Bobrovnik V.I., 2014 doi: /m9.figshare

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1 STRUCTURE AND LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF CURRENT STUDIES IN TRACK AND FIELD SPORTS Bobrovnik V.I. National University Physical Education and Sport Ukraine Annotation.. Purpose: to develop a syste assessent and prediction technical skill athletes-athletes. Material: the study involved 450 athletes qualifications. Results: in the process preparing ebers the Ukrainian national tea ipleented a syste assessent ental state. It includes: a set inforative indicators bioechanical laws and their changes; bioechanical odel otor actions; technology operational bioechanical odeling, changes in the functional state the viscoelastic properties skeletal uscle vestibulootornoy syste and speedforce readiness, evaluation and prediction physical condition athletes qualified. And coplex pedagogical tests and scorecards. For the evaluation the functional state the autonoic nervous, cardiovascular syste, external respiration syste by analyzing the electrocardiogra, heart rate variability, the definition autonoic balance, state the yocardiu, cardiac arrhythias, spiroetric studies, syste perforance evaluation the athlete in extree conditions by identifying the type and properties teperaent, level personal anxiety and psychological evaluation reliability athletes. Conclusions: the structure and logical organization odern studies different priary focus, based on the assessent technical skills, physical fitness, functional and ental state highly skilled athletes. Keywords: structure, logical organization, athletics, technical skill, physical condition, ental condition. Introduction 1 Current level track and field developent, cardinal changes occurring in this sports event, expansion sports calendar attract closer attention specialists to different constituents preparation process [6, 9 11, 15]. Ukrainian athletes have becoe winners and prizewinners the Olypics and the World chapionships in this sports event on nuerous occasions. However, due to various factors external and internal character, sports perforances have begun to decrease drastically. This has necessitated utilization the present-day scientific achieveents for sports practice deands, for search for the ways gaining victories under the given conditions and for picking national teas Ukraine for participation in ajor copetitions. Sports result in track and field is directly dependent on qualitative anageent athletes preparation, and includes rational structure and content acro-, eso- and icrocycles, ratio and distribution training eans within structural units, efficient organization and holding centralized educational and training caps, well-balanced syste nutrition, provision recovery services, regular easures aied at estiation various aspects athletes fitness [7]. Coplex scientific and ethodical provision top level athletes represents the ost significant factor for iproveent the preparation efficiency national track and field tea Ukraine [7, 8]. Its efficient realization is ipossible without clear-cut structure and logical organization current scientific studies in track and field sport. Latin structura eans well-ordered foration. Structure is considered as the eans eleent organization and the character link between the [phtt:// Pressing character study is deterined by increase the efficiency coplex control and prediction copetitive activity results, syste athletes selection to national track and field teas, which necessitates clear-cut realization structure and logical organization studies in track and field, based upon objective criteria athlete functional state, physical, technical and ental fitness. Studies were conducted in accordance with Suary plan scientific and research activities in the sphere physical culture and sport for the State Coittee Youth Policy, Sport and Touris Ukraine in thee Iproveent technical skills track and field jupers in the process long-ter preparation ( st. registration 0101U006316); Suary plan scientific and research activities in the sphere physical culture and sport for the Ministry Ukraine in Faily Affairs, Youth and Sport in thee Iproveent athletic training track and field athletes at the stages long-ter preparation ( st. registration 0106U010769); Suary plan scientific and research activities in the sphere physical culture and sport for the Ministry Education and Science, Youth and Sport Ukraine in thee 2.2. Theoretico-ethodical bases top level athletes preparation under conditions pressionalization (on the exaple track and field) ( st. registration 0111U001721). Purpose, tasks the work, aterial and ethods Objective work iproveent research ethodology on the basis analysis technical skills, physical fitness, functional and ental state top level athletes by eans deterining structure and logical organization scientific studies in track and field sport. Material and ethods: to solve the tasks study the following ethods were used: analysis scientific and ethodical literature and generalization advanced sports experience; anthropoetry, videorecording; odelling; yotonoetry, stabilography, electrotensodynaoetry, pedagogical and psychological testing; spiroetry, electrocardiography (ECG); ethods atheatical analysis cardiac rhyth variability with application Cardio+ diagnostic autoated coplex, ethods atheatical statistics. Bobrovnik V.I., 2014 doi: /9.figshare

2 Methods study Analysis scientific and ethodical literature Study and generalization experience advanced sports practice Pedagogical observations Anthropoetry Videorecording А (мм): х y Myotonoetry Stabilography Electrotensodynaography Pedagogical experient Methods atheatical statistics Fig. 1. Algorith studying technical skills track and field athletes 4

