Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002

Transcription

1 U.S. Deprtment of Justice Office of Justice Progrms Revised, 10/12/04 th Bureu of Justice Sttistics Specil Report July 2004, NCJ Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002 By Doris J. Jmes BJS Sttisticin At midyer 2002, 665,475 persons were held in locl jils: over hlf hd een convicted; qurter were detined witing rrignment or tril; nd sixth were held on prior sentence ut lso witing rrignment or tril on new chrge. These findings re sed on informtion from personl interviews with ntionl smple of nerly 7,000 jil inmtes, conducted Jnury through April The survey provides profile of offenders held in locl jils nd comprison to those held in when the lst survey ws conducted. Bsed on the 2002 Survey of Inmtes in Locl Jils (SILJ), the numer of inmtes held for drug lw violtions totled 156,000, up from 114,100 in. The increse in drug offenders ccounted for 37% of the growth in the ntion s jil popultion. Overll, t midyer 2002 the distriution of jil inmtes y type of offense remined nerly unchnged: fourth of inmtes in ech of four mjor ctegories violent, property, drug, or pulic-order. Two-thirds of jil inmtes in 2002 sid they were regulr drug users; over hlf of the convicted inmtes reported using drugs in the month efore their current offense. An estimted 66% of jil inmtes reported using lcohol t lest once week for month; 33% were under the influence of lcohol t the time of the current offense. Together, 77% of convicted jil inmtes were lcohol or drug-involved t the time of their current offense. Highlights Jil inmtes were older on verge in 2002 thn : 38% were ge 35 or older, up from 32% in. More thn 6 in 10 persons in locl jils in 2002 were rcil or ethnic minorities, unchnged from. An estimted 40% were lck; 19%, Hispnic, 1% Americn Indin; 1% Asin; nd 3% of more thn one rce/ethnicity. Hlf of ll jil inmtes in 2002 were held for violent or drug offense, nerly unchnged from. Offense Violent 25.4% 26.3% Property Drug Pulic-order % of jil inmtes were on protion or prole t the time of rrest, slight increse from 45% in. Justice sttus None 46.8% 46.4% Any sttus On protion On prole On il/ond % of jil inmtes in 2002 hd served 3 or more prior sentences to incrcertion or protion, down from 44% in. Prior sentence to incrcertion or protion or more % % In 2002, 41% percent of jil inmtes hd current or prior violent offense; 46% were nonviolent recidivists; 13% hd current or prior drug offense only. The verge sentence length of jil inmtes incresed from 23 months in to 24 months in 2002; time expected to e served in jil dropped from 10 to 9 months. Among convicted inmtes, lcohol use t the time of the offense dropped from 41% () to 33% (2002), while drug use dropped from 35% to 29%. Sustnce use nd tretment All jil inmtes Regulr lcohol use 66.0% 66.3% Regulr drug use Convicted inmtes Alcohol use t offense Drug use in month efore offense Drug use t offense Regulr users treted C Ever under correctionl supervision Since dmission to jil % of jil inmtes sid they grew up in single-prent household or with gurdin. Aout 1 in 9 hd lived in foster home or institution. 31% of jil inmtes grew up with prent or gurdin who used lcohol or drugs; 46% hd fmily memer who hd een incrcerted. Over hlf of women in jil sid they hd een physiclly or sexully used in the pst, compred to over tenth of men.

2 More thn 6 in 10 jil inmtes were rcil or ethnic minorities, unchnged since As defined in this report, jils re loclly operted correctionl fcilities tht confine persons efore or fter djudiction. Inmtes sentenced to jil usully hve sentence of yer or less, ut jils lso incrcerte persons in wide vriety of other ctegories. (See ox elow.) In ech yer, out 6 in 10 jil inmtes were rcil or ethnic minorities (tle 1). In 2002 lcks mde up 40% of the jil inmte popultion; Hispnics, 19%; nd whites, 36%. The decline in Americn Indin/Alsk Ntive inmtes to 1.4% in 2002 from 2.4% in, my reflect the chnge in the dt collection method in 2002 tht llowed inmtes to select more thn one rcil ctegory. Femle inmtes mde up lmost 12% of the locl jil inmte popultion in 2002, up from 10% in. The jil popultion ws older in 2002 thn in. Aout 38% of jil inmtes were ge 35 or older, up from 32% in. An estimted 8% of jil inmtes were not U.S. citizens, unchnged from. Jils C receive individuls pending rrignment nd hold them witing tril, conviction, or sentencing redmit protion, prole, nd il-ond violtors nd sconders temporrily detin juveniles pending trnsfer to juvenile uthorities hold mentlly ill persons pending their movement to pproprite helth fcilities hold individuls for the militry, for protective custody, for contempt, nd for the courts s witnesses relese convicted inmtes to the community upon completion of sentence trnsfer inmtes to Federl, Stte, or other uthorities house inmtes for Federl, Stte, or other uthorities ecuse of crowding of their fcilities sometimes operte community-sed progrms s lterntives to incrcertion hold inmtes sentenced to short terms (generlly under 1 yer). Tle 1. Selected chrcteristics of jil inmtes, y conviction sttus, 2002 nd Gender Mle 88.4% 87.7% 89.2% 89.6% 89.8% Femle Rce/Hispnic origin White c 36.0% 39.4% 31.0% 33.3% 37.4% Blck c Hispnic Americn Indin/ Alsk Ntive Asin/Pcific Islnder More thn one rce d Age 17 or younger or older