Regional Impact of PSHB and. Emerging Tree Pests

Transcription

1 Regional Impact of PSHB and John Kabashima, Ph.D. UC Cooperative Extension Tim Paine, Ph.D. UC Riverside, Dept. of Entomology Emerging Tree Pests

2 Protecting Hawai i Pre-entry (laws & agreements) Port-of-entry (inspection) Rapid-response (response crews/regional containment) World s Biota Arrivals Escapes Widespread Options: -Do nothing -Eradication -Regional containment Options: -Do nothing -Regional containment -Protect high value areas -Biocontrol

3 Protecting Hawai i Port-of-entry (inspection) Rapid-response Reduced Budget-response (response crews/regional containment) Arrivals Escapes Widespread Los Angeles Orange San Diego Options: -Do nothing -Eradication -Regional containment Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer Options: -Do nothing -Regional containment -Protect high value areas/trees -Biocontrol

4 Exotic and Invasive Insect Species Implications Some species beset by strong Allee effects could be less successful as invaders. P. Tobin et al, 2011

5 PSHB/FD and the Lag Phenomenon The frequency of the lag phenomenon in invasions implies that at least some existing non-native species that are currently having little or no impact will eventually have much greater ones. Daniel Simberloff

6 Growth of entry hole number per tree when a single female initiates the population at generation 1 and 5 daughters/ generation/mother remain on tree Number of entry holes per tree daughters per female per generation Generations Richard Stouthamer

7 This is what a tree with 38,000 entry holes looks like Box elder at Huntington Gardens about 2.5 years after first decline was detected Richard Stouthamer and Dan Berry

8 Regional Impact of PSHB

9 Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD *

10 Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD *

11 Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD *

12 USDA FS Distribution trapping Tom Coleman, USDA Forest Service

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14 Pest Vulnerability Matrix Minor pests Insects or diseases that do not cause damage requiring management action, but may still be observed on trees. These pests can be safely ignored. Exotics under classical biological control Ash Whitefly 100 on 1 to 1 on 100 Gonipterous Weevil Low Low severity = causes little damage and only seldom requires management action in urban landscapes Moderate Moderate severity = damage is unsightly or will lead to problems over time Severe Severe = almost always lethal to the tree (directly or indirectly) Recent or Quarantine Pests Recently introduced or Quarantine pests that may or may not pose a threat to the landscape Emerging pests Pests not yet detected in California. This category is important when adapting the planting plan to account for likely future pests. Greg McPherson, PhD Director, Center for Urban Forest Research PSW, USDA Forest Service

15 Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) Urban Landscape Incubator Threat to Urban Forest Nursery Potential to transport Economic Impact Shipment Protocols Avocado PSHB and Fusarium Natural/Riparian A major threat Major threat to native trees Important Alternate Host Ecological Impact Regulatory Pathways Regulations Pesticide Use Water Runoff

16 Host Range FD/PSHB Tree Species Attacked by Beetle Tree Species Infected by Fungus Agricultural Crops California Native Tree Species Number of Tree Families Number of Reproductive Hosts Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman-Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. Plant Disease.In 97:7, Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii) 4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) 5. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) 6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 7. California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) * 8. Red willow (Salix laevigata) * 9. Avocado (Persea americana) 10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) 11. English Oak (Quercus robur) 12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)* 13. London plane (Platanus x acerfolia) 14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)* 15. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)* 16.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus) 17. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii))* 18. Cork Oak (Quecus suber) 19. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) * 20. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon) 21. Blue palo verde (Cercidium aculeata) * 22. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) 23. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) 24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae) 25. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)* 26. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica) 27. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) 28. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata) 29. Acacia (Acacia spp.) 30. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) 31. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia) 32. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) 33.Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)* 34. Goodding s black willow (Salix gooddingii) 35. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)* 36. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) 37. Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) 38. Black Mission Fig (Ficus carica)

17 Benefit Cost Ratio of Urban Forests Urban Forest Private Street and Park Trees Ecological Services BMP to control stormwater Energy savings Mitigate heat-island and clean air in cities Atmospheric CO 2 reduction Air quality benefits Aesthetics and other benefits Ecosystem benefits Habitat for animals and plants Food for animals Cycle water and nutrients through ecosystems