3 The study was conducted at Track and Field Departent National University Physical Education and Sport Ukraine. Probleatics concerning iproveent technical skills and estiation otor action techniques (on the aterial track and field copetitive jups) has been developed in together with Kinesiology Departent under the guidance Pressor A.N. Laputin. Methodology studying technical skills athletes based on usage the coplex inforative indices otor action techniques, functional state viscoelastic qualities skeletal uscles involved in ain syste-foring eleents the techniques track and field copetitive jups, state vestibulootor syste and speed-strength fitness has been introduced in preparation syste top level track and field athletes - ebers national tea Ukraine (Fig.1). In the course ethodology developent a JUMP special coputer progra for analysis athletes technical skills has been created and inforative bioechanical indices track and field copetitive jups have been revealed; besides, significance their contribution to high sports perforance achieveent has been deterined; biokineatic schees, ultifunctional bioechanical odels otor actions, providing achieveent targeted sports results in track and field jups and the syste objectives have been developed together with technology operative bioechanical odelling; regularities deterining the efficiency jup execution; peculiarities copetitive juping exercise execution by ales and feales have been discovered. 208 athletes (ales and feales) specialized in track and field jups participated in studies, aong the 11 Merited Masters Sports (MMS), 39 Masters Sports International Class (MSIC), 142 Masters Sports (MS) and 16 Candidate Masters Sports (CMS). Since 2006 until now the studies have been directed to iproveent the syste evaluating the level physical fitness athletes in short, iddle and long distance running, track and field jups and throwing events by eans elaborated coplex inforative tests, estiation athletes functional state on the basis application Cardio+ diagnostic autoated coplex, assessent athletes ental state. 450 athletes participated in studies. Since 2010, the syste evaluating ental state athletes has been introduced in preparation process top level track and field athletes ebers national tea Ukraine. Results studies and their discussion. Motion videorecording [1, 12-14] followed by analysis iage on coputer coplex and developent JUMP special coputer progra, criteria which have been obtained study track and field copetitive jup biophysics, physical essence and content coplex otor actions, 45 bioechanical characteristics were analyzed and the ost inforative the were revealed [1, 3]. It appears, that achieveent high sports perforances in track and field copetitive jups depends on anthropoetrical and bioechanical indices, presented in Tables 1-6. Revealed bioechanical indices and regularities their alteration underlie organization rational bioechanical structure ajor syste-foring eleents track and field copetitive jup techniques. They are objective criteria control and ay be used in sports practice for foration technical skills top level track and field jupers at stages realization individual capacities and aintenance high sports astery. Proceeding fro optiu integration conceptual and otor aspects coplex syste otions, ultifunctional bioechanical odels otor actions have been developed providing the achieveent targeted sports results in high jup: fro 2,15 to 2,55 and fro 1,90 to 2,25 in ales and feales, respectively; in long jup: fro 7,15 to 9,55 and fro 6,25 to 8,20 in ales and feales, respectively; and in triple jup: fro 15,80 to 19,50 and fro 13,10 to 16,50 in ales and feales, respectively. They allow to deterine the reserves achieving planned bioechanical indices, ain directions technical skills foration and optiu levels various aspects fitness. Methods odel creation included the following procedures: collection inforation in the for quantitative bioechanical characteristics track and field copetitive jups; deterination their variability by eans personal coputer; identification interrelations between those characteristics and the degree their ipact upon sports result. General regularities organization rational bioechanical structure ajor syste-foring eleents track and field copetitive jup techniques have been revealed, which influence the achieveent high sports results; this is related to increase all inforative bioechanical indices otor action ultifunctional odels, presented in Tables 1-6. The only exception refers to the duration take-f phase and ass athlete, which tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. Carried out studies have peritted to deterine the contribution inforative bioechanical indices track and field copetitive jup techniques to the achieveent high sports results (see Tables 1-6). Besides, the technology operative bioechanical odelling in accordance with inforative bioechanical characteristics influencing the achieveent high sports results has been developed (Fig.2). This technology allows easuring and controlling bioechanical characteristics techniques, creating the ost efficient odels otor actions by eans stware, predicting different variants coplex otor task solution, and represents the syste objective regularities rational organization copetitive juping exercises. 5