Mritl sttus Mrried Widowed Divorced Seprted Never mrried Eduction 8th grde or less Some high school GED High school diplom Some college College grdute or more U.S. citizenship Citizen Noncitizen Numer of jil inmtes e Percent of jil inmtes, 2002 Convicted Unconvicted 1.8% % % % , % % % % , % % % % ,754 Both 1.6% % % % ,495 % % % % ,026 Includes inmtes with prior conviction, ut no new conviction for the current chrge. Excludes 0.3% of inmtes in nd 2002 who did not specify rce. c Non-Hispnic inmtes. d Includes 1.6% of jil inmtes who specified lck nd other rces; %, Americn Indin/Alskn Ntive nd other rces; nd 0.1%, Asin nd other rces. e The survey totls were weighted to midyer estimtes from the Annul Survey of Jils in 1995 nd (See Methodology.) Tle 2. Detention sttus of jil inmtes, 2002 nd Reson held in jil Unconvicted, new chrge 28.2% 26.1% On or witing tril Awiting rrignment/revoction 1 -- Convicted New chrges Prior chrges, on protion or prole 54.8% % Both convicted nd unconvicted Convicted prior, with new chrges Convicted prior, technicl violtions 9.9 Other Numer of jil inmtes 627, ,279 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom reson held in jil ws unknown. --Not reported. Includes inmtes with new chrge only or inmtes who were on community or pretril relese for prior chrge ut no conviction. Includes inmtes held s witness, for sfekeeping, or other resons. 2 Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002

3 Over hlf of ll jil inmtes convicted of current or prior chrges only In 2002 n estimted 37% of ll jil inmtes were convicted of the offense tht led to their most recent dmission to jil, unchnged from (tle 2). Aout 18% in 2002 were convicted of prior chrges for which they were on protion or prole, compred to 11% in. Among unconvicted jil inmtes in 2002, 17% were on tril or witing tril. Around 11% were witing rrignment or revoction hering of prior relese sttus (such s il/ond, electronic monitoring, house rrest, dy/weekend reporting, work/study relese, or furlough). An estimted 16% of ll inmtes were oth unconvicted (on current rrest offenses) nd convicted (on prior offense). Aout 43% of jil inmtes in 2002 reported they were sentenced to serve time in jil or prison or were witing sentencing. Just under 10% sid they were witing sentencing for n offense. Minor chnges in the offenses for which inmtes were eing held Overll, the offense composition of the jil popultion chnged slightly etween nd 2002 (tle 3). The percentge of inmtes held for drug offenses incresed to 25% in 2002 from 22% in, driven y drug trfficking which rose to 12% from 9%. The percent of jil inmtes held for property offenses declined from 27% in to 24% in Violent nd pulic-order offenses were reltively unchnged t round 25% in nd Among unconvicted inmtes, 34% hd violent offense s the most serious chrge, while 23% hd drug offenses. Aout 29% of convicted inmtes were pulic-order offenders; 25% were property offenders; nd 24% were drug offenders. Among jil inmtes who were oth convicted nd unconvicted, 30% hd drug offense s their most serious conviction offense; 27% hd property offense; 22% violent offense; nd 19% pulic-order offense. Drug trfficking (12.1%) ws the most common offense mong jil inmtes, followed y ssult (11.7%) nd drug possession (10.8%). Drug offenses Possession Trfficking Other Other i 24.7% % Over 6% of jil inmtes in 2002 were held for urglry, lrceny/theft, or driving while intoxicted. Although 46% of ll jil inmtes were on protion or prole t the time of their rrest, out 3% reported protion or prole violtion s their most serious chrge. Tle 3. Most serious offense of jil inmtes, 2002 nd Most serious offense 100% Percent of jil inmtes 2002 Convicted Unconvicted Both 100% Violent offenses 25.4% 21.6% 34.4% 2% 26.3% Murder / 2.8 Negligent mnslughter Kidnping Rpe Other sexul ssult Roery Assult Other violent c Property offenses 24.4% 24.9% 2% 27.4% 26.9% Burglry Lrceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Arson Frud Stolen property Other property d % Pulic-order offenses 24.9% 29.1% 20.2% 19.2% 24.4% Wepons Ostruction of justice Trffic Driving while intoxicted e Drunkenness/morls f Violtion of prole/protion g Immigrtion violtion Other pulic-order h % 100% 23.4% % 100% 30.2% % Numer of jil inmtes 623, , , , ,752 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom offense ws unknown. /Not reported. Includes inmtes with prior conviction, ut no new conviction for the current chrge. Includes nonnegligent mnslughter. c Includes lckmil, extortion, hit-nd-run driving with odily injury, child use, nd criminl endngerment. d Includes destruction of property, vndlism, hit-nd-run driving without odily injury, trespssing, nd possession of urglry tools. e Includes driving while intoxicted nd driving under the influence of drugs or lcohol. f Includes drunkenness, vgrncy, disorderly conduct, unlwful ssemly, morls, nd commercilized vice. g Includes prole or protion violtions, escpe, AWOL, nd flight to void prosecution. h Includes rioting, ndonment, nonsupport, invsion of privcy, liquor lw violtions, nd tx evsion. i Includes juvenile offenses nd unspecified offenses. 100% 0.5% Profile of Jil Inmtes,