18 Benefit Cost Ratio of Urban Forests Structure, function and value of street and park trees in 5 cities. Fort Collins, Co. Cheyenne, Wy. Bismarck, N.D. Berkeley, CA. Glendale, Az. Cities spent $13 65 annually per tree, benefits ranged from $31-89 per tree. For every management dollar invested, benefits returned annually ranged from $ McPherson, et al. 2005

19 PSHB Impacts Decrease or Loss of Ecological Services Cost of: Treatment Pruning Removal $(650 to $1000 per tree) Chipping Stump grinding Handling and disposal Transport Compost Alternative Daily Cover Biomass Electrical Generation WILL HOMEOWNERS DO OR BE ABLE TO AFFORD THIS? Injury Hazards from falling and weakened limbs

20 PSHB Impacts Municipal Tree Inventory 29 of 34 Cities 10 Misc (school districts, water departments, HOA) 83, 064 Sycamores APPROXIMATE VALUE = $250,176,772.10

21 Earth has about 3.04 trillion trees, but humans have cut down nearly that many too. The planet loses about 15 billion trees a year, with only 5 billion of them being replaced. Thomas Crowther, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies

22 Tree Removal

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26 Tree Autopsy

27 Tree Autopsy Canker revealed under bark Closeup of canker

28 PSHB/FD Structural Damage to Branch Falling branch hazard and to arborists when climbing trees

29 IPM/Plant Health/BMPs EradicationTactics Cultural Physical (detectiontraps) Pesticides Pest Control Tactics Mechanical (chipping, burying) Biological

30 Control Options Cultural / Sanitation Tree removal Pruning infested branches Pruning wound protection Chipping, Solarization/ fumigation Restrict firewood movement Chemical Beetle and/or Fungal Symbionts Trunk sprays Systemic-Soil injection/drench, trunk injection Biocontrol Attract & Kill Traps Natural Enemies Use of Entomopathogen Fungi Use of Endophytic bacteria and/or fungi Lure and Pesticides

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33 GSOB Incident Action Plan Survey and Detection Delimitation Outside of known infestations Develop procedures and fund reporting and identifying new infestations Maintenance and location of data base Based on Pest Rating and Damage Restrict movement of pest infested material Develop policies and identify agencies and stakeholders Identify how it is moving and how and who will regulate Develop and Implement a Management Plan Identify Research Needs

34 Incident Action Plans Exotic Pest Research Needs Identify Short, Medium and Long Term Needs Positively identify pest Is it a known or undescribed species Determine country of origin Conduct studies on it s biology Life cycle Hosts Agriculture, urban forests, natural ecosystems Flight Best Management Practices Cultural, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological BMPs for homeowners, commercial landscapes and municipalities

35 Current studies on Polyphagous shot hole borer/fusarium dieback Akif Eskalen 1, R. Stouthamer 2, P. Rugman-Jones 2, S. Lynch 1, T, Paine 2, M, Jones 2, J. Morse 2, F. Byrne 2, T. Coleman 3, J. Kabashima 4, M. Dimson 4, T. Thibault 5, D. Berry 5, S. Drill 6., F. McDonogh 7, J. Mayorquin 1, F. Na 1, J. Carrillo 1, S. Feirer 7, 1 Plant Pathology and Microbiology, UC Riverside 2 Entomology, UC Riverside 3 USDA Forest Service 4 UCCE Orange County 5 Huntington Botanical Garden 6 UCCE Los Angeles County 7 UC ANR

36 Work Funded By California Avocado Commission USDA Farm Bill Huntington Gardens Hofshi Foundation USDA Forest Service CDFA Specialty Block Grants OC Parks California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers Nursery Growers Association University of California Irvine

37 Donations and Collaborators RPW Services, Inc. West Coast Arborists Great Scott Tree Services, Inc. Target Specialty Products NuFarm/Valent ArborJet Mauget FMC

38 ? Questions? Elephant Weevil Orthorhinus cylindrirostris