Plant schedules are presented in Tables 7 and 8 below: Table 7: Plant Schedule for Area 1. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Austroderia splendens toetoe PB Coprosma repens taupata PB Muehlenbeckia complexa pohuehue PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Total 250 Table 8: Plant Schedule for Area 2. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Austroderia splendens toetoe PB Coprosma repens taupata PB Muehlenbeckia complexa pohuehue PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Total Piha Domain Two planting areas have been identified in the southern part of Piha Domain (Figure 10, Appendix 1). Planting Area 1 comprises a small stabilised dune planted in a range of indigenous species together with Tasmanian ngaio, which was mistakenly planted instead of the indigenous ngaio. There is an opportunity to enhance this area with additional plantings, with a view to filling in open areas currently characterised by inkweed (Phytolacca octandra) and rank grass, and eventually connect this small island of shrubland with indigenous vegetation to the south (see below). Area 2 comprises the steep north-facing slopes characterised by rank grass and a significant infestation of climbing asparagus. This area buffers the lower reaches of the Piha Stream. As stated in the Piha Reserve Management Plan 1999, the restoration of the riparian margins of Piha Stream is seen as an important measure to restore and enhance both the ecological values and water quality. There is an opportunity to build on this objective by creating a coastal forest on these slopes. Planting should be concentrated along the riparian buffer, while on the mid to upper slopes, tree species such as pohutukawa, karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus), pohutukawa, and ngaio, and can be scattered, as well as planted in clusters, in order to set the trajectory towards an indigenous coastal forest habitat. As discussed in Section 7.8, the control of climbing asparagus in Area 2 needs to be staged over a period of three to five years in order to minimise the potential erosion risk. Planting will therefore need to be staged accordingly over the same time period. It is recommended that control operations, and subsequent planting, start at the top of the slope and work downwards in stages. Climbing asparagus will continue to disperse downhill if the bottom of the slope is controlled first, reinvading previously controlled areas Contract Report No. 3014

27 Plant schedules are presented in Tables 9 and 10 below: Table 9: Plant Schedule for Area 1. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Coprosma repens taupata PB Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree PB Kunzea ericoides kanuka PB Macropiper excelsa 1 kawakawa PB Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa PB Myoporum laetum ngaio PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pittosporum crassifolium karo PB Total Plant in shaded areas under the existing canopy. Table 10: Plant Schedule for Area 2. Species Common Name Grade Spacing (m) Number Coprosma robusta karamu PB Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree PB Corynocarpus laevigatus 1 karaka PB Leptospermum scoparium manuka PB Kunzea ericoides kanuka PB Metrosideros excelsa pohutukawa PB Myoporum laetum ngaio PB Phormium tenax harakeke, flax PB Pouteria costata 1 tawapou PB Sophora fulvida kowhai PB Vitex lucens 1 puriri PB Total 3, Plant in Years 3-5 once indigenous canopy has formed. 9. PEST ANIMAL CONTROL 9.1 Rabbits Rabbits are a significant pest animal threat to the indigenous dune vegetation, mainly through browsing seedlings and adolescent plants. Their control is essential for the health of the sand-binding plant species, particularly pingao. Although occasional droppings and digging were observed during the survey, there seemed to be little to no browse on pingao. Local residents, however, have reported that rabbits have increased in abundance at Piha since 2011 (M. Miller, Auckland Council, pers. comm. 2012). Rabbit browse should be monitored on a regular basis. If required, Pindone dispensed from bait stations can be used to suppress rabbit numbers. All bait is dyed green to identify it as a poison and to deter birds from eating it Contract Report No. 3014