4 In solute numers, drug nd pulicorder offenders ccounted for most of the growth in the jil popultion etween nd Drug offenders in locl jils rose y 41,800 nd pulic-order offenders y 30,700, ccounting for 64% of the increse in the jil popultion. Violent offenders (up 24,000) ccounted for fifth of the overll growth. Offense Numer of jil inmtes Difference 631, , ,800 Violent 160, ,300 24,000 Property 154, ,500 14,500 Drug 155, ,100 41,800 Pulic-order 157, ,500 30,700 Other 3,200 2, Note: Estimtes were sed on the totl numer of jil inmtes in nd 2002, nd then rounded to the nerest 100. An incresing percentge of femle inmtes hd violent offenses An incresing percentge of femle inmtes hd violent offenses s their most serious chrge, 17% in 2002, up from 15% in nd 13% in Still, compred to mle inmtes (27%) in 2002, femle jil inmtes were less likely to e violent offenders (tle 4). Femle jil inmtes were more likely thn mles to e drug offenders. An estimted 29% of femle nd 24% of mle inmtes were drug offenders in A lrger percentge of women were in jil for drug possession (15%) thn for trfficking (11%), while the distriution for men ws reversed, drug trfficking (12%) nd possession (10%). The most serious offense of jil inmtes vried mong white, lck, nd Hispnic inmtes. In 2002 lck inmtes (31%) were more likely to e in jil for drug offenses thn white inmtes (19%) nd Hispnic inmtes (28%). Drug trfficking mde up lrger percentge of the drug offenses for lcks (16%) nd Hispnic (14%) inmtes, thn for whites (9%). Blck nd Hispnic inmtes (27%) were lso more likely to e violent offenders thn white inmtes (22%). White inmtes (31%) were more likely to e in jil for pulic-order offenses, prticulrly DWI, thn lck (18%) nd Hispnic inmtes (28%). White (11%) nd Hispnic (8%) inmtes were over 4 times more likely to e in jil for DWI thn lck inmtes (2%). Violent offenses Murder Negligent mnslughter Rpe Other sexul ssult Roery Assult Other violent Property offenses Burglry Lrceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Frud Stolen property Other property Drug offenses Possession Trfficking Other Pulic-order offenses Wepons Ostruction of justice Driving while intoxicted Drunkenness/morls Violtion of prole/protion Immigrtion violtion Other pulic-order Other Numer of jil inmtes Time held 7 dys or less to 2 yers 3 to 4 5 yers or more Numer of jil inmtes 13.4% , % % % % % 551, Convicted Unconvicted 10.8% ,901 Nerly qurter of jil inmtes hd een held for 14 dys or less t the time of the interview Nerly qurter (23%) of ll jil inmtes hd een in jil for 14 dys or less t the time of the interview (tle 5). Twenty-nine percent hd een held from 2 to 6 months, while 7% hd een held for yer or more. Tle 4. Most serious offense of jil inmtes, y gender, rce, nd Hispnic origin, in 2002 Percent of jil inmtes Most serious offense Mle Femle White* Blck* 17.1% / % % % % 72, ,292 Note: The tle excludes inmtes for whom offense ws unknown ut includes offenses for which estimtes re not shown seprtely. /Not shown. *Non-Hispnic inmtes. Tle 5. Time held in jil prior to the interview, 2002 nd 18.8% , % % % % / % Both* 12.7% , % % % % % 249, % ,910 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom conviction sttus or dmission dte were unknown. *Includes inmtes with prior conviction, ut no new conviction for the current chrge. Hispnic 27.1% % % % / 114,562 4 Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002

5 An estimted 30% of convicted jil inmtes hd een in jil from 2 to 6 months, compred to 25% of unconvicted inmtes. A lrger percentge of convicted inmtes (8%) thn unconvicted inmtes (5%) hd een in jil for more thn yer. Regrdless of detention sttus, nonviolent offenders hd spent less time in jil thn violent offenders. Aout 40% of nonviolent offenders hd een in jil month or less, compred to 31% of violent offenders. Violent offenders (11%) were twice s likely s nonviolent offenders (5%) to hve een in jil for yer or more. Length of sty 7 dys or less yers 3 yers or more Time held prior to the interview, 2002 Violent Nonviolent 10.8%% % Numer of inmtes 153, ,741 Note: Excludes inmtes with n unknown offense or dmission dte. Most serious offense All offenses Violent offenses Sexul ssult Roery Assult 8 mos. 12 mos Aout three-qurters of sentenced inmtes to serve time in locl jil Jil inmtes who were sentenced to serve time, either for prior or current offense, were sked if they expected to serve their time in jil, prison, juvenile fcility, or other type of fcility. Of the estimted 271,000 sentenced jil inmtes, 73% expected to serve their sentence in jil, 24% in Stte or Federl prison, nd 4% elsewhere. Among inmtes who will serve their sentence in jil, third were pulicorder offenders. Aout fourth were property offenders, nd fifth ech were violent or drug offenders. Offense Violent Property Drug Pulic-order Numer of inmtes Note: Excludes sentenced inmtes with n unknown offense or type of sentence. Tle 6. Length of sentence nd time expected to e served of inmtes sentenced to jil, y offense, 2002 Jil inmtes, 2002 Mximum sentence length Time expected to e served Medin Men Medin Men 24 mos. 33 mos Percent of jil inmtes, y where sentence will e served, 2002 Stte or Federl Locl jil prison 197,210 5 mos. 6 mos % ,251 9 mos. 14 mos % Hlf the inmtes sentenced to jil in 2002 hd term of 8 months or less, expecting to serve 5 months or less The verge mximum sentence length for inmtes who were to serve their time in jil ws n estimted 24 months in 2002, up from 23 months in (tle 6). Though