4 Table 1. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in high jups (ales) Sports result, Body ass, kg Body length, Duration takef phase, s Speed runup before takef, Speed GCM fly f takef, Angle GCM fly f, degr. Mean horizontal constituent speed CM leading leg take-f phase, s - 1 velocity knee joint extension velocity ankle joint flexion take-f Resultant support reaction force take-f phase, kn Mean coplete energy athlete otion kj Takef power, kw 2,15 73,90 1,90 0,16 7,10 5,88 53,70 8,46 6,11 13,21 3,95 2,49 7,26 2,25 73,29 1,96 0,15 7,39 6,12 54,41 8,68 6,76 13,47 4,12 2,69 7,86 2,35 72,67 2,02 0,14 7,75 6,40 55,55 8,91 7,52 13,89 4,32 3,00 8,46 2,45 71,93 2,09 0,13 8,10 6,69 56,56 9,04 8,23 14,52 4,62 3,32 9,06 2,55 71,32 2,15 0,11 8,45 6,93 57,32 9,06 8,51 14,71 5,00 3,62 9,66 Contribution 3,92 5,00 11,76 6,84 13,72 13,98 3,50 1,96 5,88 7,96 9,80 15,68 index, % Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 2,15 to 2,55 per 1 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy athlete otion resultant support reaction force take-f phase, angular velocity ankle joint flexion angular velocity knee joint extension ean horizontal constituent speed centre ass (CM) leading leg angle general centre ass (GCM) fly f, speed general centre ass (GCM) fly f speed run-up before length. Duration take-f phase and ass athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. Table 2. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in high jups (feales) Sports result, Body ass, kg Body length, Duration take-f phase, s Speed run-up before Speed GCM fly f Angle GCM fly f, degr.. velocity knee joint extension velocity ankle joint flexion takef, Mean coplete energy athlete otion kj Take-f power, kw 1,90 57,50 1,80 0,17 6,60 4,90 43,00 5,69 12,00 1,82 4,50 1,95 57,19 1,83 0,16 6,82 5,10 44,40 6,09 14,51 1,85 4,86 2,00 56,89 1,86 0,15 7,03 5,31 45,61 6,49 1,89 5,17 16,01 2,05 56,58 1,89 0,13 7,27 5,51 46,31 6,89 17,52 1,92 5,51 2,10 56,27 1,92 0,12 7,57 5,72 47,12 7,29 19,29 1,95 5,93 2,15 56,96 1,96 0,12 7,68 5,92 47,63 7,69 20,96 2,00 6,38 2,20 56,63 1,99 0,11 7,74 6,04 48,84 8,09 22,84 2,09 6,64 2,25 56,33 2,02 0,10 7,80 6,10 50,00 8,49 24,10 2,15 7,00 Contribution 3,32 6,75 6,92 11,53 11,22 14,53 13,41 6,69 10,68 14,95 index,% Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 1,90 to 2,25 per 1 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy feale athlete otion angular velocity ankle joint flexion angular velocity knee joint extension angle GCM fly f, speed GCM fly f speed run-up before length. Duration take-f phase and ass athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. 6

5 Table 3. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in long jups (ales) Sports result, Body Body Duratio Speed Speed Angle Mean Miniu Work Mean Takef ass, length n runup horizontal angle velocity perfore coplet kg, take-f constitue d by e energy power, phase, before GCM GCM nt supportin supportin athlete kw s takef, fly f fly f, speed g knee g hip athlete takef, degr. CM leading joint joint extension kj otion leg take-f phase, degr. take-f phase, kj 7,15 79,30 1,85 0,13 9,50 9,00 19,00 12,10 144,15 6,87 0,550 3,90 6,37 7,60 78,79 1,86 0,13 9,71 9,15 19,07 12,55 144,60 7,41 0,608 4,20 6,84 8,00 78,33 1,88 0,12 9,91 9,27 19,28 12,94 145,00 7,48 0,662 4,48 7,30 8,50 77,7 1,8 0,11 10,3 9,63 23,3 13,44 147,90 7,66 0,713 4,82 7, ,00 70,2 1,9 0,10 10,8 9,93 25,1 13,92 149,64 7,96 0,763 5,15 8, ,55 69,5 0 2,0 5 0,09 11,5 5 10,8 8 26,2 5 14,45 154,10 8,60 0,830 5,55 10,2 5 Contributio n index, % 5,00 4,0 0 10,50 7,90 12,7 2 11,9 8 3,80 2,40 3,53 13,85 8,30 16,0 2 Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 7,15 to 9,55 per 5 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy athlete otion work perfored by athlete angular velocity hip joint extension take-f phase, iniu angle knee joint ean horizontal constituent speed CM leading leg take-f phase, angle GCM fly f, speed GCM fly f speed runup before length. Duration take-f phase and ass athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. Table 4. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in long jups (feales) Sports result, Body ass, kg Body length, Duration takef, s Speed runup before takef, Speed GCM fly f takef, Angle GCM fly f, degr. Mean horizontal constituent speed CM leading leg take-f, velocity knee joint extension take-f phase, Extension angle hip joint degr. Work perfored by feale athlete kj Mean coplete energy feale athlete otion kj Takef power, kw 6,25 57,90 1,72 0,12 9,16 8,55 18,50 11,87 7,24 183,50 0,450 2,39 5,06 6,60 57,48 1,75 0,10 9,31 8,90 18,99 12,12 7,34 191,98 0,500 2,63 5,11 7,00 57,00 1,78 0,09 9,50 9,33 19,50 12,50 7,50 195,00 0,548 2,69 5,46 7,50 55,47 1,82 0,08 9,76 9,42 20,11 12,78 7,81 196,22 0,566 2,75 5,78 7,90 54,26 1,85 0,07 9,97 9,49 20,60 12,99 8,05 197,20 0,581 2,79 6,03 8,20 53,35 1,87 0,07 10,13 9,55 20,96 13,16 8,23 197,92 0,592 2,82 6,22 Contribution 4,92 7,46 8,54 8,35 9,84 8,92 6,56 7,38 6,20 9,54 9,54 12,75 index, % Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 6,25 to 8,20 per 10 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy feale athlete otion work perfored by feale athlete extension angle hip joint angular velocity knee joint extension ean horizontal constituent 7