28 9.2 Predators A suite of mammalian pests is likely to frequent the dunes at Piha, including stoats (Mustela erminea), hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), rats (Rattus spp.) and feral cats (Felis cattus). These species are a significant threat to indigenous birds such as northern New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) (Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable), northern little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor iredalei) (At Risk- Declining), and New Zealand pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae) (At Risk-Declining), all of which occur at Piha. Control of stoats, hedgehogs and rats in the dunes should be carried out on a regular basis, particularly during bird breeding and fledging seasons. The Auckland Council Biosecurity team can assist with animal pest control. Control of feral cats could be undertaken by trialling live traps, which allow any nontarget animal to be released unharmed. [The one drawback of live traps is that they require checking on a daily basis, which may only be feasible if local volunteers become involved.] 10. MONITORING The future management of the Piha Reserves could be assisted through the implementation of long-term vegetation monitoring. Establishing permanent vegetation plots will provide data on the rates and types of succession and invasion in duneland habitats at Piha. From this data it will be possible to determine which indigenous species are most able to compete with pest plants; which species are the most vulnerable to invasion by pest plants; and which areas require the most urgent control. Establishing permanent photopoints at various locations in the park will also provide a useful visual record of changes in vegetation patterns over time, and can be carried out by volunteers and community groups. Continued support and advice should be provided to community restoration groups at Piha in order to assist the ecological restoration of the dunelands with appropriate indigenous species. Following the control of large pest plant infestations, it will be critical to detect and remove seedlings in order to exhaust the seed banks of pest plants (with a view to eventual eradication), particularly for prolific seeding species such as lupin, gazania and marram. 11. TIMING A four-year work plan is outlined below. Timing is based on the Auckland Council financial year of 1 July to 30 June Contract Report No. 3014

29 Year 1 (2012/2013) Task Timing 1. Initial pest plant control (all areas to be planted). September 2012-December Follow up pest plant control. March-April Site preparation (blanket spray, weed-eating, etc). March-April Monitor for rabbit sign; implement control as March-April 2013 required in consultation with local residents and Auckland Council Biosecurity. 5. Planting. May-June 2013 Year 2 (2013/2014) Task Timing 1. Blanking (as required). July-August Monitor for rabbit sign; implement control as August 2013 required in consultation with local residents and Auckland Council Biosecurity. 3. Implement predator control. Service traps on a August 2013-February 2014 fortnightly basis or as recommended by Auckland Council Biosecurity. 4. Ongoing follow up pest plant control and January-April 2014 monitoring. 5. Site preparation (if staged planting). March-April Planting (if staged planting). May-June 2014 Year 3 (2014/2015) Task Timing 1. Infill planting (as required). July-August Monitor for rabbit sign; implement control as May-August 2014 required in consultation with local residents and Auckland Council Biosecurity. 3. Implement predator control. Service traps on a August 2014-February 2015 fortnightly basis or as recommended by Auckland Council Biosecurity 4. Ongoing follow up pest plant control and monitoring. January-April 2015 Year 4 (2015/2016 onwards) Task 1. Ongoing follow up plant pest control and monitoring. 2. Monitor for rabbit sign; implement control as required in consultation with local residents and Auckland Council Biosecurity. 3. Implement predator control. Service traps on a fortnightly basis or as recommended by Auckland Council Biosecurity. Timing January-April 2016 May-August 2015 August 2015-February Contract Report No. 3014

30 REFERENCES Agrichemical Users Code of Practice: NZ Agrichemical Education Trust. Auckland Regional Council. 2007: Regional Pest Management Strategy Auckland Regional Council (no date): Coastal Planting Guide 2: Dunes. animals/coastal%20planting%20guide%202.pdf Bergin D.O., Kimberley M.O., and Ede F.J. 1998: Revegetation of Sand Dunes Using Spinifex (Spinifex sericeus) in New Zealand. Proceedings of New South Wales Coastal Conference, November 1998, Batemans Bay, NSW, Australia. 6 pp. Denyer K., Cutting M., Campbell G., Green C., and Hilton M. 1993: Waitakere Ecological District. Survey Report for the Protected Natural Areas Programme. Auckland Regional Council, Auckland. Dune Restoration Trust of NZ 2011: Technical Handbook Section 7.2: Native Vegetation on Foredunes. Spinifex - Guidelines for seed collection, propagation and establishment. ISSN Dune Restoration Trust of NZ 2011: Technical Handbook Section 7.4: Native Vegetation on Foredunes. Pingao - Guidelines for seed collection, propagation and establishment. ISSN Hilton M. 2006: The loss of New Zealand s active dunes and the spread of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria). New Zealand Geographer 62: Lindsay H., Wild C., and Byers S. 2009: Auckland Protection Strategy. A report to the Nature Heritage Fund Committee. Nature Heritage Fund, Wellington. Ministry for the Environment and Department of Conservation 2007a: Protecting our Places. Introducing the national priorities for protecting rare and threatened native biodiversity on private land. Ministry for the Environment and Department of Conservation, Wellington. 7 page brochure. New Zealand Standard NZS : The Management of Agrichemicals. Waitakere City Council 1999: Piha Reserves Management Plan Final Management Plan, September Waitakere City Council 2010: Native to the West. A guide for planting and restoring the nature of Waitakere City. Wildland Consultants Ltd 2008: Ecological Assessment and Monitoring for a Wastewater Land Disposal Field, Les Waygood Park, Piha. Wildlands Consultants Contract Report No Contract Report No. 3014

