Evaluation and Prognosis of Patients with Cirrhosis

Transcription

1 Evaluation and Prognosis of Patients with Cirrhosis Marion G. Peters, MD John V. Carbone, MD, Endowed Chair Professor of Medicine Chief of Hepatology Research University of California San Francisco Recorded on April 29, 2013

2 Disclosure Information Dr Peters has reported the following financial relationships with commercial firms: Consultant: Merck & Co, Inc, Theravance, and Roche Data safety monitoring board: Biotron Scientific advisor: Clinical Care Options Her spouse is employed by Genentech (Roche) Slide 2 of 18

3 Outline Cirrhosis staging Clinical evidence of portal hypertension Low platelets Low white cell count Splenomegaly Spider nevi Management of cirrhosis How to recognize decompensated liver disease Management of decompensated liver disease Slide 3 of 18

4 Distinguishing Compensated and Decompensated Cirrhosis

5 Natural History of End-Stage Liver Increasing liver fibrosis Disease (ESLD) Development of HCC Chronic liver disease Compensated cirrhosis Decompensated cirrhosis Death Alcohol Hepatitis C or B virus NASH Cholestatic Autoimmune Slide 5 of 18 Variceal hemorrhage Ascites Encephalopathy Jaundice Decompensation Ascites (HRS, SBP) Encephalopathy Bleeding varices Coagulopathy HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HRS, hepatorenal syndrome; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Garcia Tsao CCO Hepatitis.com 2008

6 Natural History of ESLD Transition to decompensated cirrhosis: 5% to 7% of patients per year Best predictor of decompensation: hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) > 10 mmhg HCC Slide 6 of 18 can trigger decompensation predictor of death in decompensated cirrhosis Tools for predicting disease severity and death in decompensated cirrhosis Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score D Amico 2006

7 Child-Pugh-Turcotte Score Points 1 (normal) 2 3 Hepatic encephalopathy None Ascites None slight mod Bilirubin (mg/dl) <2 2-3 >3 Albumin (g/dl) > <2.8 Prothrombin time <4 secs 4-6 secs >6 secs or International Normalized Ratio < >2.3 Slide 7 of 18 A: 5-6 B: 7-9 C: > 9

8 Classification and Prognostic Systems for Patients with Cirrhosis

9 MELD: Model for ESLD Bilirubin (mg/dl) INR Creatinine (mg/dl) MELD Predicts 3-month mortality post TIPS/surgery Used for allocation of liver donors Slide 9 of 18 TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Kamath, Hepatology, Wiesner, Gastroenterology, 2003

10 Survival Time From First Liver Decompensation to Death in HCV Percent of patients Year survival +HIV -HIV 44 Death during study 366/1037 HCV 100/180 HIV/HCV Risk factors for death: HIV Baseline CTP MELD >13 Age Slide 10 of 18 Pineda, Hepatology, 2005

11 Ascites Diuretic-responsive ascites Sodium restriction Spironolactone (75 mg-100 mg) and furosemide (20 mg-40 mg) Refractory ascites Large volume paracentesis with 25% albumin (50 cc/l) TIPS: higher orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)-free survival, higher portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) Hyponatremia Fluid restriction, vasopressin 2 R antagonists Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis complication Slide 11 of 18

12 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Most common type of bacterial infection in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis Clinical suspicion: < 50%: fever, abdominal pain or tenderness, and leukocytosis unexplained encephalopathy, jaundice worsening renal failure Diagnose: tap ascites: WCC > 500, PMN > 250 cells/µl Place ascites in blood culture bottles Start treatment immediately before culture results Slide 12 of 18

13 Variceal Surveillance All patients with cirrhosis require esophagogastroduodenoscopy No varices Small varices (< 5 mm), Child B/C Medium or large varices Repeat endoscopy in 3 years (well compensated); in 1 year if decompensated Slide 13 of 18 No beta-blocker prophylaxis Garcia-Tsao G et al, Hepatology, 2007 Nonselective beta-blocker prophylaxis Child class A and no red wales: beta blockers Child class B/C with red wales: beta blockers or band ligation

14 Hepatorenal Syndrome Results from vasodilatation and marked reduction in effective arterial blood volume leading to renal vasoconstriction Occurs in patients with refractory ascites and/or hyponatremia Type 1 HRS: rapidly progressive renal failure in 2 weeks Type 2 HRS: slowly progressive - median survival: ~ 6 months Albumin, midodrine, and octreotide-induced vasoconstriction OLT Slide 14 of 18

15 Slide 15 of 18 Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment aims to reduce production of ammonia from the colon through nonabsorbable disaccharides lactulose, lactitol, and lactose nonabsorbable antibiotics neomycin, rifaximin Protein restriction promotes protein degradation and, if maintained for long periods, worsens nutritional status and decreases muscle mass No longer recommended

16 Summary: ESLD and HCV All HCV patients should be assessed for fibrosis stage prior to starting therapy Progression to decompensated cirrhosis can occur with interferon alfa based therapies All patients with cirrhosis require monitoring for Varices with EGD HCC with imaging positive and negative alphafetoprotein Ascites and infection (SBP prophylaxis) Consider OLT when first decompensation occurs Slide 16 of 18

17 End This presentation is brought to you by the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) in collaboration with Hepatitis Web Study & the Hepatitis C Online Course Funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Slide 17 of 18