6 speed CM leading leg angle GCM fly f, speed GCM fly f speed run-up before length. Duration take-f phase and ass feale athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. Table 5. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in triple jup (ales) Sports result, ass, length, kg Body Body Take- Duration Speed f takef, s before Speed GCM fly f runup takef, takef, Angle GCM fly f, degr. velocity hip joint extension velocity knee joint extension takef, velocity coplete ankle joint flexion Mean energy athlete otion 15,80 77,53 1,84 1 0,11 9,50 8,50 12,50 9,5 8,34 15,18 4,51 5,85 kj Takef power, 2 0,13 8,50 7,80 11,8 8, ,18 3,9 5,2 3 0,16 7,25 6,90 14,00 8,32 6,41 14,39 2,90 4,45 16,80 75,89 1,86 1 0,11 10,00 8,97 13,31 15,08 11,30 20,73 5,07 6,71 2 0,12 9,10 8,56 12,61 13,92 9,79 18,29 4,4 6,11 3 0,15 8,01 7,56 16,51 13,67 9,39 18,62 3,40 5,31 17,80 73,97 1,88 1 0,10 10,57 9,42 14,42 20,66 14,26 26,27 5,78 7,63 2 0,11 9,67 8,92 13,42 19,54 12,69 22,96 4,98 7,03 3 0,13 8,67 7,92 18,62 19,02 12,38 22,85 3,98 6,10 19,50 69,50 1,92 1 0,09 11,50 10,30 16,20 30,15 19,30 35,70 6,37 8,80 2 0,10 10,70 9,50 15,5 28,35 17,7 31,24 5,9 8,35 3 0,11 10,00 8,90 21,00 28,11 17,45 30,05 4,90 7,40 kw Contribution index, % 1,04 1,47 10,25 12,41 17,21 15,30 5,03 3,21 5,66 8,88 19,54 Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 15,80 to 19,50 per 10 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy athlete otion angular velocity ankle joint flexion angular velocity knee joint extension angular velocity hip joint extension angle GCM fly, speed GCM fly f speed run-up before length. Duration take-f phase and ass athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. 8

7 Table 6. Quantitative characteristics otor actions ultifunctional bioechanical odels, providing the achieveent targeted sports results in triple jup (feales) Sports result, Bo dy as s, kg Bo dy len gth, Ta kef Duration take-f phase, s Speed run-up before Speed GCM fly f takef, Angle GCM fly f, degr. velocity hip joint extension velocity knee joint extension velocity supportin g ankle joint flexion Mean coplete energy feale athlete otion kj Take-f power, kw 13,10 55, 00 14,10 53, 86 15,10 52, 71 16,50 51, 00 1,7 1 1,7 6 1,8 1 1, ,10 8,80 7,80 17,50 10,47 8,18 15,53 2,90 4,50 2 0,12 7,70 6,90 12,70 8,05 8,05 14,17 2,40 4,00 3 0,14 7,00 6,30 19,00 9,97 8,2 14,08 1,80 3,40 1 0,09 9,00 8,00 18,07 14,23 10,84 19,36 3,46 4,97 2 0,11 8,04 7,19 13,34 12,36 10,58 17,83 2,91 4,29 3 0,13 7,37 6,59 19,57 13,71 10,51 17,36 2,23 3,80 1 0,09 9,20 8,20 18,64 17,98 13,51 23,18 4,07 5,41 2 0,10 8,39 7,47 14,01 16,67 13,11 21,49 3,43 4,59 3 0,12 7,74 6,87 20,14 17,46 12,82 20,71 2,66 4,20 1 0,08 9,50 8,50 19,5 23,24 17,24 28,54 5,10 6,10 2 0,09 8,90 7,90 15,00 22,7 16,66 26,61 4,20 5,00 3 0,10 8,30 7,30 21,00 22,7 16,05 26,18 3,30 4,80 Contrib 1,2 1,2 11,79 16,03 17,02 16,04 3,99 3,10 4,01 6,80 18,71 ution 3 8 index % Notes: selective data are presented; the range values in original odel varies fro 13,10 to 16,50 per 10 c. Iproveent sports results leads to increase : take-f power, ean coplete energy athlete otion resultant support reaction force take-f phase, angular velocity ankle joint flexion angular velocity knee joint extension angular velocity hip joint extension angle GCM fly f, speed GCM fly f speed run-up before length. Duration take-f phase and ass feale athlete tend to decrease along with iproveent sports results. 9