31 Wildland Consultants Ltd 2011a: Environmental Pest Plant Management and Planting Plan for Les Waygood Park, Piha. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No pp plus appendices. Wildland Consultants Ltd 2011b: Environmental Pest Plant Management and Planting Plan for North Piha Strand, Piha. Wildland Consultants Ltd Contract Report No pp plus appendices Contract Report No. 3014

32 APPENDIX 1 FIGURES Contract Report No. 3014

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43 APPENDIX 2 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS Contract Report No. 3014

44 Plate 1: View looking north-east across the middle area of North Piha Esplanade, with the bottom of Monkey Rock (Takutapu) visible in the right-hand side of the photo. The foredunes dominated by spinifex (Spinifex sericeus) contrast with the dense infestation of lupin (Lupinus arboreus) and exotic grassland in the dune slacks. In the background, the dunes are characterised by a steadily advancing area of karo (Pittosporum crassifolium) forest. 18 September Plate 2: View looking south along the spinifex-dominant foredunes at North Piha Esplanade. The exposed, dynamic nature of these dunes helps resist the invasion of most pest plant species, although marram has the potential to cause significant damage. 18 September Contract Report No. 3014

45 Plate 3: View looking north along the foredunes and dune slack at Les Waygood Park (Weed Infestation Area 1). Lupin is often the dominant pest plant in the dune slacks and middunes, where it adversely affects a range of indigenous plants. 22 November Plate 4: View looking south towards Lion Rock along the mid-dunes of North Piha Strand (Weed Infestation Area 3). The mid-dunes and dune slacks in this reserve are highly modified, and are characterised by rank exotic grasses, vetch, lupin and occasional pohuehue. 22 November Contract Report No. 3014

46 Plate 5: View looking south-east across a large hillslope buffering the Piha Stream in the southern part of Piha Domain (Weed Infestation Area 4). The area is characterised by a dense layer of climbing asparagus (Asparagus scandens) over rank exotic grassland, with scattered infestations of lupin, gorse (Ulex europeaus) and agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox). 18 September Plate 6: A large infestation of Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus) grows amongst pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia complexa) and scattered agapanthus in Weed Infestation Area 3, Piha Domain. 18 September Contract Report No. 3014

47 Plate 7: Gazania is abundant in the shallow dune slacks of Weed Infestation Area 4, North Piha Strand. Areas such as this are good candidates for indigenous planting given the scarcity of smothering pest plant species such as kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus) and vetch (Vicia sativa). 22 November Contract Report No. 3014

48 APPENDIX 3 LIST OF ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANT SPECIES RECORDED FROM THE PROJECT AREA Common Name agapanthus alligator weed boneseed buffalo grass* Cape ivy climbing asparagus climbing dock fruit salad plant* garden nasturtium* gazania* German ivy gorse gladiolius* Indian doab* kikuyu* lupin* marram grass* montbretia radiata pine* Tasmanian ngaio tree aloe* umbrella sedge* veldt grass* vetch* * Not currently included in the ARPMS. Scientific Name Agapanthus praecox Alternanthera philoxeroides Chrysanthemoides monilifera Stenotaphrum secundatum Senecio angulatus Asparagus scandens Rumex sagittatus Monstera deliciosa Tropaeolum majus Gazania linearis Delairea odorata Ulex europaeus Gladiolus undulatus Cynodon dactylon Cenchrus clandestinus Lupin arboreus Ammophila arenaria Crocosmia crocosmiiflora Pinus radiata Myoporum insulare Aloe arboreus Cyperus eragrostis Ehrharta erecta Vicia sativa Contract Report No. 3014

