Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Agriculture

Transcription

1 Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Agriculture Is the Wireless Revolution Coming to Agriculture? George Vellidis University of Georgia

2 TAPAC the TransAtlantic Precision Agriculture Consortium A Student Exchange and Research Partnership United States University of Georgia Auburn University Mississippi State University European Union Panepistimio Thessalias Università degli Studi di Padova Technische Universität München

3 Wi-Fi ZigBee RFID WLAN Bluetooth x MIMO WiMAX Mesh Networks WPAN 2.4 GHz

4 wireless \wi(ә)r-lәs\ adj : having no wire or wires Webster s New Collegiate Dictionary

5 wireless - a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path

6

7 The Wireless (Radio) is 114 years old this year

8 Nikki with remote

9 2.8 billion mobile phones in use in billion today 1.6 million added each day 600 million with broadband in billion in 2010 Laura with phone

10 Projection of Wireless Market

11

12

13

14 Why the Revolution? Dramatically improving efficiency cost power requirements size

15 Why the Revolution? Example: GPS chips

16 Why the Revolution? Example: GPS chips Wireless example: Passive RFID chips no power source 2 billion sold in 2009 smaller than a match head $0.03 each

17 The Economist, April 28, 2007

18 Changes Favoring Paradigm Shift Farms are becoming larger Farms are becoming less contiguous More land is being farmed by fewer people Distances / travel time between fields increasing

19 30 km

20 Remote Monitoring Needs Data from gauges and sensors (soil moisture, pressure, environmental, disease, insect pressure, etc.) Status of farm gates and building doors (open/close) Status of irrigation valves Status of pumping equipment Live video of operations Monitoring of greenhouses, livestock enclosures, and storage facilities Audible or other alarms

21 Wasp Hound Uses parasitic wasps to detect VOC released by plant in response to disease or insect pressure Stationary or mobile

22 Remote Control Needs Opening and closing valves & gates Turning on and off lights, pumps, heaters, etc, Guiding robotic vehicles

23

24 Information Transfer Needs Automatic incorporation of environmental data into decision support systems and crop models Uploading data/maps to variable rate application equipment (example later) Weather, market, & operational information to remote locations & vehicles Real-time information such as DGPS correction signals

25 Communication Needs Communications between farm workers Voice and text graphical representations video

26 Asset Tracking Needs Relative position of center pivot irrigation systems (example later) Location of farm vehicles Location of livestock Location of workers safety performance

27 Distance Diagnosis Remotely located technicians and specialists can access, monitor and control on-farm assets with the permission of the local manager

28 Why Not?

29 Wi-Fi ZigBee RFID WLAN Bluetooth x MIMO WiMAX Mesh Networks WPAN 2.4 GHz

30 The Economist, April 28, 2007

31 What Is the Solution?

32 One Possible Solution? Wireless Broadband Delivery of the Internet

33 Wireless Delivery of the Internet Diverse communications medium Supports voice video machine-to-machine monitoring and control

34 C A Β Relay node Soil moisture sensor array node

35 The Technology Wireless Broadband a communications network in which the bandwidth can be divided and shared by multiple simultaneous signals such as data, voice, and video. IP based Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

36 Benefits of WLANs Inexpensive Ubiquitous and standardized IEEE 802.xx High bandwidth (up to 100mbps currently) Highly versatile voice, video, data, control commands, files, internet info Accessible globally

37 IEEE WiMAX Newest generation of WiFi which promises... Up to 15 km range without wires Broadband speeds without cable or T1 Expected to offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds Last mile" access in remote areas

38 The Mitchell Farm

39 Tifton Campus Wireless Broadband Coverage

40 Wireless Network at Moore Farm Main Proxim AP600 providing link to the other Access points (30 m on a tower). 4 Proxim AP600 at pivot locations linked to main AP using WDS 1 Dlink DCS-1000W Camera Reliawave 2.4GHz link to NESPAL (15 km) Trango M900S 900 MHz link to the South Farm

41

42 DCS-1000W camera 25 m on tower

43

44 C A Β Relay node Soil moisture sensor array node

45 IEEE s Mesh Networking Standard utilizes a mesh topology Allows for fully selfconfiguring networks where each node can relay messages on behalf of others Increases the range and available bandwidth with the number of nodes active within the system.