8 Copetitive activity Multifunctional bioechanical odels otor actions, providing the achieveent targeted sports results OPERATIVE MODEL coputer progra Changes bioechanical index Change sports result Selection ethodological variants technical skills foration Fig. 2. Diagra the technology operative bioechanical odelling track and field copetitive jups techniques. Note inforative bioechanical indices copetitive activity highly skilled jupers 10

9 OPERATIVE MODEL, specifically developed coputer progra, perits to change the value bioechanical index, thus leading to alteration sports result. As a result setting different values dynaic or kineatic indices track and field copetitive jups techniques, one ay deterine, at the expense which it is expedient to iprove sports result. The given coputer progra allows projecting and analyzing the ost expedient variants otion techniques which ay be adapted to specific athlete. Selection respective variant depends on specificity juping discipline, individual peculiarities copetitive exercise perforance, alteration those indices, which are not genetically restricted but are sensitive to iproveent as a consequence application proper coplex training ipacts contributing to their increase. Study the functional state viscoelastic properties skeletal uscles, actively involved in basic systeforing eleent juping techniques, i.e. the take-f (gastrocneius uscle, biceps the thigh, usculus longissius, dorsal gluteal uscle, quadriceps uscle thigh) has been carried out by eans yotonoetry ethod with application special coputer progra allowing obtaining inforation on-line in graphical and digital for (15 indices). 19 ale and 19 feale high jupers, 8 ale and 8 feale pole vaulters, 21 ale and 21 feale long jupers and 16 ale and 16 feale triple jupers participated in the experient. Correlation analysis has allowed to reveal inforative indices functional state skeletal uscle viscoelastic properties and statistically significant relationship between rigidity (stiffness) = r ) 0,48 0,71, p<0,01); daping capacity = r ) 0,48 0,68, p<0,01); uscle contractility = r ) 0,44 0,72, p<0,01); energy relaxed uscle oscillations dosed echanical ipact = r ) 0,44 0,72, p<0,01); energy tensed uscle oscillations dosed echanical ipact = r ) 0,45 0,72, p<0,01) and sports result in long, high and triple jups and pole-vaulting both in ales and feales. On the basis revealed inforative indices it has been deterined, that indices skeletal uscles take-f leg top level athletes were inferior to those leading leg at p<0,05 with the exception triple jupers and feale high jupers. In triple jupers an even developent uscles take-f and leading leg was observed, conditioned by copetitive activity specifics. This functional state skeletal uscles is related to irrational organization training process, execution basic training exercises by take-f leg. Method stabilography and special stware packages providing inforation in graphical and digital for (10 indices) were used to study functional state jupers vestibulootor syste. Carried out correlation analysis has indicated, that objective evaluation vestibulootor syste functional state necessitates taking into account the following inforative indices, which have statistically significant association with sports result: ean = r ) 0,60 0,67,p<0,01) and axial = r ) 0,61 0,76, p<0,01) aplitude general centre ass (GCM) oscillations, ean frequency GCM oscillations = r ) 0,61 0,68, p<0,01), GCM axial oving away fro the centre its projection = r ) 0,60 0,71, p<0,01) in the course perforing all track and field copetitive jups. Conducted studies revealed peculiarities vestibulootor syste functional state. High values ean frequency GCM oscillations (fro x = 13,66, S = 1,09 to x = 22,50, S = 1,78 hz) and low values ean aplitude GCM oscillations (fro x = 6,78, S = 0,41 to x = 8,20, S = 0,59 ) were observed in feales, whereas in ales low values ean frequency and ean aplitude GCM oscillations (fro x = 9,73, S = 0,61 to x = 15,19, S = 1,21 hz and fro x = 5,87, S = 0,59 to x = 8,06, S = 0,48 ) were noted at p<0,05. It has been discovered, that vestibulootor syste functional state is dependent on juping discipline specifics. It appears to be better in high jupers and pole vaulters as copared to long and triple jupers. The above is due to anifestation greater degree agility, coordination oveents and spatial orientation perforance basic copetitive exercise. Iproveent sports results in track and field copetitive jups is provided by enhanced level speed and strength fitness athletes and their ability to organize otions, so that to realize their otor capacities in copetitive activity. Hardware-stware coplex intended for tensodynaoetric studies and providing inforation in graphical and digital for on-line (14 indices) was used for assessent speed and strength fitness highly skilled athletes. In the course studies inforative indices have been deterined, their statistically significant association with sports result 0,50 0,59, = r ) in track and field copetitive jups in ales and feales has been established: axial strength p<0,01), strength gradient = r ) 0,50 0,76, p<0,01), strength ipulse = r ) 0,51 0,64, p<0,01), tie axial strength achieveent = r ) 0,51 0,63, p<0,01), height GCM elevation = r ) 0,50 0,67, p<0,01). Peculiarities speed and strength capacities have been revealed: prevalence speed and strength capacities in feales and ales, respectively. For instance, perforance standing upward jup with ar swing, the tie axial strength achieveent varied fro x = 0,16, S = 0,02 to x = 0,28, S = 0,05 s and fro x = 0,30, S = 0,02 to x = 0,50, S = 0,04 s in feales and ales, respectively, whereas axial strength varied fro x = 2154,28, S = 129,26 to x = 2486,3, S = 185,73 Н, and fro x = 1798,1, S = 176,24 to x = 2107,04, S = 168,56 Н at p<0,05 in ales and feales, respectively. 11