49 APPENDIX 4 LIST OF VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES FOR PIHA RESERVES, INDIGENOUS SPECIES Monocot. trees and shrubs Cordyline australis Rhopalostylis sapida tī kōuka, cabbage tree nīkau Dicot. trees and shrubs Coprosma repens Coprosma robusta Coprosma macrocarpa subsp. minor C. robusta Geniostoma ligustrifolium var. ligustrifolium Griselinia lucida (planted) Leucopogon fasciculatus Macropiper excelsum subsp. excelsum Melicope ternate (planted) Melicytus ramiflorus subsp. ramiflorus Metrosideros excelsa Myoporum laetum Myrsine australis Olearia solandri Ozothamnus leptophyllus Pittosporum crassifolium Pseudopanax crassifolius P. lessonii Pseudopanax lessonii Sophora chathamica taupata karamū, kāramuramu hangehange puka mingimingi kawakawa wharangi māhoe pōhutukawa ngaio māpou, matipou, māpau coastal tree daisy tauhinu karo houpara kōwhai Dicot. lianes Calystegia soldanella Muehlenbeckia complexa panahi, shore bindweed pōhuehue Ferns Asplenium bulbiferum Asplenium polyodon Blechnum filiforme Cyathea dealbata Microsorum pustulatum Pteridium esculentum mouku, hen and chicken fern petako pānako ponga, silver fern kōwaowao, pāraharaha, hound s tongue fern rārahu, bracken Contract Report No. 3014

50 Grasses Austroderia fulvida Austroderia splendens Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillis Spinifex sericeus toetoe toetoe kōwhangatara, spinifex Sedges Bolboschoenus sp. Carex aff. raoulii ("raotest") Carex pumila Cyperus ustulatus f. ustulatus Ficinia nodosa Ficinia spiralis Isolepis cernua Machaerina juncea pūrua grass toetoe upoko-tangata wīwī pīngao Rushes Apodasmia similis oioi Monocot. herbs (other than orchids, grasses, sedges, and rushes) Phormium tenax Typha orientalis harakeke, flax raupō Dicot. herbs (other than composites) Apium prostratum subsp. prostratum var. filiforme Haloragis erecta subsp. erecta Hydrocotyle novae-zeelandiae var. novae-zeelandiae Oxalis exilis Oxalis magellanica Solanum nodiflorum Tetragonia implexicoma tūtae-kōau, New Zealand celery toatoa tūtae-kāhu raupeti kōkihi, rengamutu NATURALISED AND EXOTIC SPECIES Gymnosperms Pinus radiata radiata pine Dicot. trees and shrubs Callistemon sp. Chrysanthemoides monilifera Lupinus arboreus Myoporum insulare (planted) bottlebrush boneseed lupin Australian ngaio Contract Report No. 3014

51 Pelargonium sp. Senecio angulatus Ulex europaeus geranium Cape ivy gorse Monocot. lianes Asparagus scandens Monstera deliciosa climbing asparagus fruit salad plant Dicot. lianes Delairea odorata Rumex sagittatus German ivy climbing dock Grasses Ammophila arenaria Briza maxima Bromus diandrus Bromus willdenowii Cenchrus clandestinus Cynodon dactylon Dactylis glomerata Ehrharta erecta Holcus lanatus Lagurus ovatus Paspalum distichum Schedonorus arundinaceus Sporobolus africanus Stenotaphrum secundatum marram large quaking grass ripgut brome prairie grass kikuyu grass Indian doab cocksfoot veldt grass Yorkshire fog harestail Mercer grass tall fescue ratstail buffalo grass Sedges Cyperus eragrostis umbrella sedge Monocot. herbs (other than orchids, grasses, sedges, and rushes) Agapanthus praecox Allium triquetrum Aloe arborescens Crocosmia crocosmiiflora Freesia refracta Gladiolus undulatus agapanthus onion weed aloe montbretia freesia gladiolus Composite herbs Arctotheca calendula Cirsium vulgare Conyza sumatrensis Crepis capillaris cape weed Scotch thistle broad-leaved fleabane hawksbeard Contract Report No. 3014

52 Gazania linearis Helminthotheca echioides Hypochaeris radicata Osteospermum fruticosum Senecio skirrhodon Sonchus oleraceus gazania oxtongue catsear rain daisy, dimorphotheca gravel groundsel puha, sow thistle Dicot. herbs (other than composites) Alternanthera philoxeroides Anagallis arvensis Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare Euphorbia helioscopia Geranium robertianum Lotus pedunculatus Lotus suaveolens Myosotis sylvatica Orobanche minor Oxalis incarnata Plantago lanceolata Plantago major Rumex conglomeratus Sagina procumbens Tropaeolum majus Veronica persica Vicia sativa alligator weed scarlet pimpernel mouse-ear chickweed sun spurge herb Robert lotus hairy birdsfoot trefoil garden forget-me-not broomrape lilac oxalis narrow-leaved plantain broad-leaved plantain clustered dock pearlwort garden nasturtium scrambling speedwell vetch Contract Report No. 3014