stle overll, the verge sentence length for violent offenders dropped from 36 months to 33 months; for property offenders, from 26 to 23 months; nd for pulic-order offenders, from 13 to 10 months. Men Men time mximum expected to Offense sentence length e served 23 mos. 10 mos. Violent Property Drug Pulic-order 13 6 The verge sentence for drug offenders ws 35 months in 2002, up 11 months from. This chnge ws due to n increse for drug trfficking, from 29 to 50 months. In 2002 inmtes sentenced to serve time in jil expected to serve n verge of 9 months efore their relese, down from 10 months in. Time expected to e served y violent inmtes dropped to 14 months in 2002 from 16 months in. Property offenders expected to serve 9 months, down from 11 months, nd drug offenders, 11 months, down from 13 months. Property offenses Burglry Lrceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Frud Stolen property 9 mos mos mos mos Drug offenses Possession Trfficking 12 mos mos mos mos Pulic-order offenses 5 mos. 10 mos. 4 mos. 5 mos. Driving while intoxicted Bsed on the totl mximum sentence for ll consecutive sentences. Excludes inmtes for whom offense ws unknown. Bsed on time served when interviewed plus time to e served until the expected dte of relese. Excludes inmtes for whom dmission dte or expected relese dte were unknown. Profile of Jil Inmtes,

6 A third of jil inmtes were on protion t the time of rrest More thn hlf of jil inmtes reported hving pre-existing criminl justice sttus t the time of rrest, unchnged from. The percent of inmtes on protion incresed from 32% to 34%, while the percent out on il or ond dropped from 13% to 7% (tle 7). Over hlf of jil inmtes who were on protion or prole t the time of rrest were drug or property offenders. A fifth of ech group hd violent offense. An estimted 26% of those on protion nd 31% on prole sid their relese hd een revoked ecuse of n rrest or conviction for new offense. Approximtely 17% reported drug-relted violtions s the reson for revoction of relese. Revoction sttus Not revoked Revoked* Arrest/conviction for new offense Any drug-relted violtion Positive drug test or possession Filure to report for testing/tretment Asconded Other resons On protion or prole t rrest Protion Prole 34.0% 33.4% 66.0% % *Includes inmtes witing revoction hering. Detils my not dd to totl ecuse more thn one response ws possile. Tle 7. Criminl justice sttus of jil inmtes t rrest, 2002 nd Criminl justice sttus t rrest None Any sttus On protion On prole On il/ond On other pretril relese On lcohol/drug diversion counseling On other relese* On escpe Percent of jil inmtes in 46.8% 53.2% % 53.6% Note: Percentges dd to more thn totl ecuse inmtes my hve hd more thn one sttus. *Includes work/study relese, electronic monitoring, house rrest, dy/weekend reporting, or furlough. 24% of jil inmtes hd 3 or more prior incrcertions in 2002, down from 32% in In nd 2002 pproximtely 27% of jil inmtes reported they hd no prior sentences to protion or incrcertion, nd nerly 18% sid they hd one prior sentence (tle 8). During this period, the percent reporting they hd served two prior sentences rose (from 11% to 17%), while the percent reporting three or more prior sentences declined (from 44% to 39%). While 42% of inmtes in nd 2002 reported no prior sentence to incrcertion, nerly 24% in 2002 responded tht they hd served one prior sentence to incrcertion, compred to 18% mong inmtes surveyed in. The percentge of jil inmtes who hd served three or more prior sentences to incrcertion dropped to 24% in 2002, down from 32% in. Tle 8. Numer of prior sentences to protion or incrcertion for jil inmtes, 2002 nd Prior sentence Protion or more Incrcertion or more Percent of inmtes 38.9% % Incrcertion or protion % or more % % % Numer of inmtes 605, ,140 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom current offense or prior protion or incrcertion were unknown. Detil my not dd to totl ecuse of rounding. The numer of prior sentences to protion remined stle etween nd Nerly 4 in 10 hd no prior sentence to protion. Just over 3 in 10 jil inmtes in 2002 hd served one prior sentence to protion; just under 3 in 10 hd served two or more prior sentences to protion. Hispnic inmtes were less likely to hve served sentence to incrcertion or protion thn white or lck inmtes. Forty-nine percent of Hispnic inmtes hd no prior sentence, compred to 43% of lck inmtes nd 39% of white inmtes. Numer of prior Percent of jil inmtes sentences White* Blck* Hispnic % 42.5% 49.1% or more * Excludes persons of Hispnic origin. 41% of jil inmtes hd current or pst violent offense; 13% current or pst drug offense only An estimted 41% of jil inmtes in 2002 hd current or prior sentence for violent offense (tle 9). Aout 46% were nonviolent offenders with property, drug, or pulic-order s their current nd prior offenses. Thirteen percent hd only current or pst drug offenses. The prior offense history of jil inmtes vried y conviction sttus, gender, nd rce. Nerly hlf of unconvicted jil inmtes were current or violent recidivists versus over third of convicted inmtes in Mle inmtes (43%) were more likely thn femles (27%) to hve current or prior violent offense (tle 10). Women (18%) were more likely thn men (13%) to hve current or pst drug offenses in Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002

7 Blck inmtes were more likely to e violent recidivists (30%) thn white inmtes (27%) or Hispnic inmtes (24%) in Among inmtes with no previous conviction, out 15% of Hispnic inmtes hd current violent offense, followed y lck inmtes t 14%, nd whites, t 11%. An estimted 9% of white inmtes hd pst or current drug offenses only, compred to 17% of lck nd 17% of Hispnic inmtes. More thn 6 in 10 jil inmtes reported regulr use of lcohol Two-thirds of jil inmtes reported regulr use of lcohol in 2002, unchnged since (tle 11). Regulr use ws defined s ever drinking lcohol t lest once week for t lest month.* Only convicted inmtes were sked out lcohol or drug use t the time of the offense. Jil inmtes who reported using lcohol t the time of the offense dropped from 41% in to 33% in Aout two-thirds of mle inmtes in 2002 sid they regulrly drnk lcohol, compred to over hlf of femle inmtes. More thn third of convicted mle inmtes nd under qurter of convicted femle inmtes hd used lcohol t the time of the offense. An estimted 39% of convicted white inmtes reported lcohol use t the time of the offense in 2002, down from 48% in. Among convicted lck inmtes, lcohol use t the time of offense dropped from 34% to 29%; nd for convicted Hispnic inmtes, from 38% to 30%. In 2002 jil inmtes with violent (38%) or property (29%) offenses were more likely to hve used lcohol t the time of the offense thn inmtes with pulicorder (26%) or drug (22%) offenses. *The definition of regulr use includes drinking dily or drinking t lest once week during the yer efore the offense for which inmtes were dmitted to jil. Tle 9. Criminl history of jil inmtes, y conviction sttus, 2002 nd Criminl history No previous sentence Current violent offense Current drug offense Current other offense Violent recidivists Current nd prior violent Current violent only Prior violent only Nonviolent recidivists 33.6% 39.1% 26.9% 26.9% 36.9% Prior minor pulic order only Prior drug offense only Other prior offenses Numer of jil inmtes 623, , , , ,111 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom offense nd prior protion or incrcertion ws unknown. *Includes inmtes with prior conviction, ut no new conviction for the current chrge. Tle 10. Criminl history of jil inmtes, y gender, rce, nd Hispnic origin, 2002 Most serious offense No previous sentence Current violent offense Current drug offense Current other offense Mle 36.8% Percent of jil inmtes Femle White* Blck* 48.7% % % Hispnic 46.7% Violent recidivists 29.9% 16.0% 26.5% 30.4% 24.4% Current nd prior violent Current violent only Prior violent only Nonviolent recidivists 33.3% 35.3% 40.2% 30.3% 29.0% Prior minor pulic order only Prior drug offense only Other prior offenses Numer of jil inmtes 551,186 72, , , ,562 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom offense, prior protion, or incrcertion were unknown. *Non-Hispnic inmtes. Tle 11. Prior lcohol use of jil inmtes, 2002 nd Chrcteristics Gender Mle 67.4% 67.7% 34.9% 41.9% Femle Rce/Hispnic origin c White d 75.3% % 48.2% Blck d Hispnic Most serious offense Violent Property 38.1% % Percent of jil inmtes who drnk lcohol Regulrly At the time of the offense 66.0% 65.7% Convicted 35.3% % % 67.7% 64.3 Unconvicted 42.5% % % 37.6% 28.5 Both* 39.5% % % 40.7% 33.1 Drug Pulic-order, excluding DWI Includes inmtes who reported ever drinking t lest once week for month, s well s drinking dily or t lest once week during the yer efore the current offense. Includes ll inmtes with current conviction or prior conviction. c Jil inmtes who identified more thn one rce not shown. d Non-Hispnic inmtes. 29.1% % Profile of Jil Inmtes,

8 Regulr drug use rose slightly etween nd 2002 The proportion of jil inmtes who reported regulr use of drugs incresed etween nd An estimted 69% sid they used drugs regulrly or t lest once week for month, up from 64% in (tle 12). Mrijun (76%), cocine or crck (48%), nd hllucinogens (32%) were the drugs reported most commonly ever used y jil inmtes in 2002 nd in. During the period, regulr use Chrcteristic Gender Mle Femle Rce/Hispnic origin White* Blck* Hispnic Most serious offense Violent Property Alcohol or drugs 49.7% 50.2% % % 58.9% % % 53.0 Drug Pulic-order, excluding DWI Note: Includes ll inmtes with current conviction or prior conviction. *Non-Hispnic inmtes. of mrijun rose slightly (from 55% to 58%). Use of hllucinogens lso rose (from 11% to 13%), while regulr use of other types of drugs remined reltively stle. In ech yer over hlf of convicted jil inmtes reported drug use in the month efore the offense. In 2002, 38% of jil inmtes reported use of mrijun in the month efore the offense; 21% reported use of cocine or crck; 11%, stimulnts (including mphetmines nd methmphetmines); nd 8%, heroin or other opites. Tle 12. Prior drug use of jil inmtes, y type of drug, 2002 nd Type of drug Any drug 82.2% 82.4% Percent of jil inmtes who used drugs Convicted inmtes In the month efore the offense All inmtes Ever Regulrly 68.7% 64.2% Mrijun or hshish 75.7% 78.2% 58.5% % 36.0% 13.6% 18.0% Cocine or crck Heroin/opites Depressnts c Stimulnts d Hllucinogens e Inhlnts Includes ll inmtes with current conviction or with prior conviction, ut no new conviction for the current chrge. Used drugs t lest once week for t lest month. c Depressnts include riturtes, trnquilizers, nd quludes. d Stimulnts include mphetmines nd methmphetmines. e Hllucinogens include LSD, Ecstsy, nd PCP. Tle 13. Convicted jil inmtes using drugs or lcohol t the time of the offense, y chrcteristics of inmtes, 2002 nd Alcohol 33.4% 34.9% % % 54.0% 40.8% 41.4% % 33.7 At the time of the offense 28.8% Drugs 28.8% 28.0% % % 33.4% 32.4% % Overll, there ws little chnge in the type of drugs used in the month efore the offense etween nd An estimted 29% of convicted jil inmtes reported using drugs t the time of the offense, down from 35% in. In 2002, 14% of jil inmtes sid tht they hd used mrijun t the time of the offense, followed y 11% who sid they hd used cocine or crck. In, 18% of inmtes reported using mrijun, nd 14%, cocine or crck. Alcohol or drug use t the time of the offense declined An estimted 50% of ll convicted jil inmtes reported tht they hd used lcohol or drugs t the time of the offense in 2002, down from 59% who reported eing under the influence of sustnce in (tle 13). In 2002, 33% of jil inmtes sid they hd used lcohol t the time of the offense, down from 41% in. Over fourth of jil inmtes reported drug use t the time of the offense in 2002, down from third in. The percentge of femle jil inmtes who sid they hd used lcohol or drugs t the time of the offense dropped sustntilly from 58% in to 46% in Alcohol or drug use t the time of the offense s reported y mle inmtes lso dropped from 59% to 50%. Aout 77% of convicted jil inmtes could e chrcterized s lcohol- or drug-involved offenders in 2002, unchnged from. Percent of convicted jil inmtes Current drug offense* 31.0% 27.8% Current DWI offense* Alcohol/drug use t time of offense Drug use in month efore Dily use of lcohol in yer efore dmission Drug/lcohol involved 77.1% 77.2% *Includes ny current drug or DWI offense. 8 Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002

9 Sustnce use tretment rose slightly etween nd 2002 Prticiption in sustnce use tretment for jil inmtes who reported regulr use of drugs or lcohol rose (from 50% to 58%) etween 2002 nd (tle 14). However, prticiption mong convicted jil inmtes who hd used drugs or lcohol in the month efore their current rrest ws unchnged t out 53%. In 2002 n estimted 15% of regulr users in the yer efore their rrest sid they hd received tretment since their current dmission to jil, slight increse from 12% in. Self-help (10%) nd eduction wreness (5%) were the most common types of progrms inmtes sid they hd prticipted in since dmission to jil. Aout 43% of regulr drug or lcohol users in 2002 reported pst tretment while under correctionl supervision (in jil or prison or on protion or prole). Aout 34% of regulr users in reported pst tretment. The increse my e due to reported pst tretment while on protion or prole which rose from 23% in to 31% in Pst tretment in prison or jil hd smller increse from 25% to 29%. Nerly third of convicted jil inmtes in 2002 who hd used drugs or lcohol in the month efore their rrest sid they hd prticipted in tretment progrm while on protion or prole, up from over qurter in. Convicted inmtes who sid they hd prticipted in tretment while in prison or jil remined t 28%. Over hlf of ll jil inmtes grew up in single-prent household or with gurdin Over hlf of jil inmtes grew up in either single-prent household or with gurdin, such s grndprents, nother reltive, or nonreltive (tle 15). Jil inmtes who lived with mother only dropped from 43% to 39% etween nd Tle 14. Sustnce use tretment of jil inmtes who used lcohol or drugs, 2002 nd Type of tretment Any tretment Ever prticipted under correctionl supervision Prison/jil Protion/prole Since dmission Self-help Eduction/wreness Specil fcility Counseling Detoxifiction All inmtes Used regulrly* 58.0% 43.4% % % 34.3% % Numer of jil inmtes 515, , , ,787 Note: Excludes inmtes for whom tretment nd drug or lcohol use informtion were unknown. *Used drugs or lcohol t lest once week for month during the yer efore the current rrest. Over hlf of ll jil inmtes were employed full time in the month efore their rrest Percent of jil inmtes Pre-rrest employment Employed 71.0% 64.0 % Full time Prt time Occsionl Not employed Looking Not looking Pre-rrest personl income None 19.3% 14.4% Less thn $ $ $ $1,000-1, $2,000 or more Sources of income, Wges or slry 63.2% 74.7% Fmily/friends Illegl sources Welfre Compenstion c Other d Homeless in pst yer 14.3% 19.2 % Numer of jil inmtes 631, ,026 Excludes inmtes who were not free t lest month. Detils my dd to more thn 100% ecuse inmtes my report multiple sources of income. c Includes Socil Security, Supplementl Security Income, Worker s Compenstion, unemployment insurnce, or other compenstion pyments. d Includes pensions, eductionl ssistnce, investments, limony, nd other unspecified types of income. Convicted inmtes Used drugs or lcohol In the month efore rrest 53.8% 42.9% % % 39.0% % % of jil inmtes in 2002 reported tht they were employed in the month efore their rrest, up from 64% in. Aout 41% of inmtes in 2002 reported monthly income of $1,000 or more, compred to 33% of inmtes in. Wges or slry were the most common sources of income for jil inmtes in oth yers. The percentge of jil inmtes who hd received welfre in the month efore rrest dropped from 14% in to 6% in Mle inmtes (60%) were more likely thn femle inmtes (40%) to e employed in the month efore their rrest. Two-thirds of men in jil hd income from wges or slry, compred to qurter of women. In 2002, 14% of jil inmtes reported eing homeless, living in shelter or on the street in the yer efore their current dmission to jil, down from 19% in. Profile of Jil Inmtes,