10 Assessent athletes physical state Assessent physical fitness level Assessent athletes functional state Pedagogical testing athletes otor capacities Deterination the type cardiac rhyth vegetative regulation (on the basis rhythocardiography) Testing exercises running Model indices cardiac rhyth variability (calculated indices) juping with weights Functional state classification (graph graarbased analysis cardiac rhyth variability indices) Estiation scales Fig. 3. Diagra the ethods estiating physical state skilled track and field athletes ebers reserve national tea Ukraine Beginning fro 2006 ethods physical state assessent athletes different skill levels have been actively ipleented at educational and training caps. This has been ainly realized with respect to ebers reserve national tea specialized in running disciplines, jups and throwing. Methods included the coplex pedagogical tests, estiation tables, odel indices cardiac rhyth variability, deterination the type cardiac rhyth vegetative regulation and classification functional states athletes different skill levels, specialized in different track and field events (Fig.3). Suggested ethods were coon for track and field athletes different skill levels, however testing exercises, criteria estiation both physical fitness and functional state differed. Estiation tables were calculated with account for skill level. Matheatical analysis cardiac rhyth variability, on the basis which the type cardiac rhyth vegetative regulation was deterined, was ade at rest before forthcoing load after the day rest. Functional state classification was conducted before the load both at rest and after standard testing load. Model indices cardiac rhyth variability were calculated with account for sports specialization and athletes skill levels (at rest, after load). Various testing exercises in running, jups and throwing were used. Let us consider sprint and iddle-distance running as an exaple (Fig.4). Statistica-6, Excel-7, SPSS-16.0 integrated statistical and graphical packages were utilized for experiental aterial processing. Physical fitness level was estiated according to 5-point scale: 1 low, 2 below average, 3 average, 4 above average, 5 high. It was deterined for each group track and field athletes on the basis sigoid scales {4}. Estiation scales were calculated for ales and feales separately, depending on their specialization. Coefficient the relative strength the upper extreities was deterined according to forula: ass bench-pressed barbell (kg) / (kg), where ass athlete. Despite successful testing and confiration the efficiency developed syste for assessent physical state track and field athletes various skill levels the necessity the given syste iproveent has arisen; it has been due to inclusion in it current fundaental instruental ethods, allowing to obtain reliable inforation about functional state ajor systes (vegetative nervous, cardiovascular, syste external breathing). Necessity ental state diagnostics gave no rise to doubts, which had been previously alost neglected (Fig.5). 12

