Elections and Taiwan s Democratic Development
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1 Elections and Taiwan s Democratic Development Eric Chen-hua Yu Election Study Center & Department of Political Science National Chengchi University, Taiwan 1
2 Election in almost every year Since 1992, every year Taiwan has at least one election except in 1997, 2003, and Presidential elections: 5 times 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 Legislative Yuan elections: 7 times 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2008, and 2012 Mayoral elections in major cities: 5 times 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2010 Local (county magistrate) elections: 5 times 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, and 2009 A total of 22 elections over the past 20 years
3 Impacts of Elections Elections shape Taiwan s Democratic Development Party system KMT s splitters in mid-1990s and 2000 Political cleavage From ethnic identity to National identity Government system Divided government under Chen Shui-bian Importance of elections Relatively high turnout Always unpredictable
4 Did elections matter? A viewpoint from the general public Broad Pictures of Taiwan s public opinion Partisanship National identity Cross-strait relations Change of electoral institution Legislative Yuan elections Perception about the new electoral system Perception about presidential election Key to win elections Performance matter
5 Partisanship Partisanship has been shaped by presidential elections.
6 National Identity Increasing Trend of Taiwanese all the time!!
7 Cross-Strait Relations Increasing trend of SQ No market for Unification
8 Party Competition In the past decade, the two major parties have competed against each other while following the trends of public opinion. Yet, the two parties have different concerns: Sorting effects KMT: maintain the SQ DPP: Taiwanese identity Recent important Issues Economic Development 11.7% in 2008 Cross-strait relations 10.8% in 2008 Political stability 8.8% in 2008
9 New Electoral System for the Legislative Yuan Electoral Reform New Electoral System for the Legislative Yuan (parliamentary) elections since From SNTV (Single-Non Transferable Vote) system to mixed single member district (SMD) with proportional representation based on national party votes (i.e., MMM: Mixed-Member Majoritarian system). Voters caste two ballots: one for district candidate and the other for PR party list Number of seats: from 225 to 113 Seats SMD: 73 PR: 34 Aboriginal districts: 6 seats for 2 multiple member districts KMT: 81 (district: 61) DPP: 27 (district: 13) PFP: 1 Non-partisan Solidarity Union: 3 Non-partisan: 1 KMT: 64 (district: 44) DPP: 40 (district: 27) TSU: 3 PFP: 3 Non-partisan Solidarity Union: 2 Non-partisan: 1 9
10 Two Party System in Legislative Yuan? Toward two party system? PFP and TSU successfully gained seats in the 2012 election. Both parties become significant minor parties as their party caucuses are able to join in the negotiation phase of the lawmaking process. The current electoral system is in favor of major parties. Effective Numbers of Parties in Legislative Yuan (Laakso & Taagepera 1979) Electoral Rule Effect # of Parties No. Year Single NonTransferable Vote System Mixed-Member Majoritarian system
11 Does the electoral rule make the difference? Under SNTV Party may nominate multiple candidates in a single mid-/large-size district Intraparty competition may become more severe than interparty competition From a party s perspective: need to nominate the right number of candidates Under MMM in which the majority of the seats are determined by SMD (73 out of the total 113 seats) No way for a party to nominate multiple candidates From a party s perspective: need to nominate the right candidate Facilitate inter-party competition 11
12 Perception: New Electoral System I Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, is it easier or harder to elect your ideal candidate? Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, does it decrease or increase divisions in our society? much easier 8.5% decrease a lot a little easier 12.3% decrease a little 10.8% about the same 32.9% about the same 26.8% a little harder 25.4% increase a little 28.7% much harder 9.6% increase a lot 12.5% NA 11.3% NA 18.5% Sample Size 1240 Sample Size 2.7% 1240