10 An estimted 12% of jil inmtes in 2002, compred to 14% in, sid they hd lived in foster home, gency, or institution while growing up. In 2002, 31% of jil inmtes sid they grew up in households where prent or gurdin used lcohol or drugs, unchnged since. Nerly 9% lived with prents who used oth lcohol nd drugs. An estimted 46% of jil inmtes in 2002 hd fmily memer who hd een incrcerted in prison or jil. Aout 31% hd rother; 19% fther; 9% sister; nd 7% mother who hd een incrcerted. 35% of jil inmtes reported ever hving een injured in n ssult prior to dmission to jil In 2002, for the first time, jil inmtes were sked if they hd ever suffered n injury from n ssult efore their Tle 15. Fmily ckground of jil inmtes, 2002 nd 2002 Person(s) lived with most of the time while growing up: Both prents 43.6% Mother only 39.2 Fther only 4.4 Grndprents 10.3 Other % current dmission to jil. (See Methodology for description.) More thn third of ll jil inmtes sid they hd ever een injured in n ssult (tle 16). Aout 17% of jil inmtes hd een injured fter they were dults, ge 18 or older, nd 8% sid they hd een injured efore ge 18. Around 37% of mle jil inmtes sid they hd sustined n injury following n ssult, compred to 16% of femle inmtes. A lrger percentge of femle inmtes (86%) thn mle inmtes (68%) knew the person who cused the injury. Tle 16. Prior injury in n ssult of jil inmtes, 2002 Age when physiclly injured Ever Before ge 18 After ge 18 Both Percent of jil inmtes All Mle Femle 34.9% 37.4% 15.8% Person cusing injury Percent of injured Known person 68.6% 67.7% 86.2% Prent/gurdin Intimte* Other reltives Friend/cquintnce Strnger 31.4% 3% 13.8% Note: Detils dds to more thn totl ecuse more thn 1 person my hve injured inmtes. *Includes (ex) spouse, (ex) oyfriend, nd (ex) girlfriend. An estimted 62% of femle inmtes sid n intimte prtner such s (ex) spouse, (ex) girlfriend, or (ex) oyfriend hd cused the injury. Aout 20% of mle inmtes sid they were injured y n intimte prtner. Over 5% of femle nd 3% of mle inmtes sid they hd een injured y prent or gurdin. 18% of jil inmtes reported physicl or sexul use prior to dmission to jil In 2002, 18% of ll jil inmtes sid they hd een physiclly or sexully used efore their most recent dmission to jil, slight increse from 16% in (tle 17). The percent of femle inmtes who sid they hd een used rose from 48% to 55%, while the distriution for mle inmtes ws unchnged t 13%. The overll increse in physicl or sexul use mong femle inmtes my e ttriutle to those reporting physicl use which rose from 37% to 45% etween nd In 2002, 36% of femle inmtes reported they hd een sexully used in the pst. An estimted 4% of men reported sexul use prior to their current jil dmission. Ever lived in foster home, gency, or institution while growing up Fmily memer ever incrcerted * Fther Mother Brother Sister Spouse Child 1% 46.3% Prent or gurdin ever used lcohol or drugs while inmte ws growing up Alcohol 19.9% Drugs 2.1 Both lcohol nd drugs 8.6 *Detils my not dd to totl ecuse more thn one response ws possile. 13.6% 46.1% % 6.9 Tle 17. Prior physicl or sexul use of jil inmtes, 2002 nd Ever physiclly or sexully used Before ge 18 After ge 18 Both Physiclly used Sexully used Reltionship to user Knew user Prent/gurdin Intimte* Other reltives Friend/cquintnce All 18.2% % % % % % Percent of ll jil inmtes Mle Femle 13.4% % % % % % 35.9 Percent of used inmtes 92.5% 87.9% 92.1% % % % Did not know user 7.6% 13.4% 7.5% 12.1% 7.9% 17.9% Note: Detils dds to more thn totl ecuse more thn 1 person my hve used inmtes; or some inmtes were oth physiclly nd sexully used. *Includes (ex) spouse, (ex) oyfriend, nd (ex) girlfriend. 10 Profile of Jil Inmtes, 2002

11 Among jil inmtes who hd een used, women (68%) were more likely thn men (11%) to hve een used y n intimte prtner. Among used women, 26% sid they hd een physiclly or sexully used y prent or gurdin, nd 34% y friend or cquintnce. Among used men, 60% hd een physiclly or sexully used y prent or gurdin, nd 14% y friend or cquintnce. Nerly fifth of jil inmtes hd ever een under restrining order In 2002, 19% of jil inmtes hd t some time een under restrining order or protection order (tle 18). Aout 5% of ll jil inmtes hd n order in effect when they were dmitted to jil. Fewer thn 2% hd forml violtion chrge mong their current offenses. Nerly 5% of jil inmtes sid they hd violted restrining order in the pst. Of jil inmtes who hd ever een under restrining order, threequrters sid the order ws sought y n intimte. A fifth sid nonreltive hd otined the order. Tle 18. Experience of jil inmtes with restrining order, 2002 Restrining order Ever under order At dmission Ever violted Violtion chrge t dmission Person who Percent of jil inmtes Nonviolent All Violent 18.6% % 24.3% 16.7% % 4.1% Percent of inmtes ever under restrining order sought order* Prent 3.8% 5.1% 3.1% Intimte* Other reltive Other nonreltive Note: Detils dds to more thn totl ecuse more thn one persons my hve sought restrining order. *Includes (ex-) spouse, (ex-) oyfriend, nd (ex-) girlfriend. Methodology The Survey of Inmtes in Locl Jils ws conducted from Jnury through April, The smple for the