11 Assessent athletes physical fitness Tests sprinters: 30 flying start, s; 30 crouch start, s; 80 crouch start, s; 120 standing start, s running juping with weights iddledistance runners: 60 f flying start, s; 30 crouch start, s; 600 standing start, in; 1000 standing start, in sprinters: standing long jup, ; 8-fold standing long jup, ; 8-fold standing long hop on right, left foot, iddledistance runners: standing long jup, ; 5-fold standing long jup, ; 5-fold standing long hop on right, left foot, sprinters: 4 kg shot throwing forward fro below, ; 4 kg shot throwing backward fro below, ; deterining strength right, left hand, kg; benchpress, kg; pull-ups, rep. iddle-distance runners: 4 kg shot throwing forward fro below, ; 4 kg shot throwing backward fro below, ; deterining strength right, left hand, kg; pull-ups, rep. Fitness level estiation scales Fitness levels: low; below average; average; above average; high Fig. 4. Diagra the ethods estiating physical fitness skilled track and field athletes (on the exaple sprinters and iddle-distance runners) Syste physical state assessent and prediction presented in Fig.5 has soe advantages as copared to previously developed one, presented in Fig.3: Assessent functional state coponent has been expanded and Efficiency athlete s activity under extree conditions new coponent has been introduced. Assessent physical fitness level included testing exercises allowing thorough deterination the level anifestation and developent speed, speed-strength, strength, coordination capacities, special endurance, interuscular and intrauscular coordination by eans accessible inforative tests as well as hand dynaoetry (significance each exercise has been atheatically confired). In addition, one ay deterine predisposition an athlete to track and field specialization, predict perforance success in forthcoing copetitions, find out leaders, and build a tea for participation in high-level copetitions on the above basis. Assessent functional state including evaluation cardiovascular, vegetative nervous syste and syste external breathing by eans Cardio+ diagnostic autoated coplex (Fig.6) represents an iportant coponent in the syste estiating and predicting physical state track and field athletes national tea Ukraine. Methods functional state assessent on the basis application Multioda Cardio 1 coputer progra have been developed under the guidance I.A.Chaykovsky, Candidate Medicine, together with Pressor V.I.Bobrovnik, Doctor Physical Education and Sport, for athletes with account for sports specialization. They have been integrated into stware Cardio coplex functional diagnostics in the for ORAKUL progra. It includes coplex estiation vegetative regulation on the basis cardiac rhyth variability, state yocardiu on the basis coplete analysis aplitude-and-teporal paraeters electrocardiogra, analysis cardiac rhyth disorders as well as coplex evaluation cardiovascular and vegetative nervous syste (estiation criteria have been developed with account for sports specialization and skill level athletes) [2]. It is known that training and copetitive 13

12 activity is accopanied with high ental tension. Efficiency athlete s activity under stress situations depends on type and traits teperaent, personal anxiety and ental reliability athletes (Fig.7). Syste assessent and prediction athletes physical state Assessent physical fitness level Assessent functional state Efficiency athlete s activity under extree conditions Pedagogical testing otor capacities ECG analysis Teperaent type deterination Estiation scales Analysis cardiac rhyth variability Teperaent trait deterination External breathing syste assessent Personal anxiety level deterination Athletes ental reliability deterination Fig. 5. Diagra the syste assessent and prediction physical state skilled track and field athletes ebers reserve national tea Ukraine The above has necessitated an expansion criteria their fitness assessent, the efficiency athlete s activity under extree conditions, in particular [5]. Efficiency athlete copetitive activity depends in large part on teperaent type and traits, which is a biological cornerstone personality, based on properties nervous syste power excitation and inhibition processes, obility nerve processes, nervous syste balance [5]. However, data about teperaent only are not enough for prediction successful copetitive activity. Inforation about its structure is needed as well. Applied B.N.Sirnov s Study teperaental psychological structure questionnaire allows revealing several polar teperaent traits: extraversion introversion, eotional exciteent eotional balance, response rate (fast-slow), activity (high-low). For the purpose studying psychological reliability athletes, ethods, developed by V.E.Milan have been used allowing to characterize the level copetitive eotional resilience (CER), copetitive otivation (CM), stability - interference resistance (StIR) and self-regulation (SR). Long-ter studies athletic activity highly skilled athletes ebers national track and field tea Ukraine perit to recoend an integral syste training and copetitive activity control, which includes assessent technical skills, physical and ental fitness. Methodology studies in track and field is presented in Figure 8. Its ain advantage is an opportunity to predict success perforance in forthcoing copetitions, find out leaders and build a tea for participation in high level copetitions. 14

13 Functional state assessent Cardio+ diagnostic autoated coplex Electrocardiograph: siultaneous exaination 12 ECG-signals; registration, processing, autoatic calculation and analysis ECG paraeters; ECG-signal onitoring; Analysis cardiac rhyth variability and estiation vegetative nervous syste state; spiroeter: estiation external breathing syste (VC, RR, TV, RMV, MBC, FVC, etc.) Fig. 6. Estiation ethods functional state skilled track and field athletes ebers reserve national tea Ukraine Efficiency athlete s activity under extree conditions Personal anxiety deterination C. Spilberger Deterination athlete s teperaent Estiation athletes ental reliability Milan V.E. Methods deterining teperaent doination (A.Belov) Deterination athletes teperaent trait (B.N.Sirnov) Fig. 7. Diagra estiation athlete activity efficiency under extree conditions 15

14 Syste athlete technical skills evaluation Syste athlete physical fitness, functional and ental state evaluation Revealing regularities organization rational bioechanical structure ajor syste-foring eleents techniques Modelling the techniques track and field events Athlete physical fitness level evaluation Pedagogical testing with application the coplex testing exercises on the basis developed estiation scales, quantitative indices speedstrength fitness by eans tensodynaoetry Operative bioechanical odelling the techniques Athlete functional state evaluation Estiating functional state skeletal uscle viscoelastic properties by eans yotonoetry Estiating vestibulootor syste functional state by eans stabilography Estiating speed-strength fitness by eans electrotensodynaoetry Deterination cardiac rhyth vegetative regulation on the basis rhythocardiography, odelling characteristics cardiac rhyth variability (estiated indices) functional state classification on the basis graph graar-based analysis cardiac rhyth variability indices ECG analysis by eans Cardio+ diagnostic autoated coplex external breathing syste (VC, RR, TV, RMV, MBC, FVC, etc.) Efficiency athlete activity under extree conditions Deterination teperaent type and traits, level personal anxiety, ental reliability athletes Fig. 8. Structure studying training and copetitive activity athletes state in track and field состояния спортсменов 16

