Sierra Nevada Forest Ecosystem Health

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1 Sierra Nevada Forest Ecosystem Health Scott Stephens and John Battles Division of Ecosystem Science Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley

2 What is forest health? Talk Outline Many different definitions We will look at several Forests in the Sierra Nevada Past management activities (fire suppression, harvests) have produced some forests with high fire hazards More susceptible to drought, insects, disease-induced mortality outside of a desired range What can be done to address these issues?

Nevada Past management activities (fire suppression, harvests) have produced some

3 Definitions of Forest Health Utilitarian to ecosystem perspectives Some definitions: presence of dead trees or trees of low vigor unhealthy Maintenance of biodiversity some definitions relate high biodiversity to healthy ecosystems Do definitions vary depending on scale? Individual tree, community, landscape? Research question that will be explored

definitions relate high biodiversity to healthy ecosystems Do definitions vary

4 Healthy Forests Definitions A condition where biotic and abiotic influences on forests do not threaten management objectives now or in the future A healthy forest is one that resists change and has the ability to bounce back (resilient) after stresses or disturbances

in the future A healthy forest is one that resists change and has

5 Resistance to Change Healthy forests can incorporate disturbances (drought, fire, insects, disease) without mortality outside of a desired range Example of Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico Forests never harvested, limited fire suppression begins in 1970 Stephens et al. 2003, Stephens 2004, Stephens and Gill 2005, Stephens and Fry 2005

forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico Forests never harvested, limited

6 Image 1: Aerial

7 Wildfire July 4, 2003 Fire burned approximately 10,000 acres Fire was very patchy directly linked to heterogeneity of forest structure and fuels Largest fire in 20 years Occurred at end of severe drought ( ), same drought as in Southern California Mountains

structure and fuels Largest fire in 20 years Occurred at end of

9 Wildfire Impacts Approximately 3% of dominant and codominant trees killed (study in progress) SSPM forest are healthy High resistance Multi-year drought, wildfire, native bark beetles all present, still low mortality

forest are healthy High resistance Multi-year

10 No fire Lake Arrowhead Sept, 2003 Mixed conifer forests, Unhealthy CDF

11 Fire Problems in the Sierra Many ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and Jeffrey pine forests are vulnerable to uncharacteristically severe fire Huge area impacted, what can be done? Fireshed analysis (Berni Bahro, USFS R5) Large areas (thousands of acres) Delineated based on fire regime, fire history, fire hazard, potential fire behavior

12 Landscape Level Fuel Treatments Millions of acres have high hazards Different treatment patterns can be applied Random, strips, strategic Are there differences in wildfire performance with similar area treated? Which can be applied easier in real landscapes? Those with diverse ownerships, uses

there differences in wildfire performance with similar area treated?

13 Sagehen Creek Basin SPLATs in purple (DEMO ONLY)

14 Different Patterns ~20% treatment, Mark Finney No Treatment Random Strips Strategic

15 Strategically Placed Area Treatments Treated Areas Flanking= Lower ROS & Intensity Headfire

16 Forest Health in the Sierra Fire performance: modeling approach used Otherwise areas would have to be burned by wildfire (this will happen) How can forest health be evaluated? Do definitions vary depending on scale? Individual tree, community, Fireshed? Research question that will be explored

17 Acknowledgements Mark Finney USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Bernie Bahro USFS Region 5 Regional Office California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection My papers available at Hit the link to my testimonies and pubs by my picture

Forestry and Fire Protection My papers available at www.cnr.berkeley.

18 Expected Spread Rate Random Partial Overlap Parallel Strips Fraction of Landscape Treated Practical amount of Treatment 0.2

1 0 Random Partial Overlap Parallel Strips 0

Southern California Insect related Tree Mortality. GIS Master Plan September 2003

Southern California Insect related Tree Mortality GIS Master Plan September 2003 Abstract Consecutive years of below-average precipitation from 1998 to 2003 resulted in large-scale insect outbreaks in