survey ws selected from universe of 3,365 jils tht were enumerted in the 1999 Census of Jils. The smple design ws strtified two-stge selection, where jils were selected in the first stge nd inmtes to e interviewed in the second stge. In the first stge, six seprte strt were formed sed on the size of the mle, femle nd juvenile (oth mle nd femle) popultions. In two strt ll jils were selected those jils housing only femles nd those with more thn 1,000 mles or more thn 50 femles or oth. In the remining four strt systemtic smple of jils ws selected. Ech jil within strtum hd n equl proility of selection. Overll, 465 jils were selected. Interviews were conducted in 417 jils; 39 refused or were excluded for dministrtive resons; nd 9 were closed or hd no inmtes to survey. In the second smpling stge, interviewers from the Census Bureu visited ech selected fcility nd systemticlly selected smple of mle nd femle inmtes. The smple used rndom strt nd totl numer of interviews sed upon the size nd sex of the fcility. A totl of 6,982 inmtes were interviewed, nd 768 refused to prticipte, for second stge nonresponse of 9.9%. The interviews, out n hour long, used computer-ssisted personl interviewing (CAPI). The computers provided questions for the interviewer, including follow-up questions tilored to the preceding nswers. Before the interview, inmtes were told verlly nd in writing tht prticiption ws voluntry nd tht ll informtion provided would e held in confidence. Bsed on the completed interviews, estimtes for the entire jil popultion were developed using weighting fctors derived from the originl proility of selection in the smple. These fctors were djusted for vrile rtes of nonresponse cross strt nd inmte chrcteristics. Further djustments were mde to control the survey estimtes to counts of jil inmtes otined from the 1999 Census of Jils nd the 2001 Annul Survey of Jils. The ccurcy of the 2002 Survey of Inmtes in Locl Jils depends on smpling nd mesurement errors. Smpling errors occur y chnce ecuse smple rther thn complete enumertion of the popultion ws conducted. Mesurement error cn e ttriuted to mny sources, such s nonresponse, recll difficulties, differences in the interprettion of questions mong inmtes, nd dt processing errors. The smpling error, s mesured y n estimted stndrd error, vries y the size of the estimte nd the size of the se popultion. Estimtes of the stndrd errors for selected chrcteristics hve een clculted for the 2002 Survey. Stndrd error tles re ville in Appendix tles on the BJS Wesite < pji02.htm>. In this report, the definition of convicted jil inmte differs from other previously pulished reports. All ville survey dt were used to clssify inmtes s convicted, unconvicted, or oth convicted nd unconvicted. In the Annul Survey of Jils, dministrtors report the detention sttus of the most serious offense nd include protion nd prole violtors with no new sentence mong convicted inmtes. Trend comprisons etween dt in this report nd reports sed on dt from previous jil inmte surveys re ffected y the revised definition of convicted nd unconvicted inmtes. Other revisions to the questionnire will lso ffect comprisons cross surveys. Profile of Jil Inmtes,

12 U.S. Deprtment of Justice Office of Justice Progrms Bureu of Justice Sttistics Wshington, DC *NCJ * PRESORTED STD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-91 Officil Business Penlty for Privte Use $300 In the questionnire, physicl ssult ws defined s eing pushed, gred, slpped, kicked, it, shoved, hit with fist, et up, choked, or hving wepon (such s gun, knife, rock or other oject) used ginst them. A physicl injury ws defined s knife wounds, gunshot wounds, roken one, teeth knocked out or chipped, internl injuries, knocked unconscious, ruises, lck eye, cuts, scrtches, swelling, or welts. Office of Justice Progrms Prtnerships for Sfer Communities The Bureu of Justice Sttistics is the sttisticl gency of the U.S. Deprtment of Justice. Lwrence A. Greenfeld is director. Doris J. Jmes wrote this report, under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. Jennifer C. Krerg nd Christopher J. Mumol verified the report, nd Tom Hester edited it. Doris J. Jmes, under the supervision of Allen J. Beck, designed the survey, developed the questionnire, nd monitored dt collection, dt processing, nd production of weights. Stephen M. Bittner nd Tmmy Anderson, Demogrphic Surveys Division, Census Bureu, U.S. Deprtment of Commerce, crried out questionnire design nd development, under the supervision of Gertrude Odom. Stephen M. Bittner monitored dt collection nd processing, under the supervision of Mrilyn M. Monhn. Renee Arion progrmmed the questionnire, nd Dve Keting progrmmed the listing instrument, under the supervision of Ro Wllce, Technologies Mngement Office. Progrmming ssistnce in the Demogrphic Surveys Division ws provided y Mildred Bllenger, Ruth Breds, Bch-Lon Nguyen, Scott Rudugh, nd Dvid Wtt under the supervision of Stephen Phillips. John M. Finmore, Brndi York, nd Dve Hornick, Demogrphic Surveys Methods Division, under the supervision of Thoms Moore, designed the smple nd weighting specifictions. Sydnee Chttin-Reynolds nd Luis Pdill, Field Division, under the supervision of Richrd Ning, coordinted the field opertions. The ffilitions for the Census Bureu dte to the time of the survey. July 2004, NCJ