13 Perception: New Electoral System II Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, does it decrease or increase vote buying? Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, does it decrease or increase people's willingness to vote? decrease a lot decrease a lot 8% 10% decrease a little 17.2% decrease a little 24.5% about the same 27.1% about the same 35.2% increase a little 11.1% increase a little 10.4% increase a lot 8.4% increase a lot NA 28.2% NA 17% Sample Size 1240 Sample Size %
14 Perception: New Electoral System III Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, is it better or worse for Taiwan's future democratic development? Comparing the new electoral system with the old one, is the quality of the elected legislators higher or lower? much better 2.3% much higher 7.5% a little better 24.5% a little higher 24.7% about the same 28.9% about the same 31.3% a little worse 17.9% a little lower 10.2% much worse 4.1% much lower 5.9% NA 12.3% NA 20.4% Sample Size 1240 Sample Size 1240
15 Pros and cons of the new electoral system Pros Less extreme candidates Relatively difficult for vote-buying Cons Focused on nurturing the district Small parties barely survived Major parties become electoral machine? Ex: same candidate nomination system by adopting polling primary only care about competitiveness Electability Conflict resolution
16 Presidential Election on Major Cleavages Do you think this presidential election helped to promote ethnic harmony, intensify ethnic conflict, or did it not have any influence in this area? promoted ethnic harmony intensified ethnic conflict no influence in this area % 55% % Do you think this presidential election strengthened the popular consciousness for Taiwan independence, strengthened the popular consciousness for Chinese unification, or did it not have any influence in this area? strengthened Taiwan independence 44.8% 7.4% strengthened Chinese unification 5.4% 23.4% no influence in this area 32.8% 49.9% both were strengthened 5.4% 1.6% NA 11.5% 19.3% % 23.4% 40.8% NA 9.5% 14.0% Sample Size Sample Size
17 Presidential Election on Democracy and Stability Do you think this presidential election improved democracy in Taiwan, damaged democracy in Taiwan, or did it not have any influence in this area? Do you think this presidential election promoted social stability, caused social instability, or did it not have any influence in this area? improved democracy 32.4% 41.7% promoted social stability 10.6% 31.8% damaged democracy 38.2% 18.3% caused social instability 67.1% 23.7% no influence in this area 15.7% 33% NA 6.6% 11.5% Sample Size no influence in this area NA Sample Size 19% 27.3% 11.4% 12.7%
18 Quality of Election and Future Perspective After going through this presidential election, are you pessimistic or optimistic about Taiwan's future? Overall, did you think the electoral process in this presidential election was fair or not fair? very fair fair unfair very unfair NA Sample Size % 35.1% 28.9% 13% % 64.3% 11.3% 3% 14.4% 10.6% % 4.5% optimistic 29.4% 35.4% neither optimistic not pessimistic 30.4% 33.7% pessimistic 21% 14.4% very pessimistic 5.2% 4% NA 9.9% 8.0% Sample Size very optimistic
19 Perceptions about Elections Perception about the presidential election is improving: Positive in 2008 compared with that in 2004 Maybe more positive in 2012 (will be analyzed in months) It is not about Taiwan independence Practical concerns Better performance Better governance
20 Ex: Ma s approval rate and vote choice in local elections, KMT supporters % Support KMT county magistrate candidate 支持國民黨縣市長參選人 (%) 馬英九滿意度 (1 ~ 4: 低 ~ 高) Ma s performance: 1-low; 4-high 20 4
21 Ex: Overall economic assessment and vote choice, DPP supporters %support DPP county magistrate candidate 支持民進黨縣市長參選人 (%) 變壞 沒有改變 整體經濟情況評估 變好 Overall economic assessment: worse, not change, better 21
22 20 Ex: Personal economic assessment and vote choice, independent voter %support DPP county magistrate candidate 支持民進黨縣市長參選人 (%) 變壞 沒有改變 個人經濟情況評估 變好 Personal economic assessment: worse, not change, better 22
23 Conclusion Elections reflect public opinion and shape party politics Did the new electoral system have broad impact? Not much Party system: a two-party system? Balance between executive and legislative power executive power dominates Taiwan s party politics Better candidate (maybe yes) Need better representation By proportional party list What s important in elections? Performance matter Retrospective voting in both national and local level elections Major concerns Polarization North vs. South New political cleavage? Social inequality Have vs. have-not: but still see China s role behind the issues Bundle of elections Create national swing New political cycle
24 Changing Political Landscape
25
26 Thank You! 26 26
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