15 Conclusions 1. Structure and logical organization studies in track and field sport based upon objective criteria estiating technical skills, physical state skilled track and field athletes and sequence their application have been deterined. 2. Syste evaluation and prediction athletes technical skills has been developed, including: coplex inforative bioechanical indices and regularities their changes, underlying organization rational bioechanical structure ajor syste-foring eleents track and field copetitive jup techniques and being objective criteria control; bioechanical odels otor actions, providing the achieveent targeted sports results, which deterine the ain vector top track and field athlete technical skills forations in the syste sports preparation and are objective criteria control and prediction sports result increase, estiation individual reserves for the achieveent planned bioechanical indices copetitive activity; technology operative bioechanical control, allowing prediction various variants solution coplex otor tasks by eans stware, which represents the syste objective regularities copetitive juping exercise rational organization; coplex inforative indices and regularities their alteration functional state viscoelastic features skeletal uscles, vestibulootor syste and speed-strength fitness. 3. Syste for estiation and prediction skilled track and field athlete physical state has been developed, including the coplex pedagogical tests, estiation tables, assessent functional state vegetative nervous, cardiovascular syste and that external breathing by eans analyzing ECG, cardiac rhyth variability, deterining vegetative balance, state yocardiu, cardiac rhyth disorders, spiroetric studies. 4. Syste estiation athlete activity efficiency under extree conditions has been developed and tested by eans deterining teperaent type and traits, level personal anxiety and estiating psychological reliability athletes. 5. Modified structure and logical organization current studies, based on revealed regularities control and prediction otor action technique, physical state and activity athlete under extree conditions, including the whole coplex odern research ethods and obtained objective inforative criteria and sequence their application have been developed. References 1. Bobrovnik V.I. Forirovanie tekhnicheskogo asterstva legkoatletov-prygunov vysokoj kvalifikacii v sistee sportivnoj podgotovki [Foration technical skill athletes jupers qualifications in sports training syste], Dokt. Diss., Kiev, 2007, 582 p. 2. Bobrovnik V.I. Pedagogika, psihologia ta ediko-biologicni problei fizicnogo vihovanna i sportu [Pedagogics, psychology, edical-biological probles physical training and sports], 2013, vol.1, pp Bobrovnik V.I., Kozlova E.K. Mir sporta [World Sports], 2008, vol.3, pp Zaciorskij V.M. Osnovy sportivnoj etrologii [Fundaentals sports etrology], Moscow, 1979, 152 p. 5. Il'in E.P. Psikhologiia individual'nykh razlichij [Psychology individual differences], Sankt Petersburg, 2004, 701 p. 6. Kozlova E.K. Podgotovka sportsenov vysokoj kvalifikacii v usloviiakh pressionalizacii legkoj atletiki [Preparation highly skilled athletes in ters pressionalization athletics], Kiev, Olypic Literature, 2012, 368 p. 7. Platonov V.N. Periodizaciia sportivnoj trenirovki. Obshchaia teoriia i ee prakticheskoe prienenie [Periodization athletic training. General theory and its practical application], Kiev, Olypic Literature, 2013, 624 p. 8. Platonov V.N., Pavlenko Iu.A., Toashevskij V.V. Podgotovka nacional'nykh koand k Olipijski igra: istoriia i sovreennost' [Preparation national teas for the Olypic Gaes: Past and Present], Kiev, 2012, 256 p. 9. Batean T. An alternative high jup technique.the Coach, Peterborough, England, 2003, vol.17, pp Carr G. Sport echanics for coaches. 2 nd ed. Chapaign: Huan Kinetics, 2004, vol.16, 240 p. 11. Guthrie M. Coaching Track and Field Successfully Chapaign: Huan Kinetics, 2003, 224 p. 12. Knudson D., Morrison C. Qualitative Analysis Huan Moveent. 2nd Edition. Huan Kinetics, 2002, 264 p. 13. Miller K. High juping for woen. Leichtathletiktraining, 2004, vol.15, pp Stergiou N. Innovative Analyses Huan Moveent. Huan Kinetics, 2004, 344 p. 15. USA Track & Field Elite Athlete Handbook. USA Track & Field: copyright, 2008, 99 p. 17

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