53 APPENDIX 5 RECOMMENDED HERBICIDE TREATMENTS Pest Plant Control Method(s) Chemical(s) Application Rate Timing Remarks Agapanthus (Agapanthus praecox) Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) Buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus) Climbing asparagus (Asparagus scandens) Climbing dock (Rumex sagittatus) Fruit salad plant (Monstera deliciosa) Garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) Gazania (Gazania linearis) Dig out and dispose off site - - Year round Only if this can be done without posing a weed hygiene risk Knapsack - foliar spray Triclopyr 60ml/10 litres water Year round Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 2.5g/10 litres water Year round Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water plus 10ml October-March Take extreme care around (terrestrial sites only) surfactant waterways. Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 200ml/10 litres water October-March Use glyphosate formulation (aquatic sites) approved for use over water. Hand pull seedlings/small Year round plants Cut and treat stump Metsulfuron 1g/1 litre water Year round Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water plus 20ml surfactant October-March best results Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 150ml/10 litres water Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage. Knapsack - foliar spray Haloxyfop 60ml/10 litres water plus 50ml crop oil Year round Cut and treat stump Triclopyr 60ml/1 litre water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water November-February Thoroughly cover all foliage. Can be used around revegetation plantings of non-grass species without any overspray damage. Hand pull seedlings/small Year round plants Cut and treat stump Triclopyr 60ml/1 litre water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water November-March Pull vines away from non-target vegetation before spraying. Dig out Year round Knapsack - foliar spray Clopyralid 40ml/10 litres plus 20ml October-March best surfactant results Contract Report No. 3014

54 Pest Plant Control Method(s) Chemical(s) Application Rate Timing Remarks German ivy (Delairea odorata) Gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus) Gorse (Ulex europaeus) Indian doab (Cynodon dactylon) Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) Lupin (Lupinus arboreus) Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) Montbretia (Crocosmia crocosmiiflora) Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) Tasmanian ngaio (Myoporum insulare) Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water plus October 20ml surfactant Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water plus 10ml surfactant October Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water plus 10ml November-March Pulse Cut and treat stumps Triclopyr 60ml/1 litre water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage Knapsack - foliar spray Haloxyfop 60ml/10 litres water Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage. Can be used around revegetation plantings of non-grass species without any overspray damage. Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage. Knapsack - foliar spray Haloxyfop 60ml/10 litres water Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage. Can be used around revegetation plantings of non-grass species without any overspray damage. Cut and treat stumps Metsulfuron 5g/1 litre water, plus 2 ml Year round surfactant Dig out small infestations and Year round dispose of rhizomes Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 125ml/10 litres water plus Year round Thoroughly cover all foliage. 20ml surfactant Knapsack - foliar spray Haloxyfop 150ml/10 litres water plus 100ml crop oil Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water + 20ml surfactant Ring bark or fell larger trees Year round October-February Year round Hand pull seedlings/small Year round plants Cut and treat stumps Triclopyr 60ml/1 litre water October-April Drill and inject, frill and spray Metsulfuron 5g/1 litre water, plus 2 ml surfactant October-April Thoroughly cover all foliage. Can be used around revegetation plantings of non-grass species without any overspray damage. Follow-up control will be necessary Contract Report No. 3014

55 Pest Plant Control Method(s) Chemical(s) Application Rate Timing Remarks Tree aloe (Aloe arboreus) Umbrella sedge (Cyperus ustulatus) Veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta) Vetch (Vicia sativa) Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litre water plus 20ml October-March surfactant Knapsack - foliar spray Metsulfuron 5g/10 litres water November-March Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water October-March Knapsack - foliar spray Glyphosate 100ml/10 litres water October-March Contract Report No. 3014

56 AUCKLAND OFFICE: 97A MT EDEN ROAD, MT EDEN, AUCKLAND 1023 P.O. BOX , HERNE BAY, AUCKLAND 1001, Ph ; Fax