46 GW 1 4 GW 1 4 Initial routing of signals between motes Routing of signals after turning off mote number 1 Hypothetical Mesh network.

47 The Smart Sensor Array Low-cost wireless sensor node Central receiver very sandy receiver wet Large population of soil moisture sensor nodes most productive Smart system Ideally suited to irrigation management zones

48 Schematic of Smart Sensor Array To web server Watermark soil moisture sensor microcontroller board & wireless transmitter in watertight enclosure thermocouple temperature sensor Gateway

49 Sensor Node RF engine Excitation Sensor input Up to 3 Watermarks Up to 2 thermocouples Analog to digital conversion Smart power management

50

51

52 Sensor Integration

53

54

55

56 RF Transmitters First generation: Crossbow Mica2 Motes Acceptable range ( m) $120 each (retail) Very robust software successfully transmit data Always able to reestablish network 30% failure rate in the field Second generation: Synapse RF100 RF Engines Excellent range (500+ m) $39 each (retail) Software not so robust rogue networks No failures

57 180 ac (73 ha)

58 26 52 Field J 42 ac rainfed

59 Under pivot in wet area near pond dry corner under pivot 45 Field C 63 ac pivot irrigated

60 Application to PA Linking to Variable Rate Irrigation Developed by UGA and under patent by FarmScan (Perth, Australia) Distributed by Valley Irrigation Advanced Ag Systems provides sales and support Rick Heard, Dothan, AL

61 Scheme with Variable Rate Irrigation Each grid cell can be individually controlled by a VRI pivot In theory, a sensor node could be installed in every cell In practice, we anticipate 2 to 6 sensors within each management zone Gateway Sensor node

62 Scheme with Variable Rate Irrigation Data collected by Gateway is passed on to VRI controller VRI controller assesses soil moisture and / or temperature data determines need for irrigation in each management zone controls pivot to apply irrigation Gateway Sensor node

63 Gateway Irrigation sensor location meters 10 E Zone E irrigation scheduled visually Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D

64 Soil Water Tension (kpa) Soil Water Tension (kpa) Cumulative Rainfall per Event and Irrigation per Day (mm) 2-Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep Cumulative Rain Irrigation Watermarks at 0.2 m Watermarks at 0.4 m Watermarks at 0.6 m Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep 2004 Growing Season (Date) E D A Zone E C B

65 Soil Water Tension (kpa) Soil Water Tension (kpa) Cumulative Rainfall per Event and Irrigation per Day (mm) 2-Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep Cumulative Rain Irrigation Watermarks at 0.2 m Watermarks at 0.4 m Watermarks at 0.6 m Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep 2004 Growing Season (Date) E D A Zone E C B

66 Soil Water Tension (kpa) Soil Water Tension (kpa) Cumulative Rainfall per Event and Irrigation per Day (mm) 2-Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep Cumulative Rain Irrigation Watermarks at 0.2 m Watermarks at 0.4 m Watermarks at 0.6 m Jun 12-Jun 22-Jun 2-Jul 12-Jul 22-Jul 1-Aug 11-Aug 21-Aug 31-Aug 10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep 2004 Growing Season (Date) E D A Zone C C B

67 Mesh Network System Costs Sensor nodes with 2 Watermarks and Synapse RF $100 each $2000 for 20 sensor nodes Gateway $1500 Synapse RF Engine, PDA or netbook, and associated software Cell phone modem for data transmission to web server Complete system with 20 nodes $3500

68 Next for the Smart Sensor Array Create web-based irrigation scheduling dashboard Install 10 demonstration sites with control of VRI pivots Commercialization Modify sensor node electronics to include other sensors

69 Lessons Learned The challenge with wireless is that you can not see the problem when it occurs. Diagnostic tools and information management tools are very important. We have spent far more time setting up and trouble shooting networks rather than actually using them. Our networks can not yet be taken for granted - they are not completely reliable.

70 Thank you! For more information: Dr. George Vellidis Biological & Agricultural Engineering Dept. University of Georgia Voice: Fax: