Trigonometry Tables and Handy References for Engineers
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- Gavin Mosley
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1 $1 Trigonometry Tables and Handy References for Engineers No matter what angle you figure... Carr Lane is your best answer for jig-and-fixture components! AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR PRINTED IN U.S.A. Rev. 2/2014 COPYRIGHT 2014 CARR LANE MFG. CO.
2 Toggle Clamps With Safety Locks Avoid accidents by using Carr Lane s toggle clamps, available in the following varieties, many with optional safety locks: made in usa Horizontal Handle Vertical Handle Push/Pull Latch Action Air-Powered Toggle Edge Clamps Visit our web site: carrlane.com
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Thread Sizes and Tap Drills...2 Standard Drill Sizes...4 Counterbored Holes for Cap Screws...6 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing...7 Surface Finishes...12 Clamping Force of Standard Clamp Straps...13 Basic Numbering System for Steels...14 Machinability Comparison of Various Metals...15 Hardness Conversions and Tensile Strength...16 Metric Prefixes...23 Conversion Factors for Units of Measure...24 Trigonometry Calculations...45 Trigonometry Tables...50
4 USA THREADS Basic Tap Thread Major Drill Size* Diameter Size** # /64 # #50 # #50 # #43 # #42 # #38 # #37 # #36 # #33 # #29 # #29 # #25 # #21 1/ #7 1/ #3 5/ F 5/ I 3/ /16 3/ Q 7/ U 7/ /64 1/ /64 1/ /64 9/ /64 9/ /64 5/ /32 5/ /64 3/ /32 3/ /16 7/ /64 7/ / / /16 1-1/ /64 1-1/ /64 2
5 METRIC THREADS Basic Tap Thread Major Drill Size* Diameter Size** M1.6x mm or #55 M2x mm or #52 M2.5x mm or #46 M3x mm or #39 M3.5x mm or #32 M4x mm or #30 M5x mm or #19 M6x mm or #8 M8x mm or H M8x mm or J M10x mm or R M10x mm or 11/32 M12x mm or 13/32 M12x mm or 27/64 M14x mm or 15/32 M14x mm or 1/2 M16x mm or 35/64 M16x mm or 37/64 M18x mm or 39/64 M18x mm or 21/32 M20x mm or 11/16 M20x mm or 47/64 M22x mm or 49/64 M22x mm or 13/16 M24x mm or 53/64 M24x mm or 7/8 M27x mm or 15/16 M27x mm or 1 * Coarse series shown in bold. Pitch callout not required on metric coarse series. ** Closest size for 75% theoretical thread. 3
6 USA DRILL SIZES Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A / B.2380 C.2420 D.2460 E / F.2570 G / H.2660 I.2720 J.2770 K / L.2900 M / N / O.3160 P / Q.3320 R / S.3480 T / U / V.3770 W / X.3970 Y / Z / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / th increments up to 1-7/8" +32nd increments up to 2-1/4" +16th increments up to 4-1/4" 4
7 METRIC DRILL SIZES Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal.35mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm increments up to 48mm +5.00mm increments from 50mm up to 105mm 5
8 6 SCREW DIA #0 #2 #4 #5 #6 #8 #10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/ /4 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 A COUNTERBORE DIA 1/8 3/16 7/32 1/4 9/32 5/16 3/8 7/16 17/32 5/8 23/32 13/ /16 1-3/8 1-5/ /8 2-3/4 3-1/8 B COUNTERBORE DEPTH C COUNTERSINK DIA NORMAL FIT #49 #36 #29 #23 #18 #10 #2 9/32 11/32 13/32 15/32 17/32 21/32 25/32 29/32 1-1/32 1-5/16 1-9/ /16 2-1/16 CLOSE FIT #51 3/32 1/8 9/64 #23 #15 #5 17/64 21/64 25/64 29/64 33/64 41/64 49/64 57/64 1-1/64 1-9/ / /32 2-1/32 METRIC SOCKET-HEAD CAP SCREWS M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M mm 4.40mm 5.40mm 6.50mm 8.25mm 9.75mm 11.20mm 14.50mm 17.50mm 19.50mm 22.50mm 25.50mm 31.50mm 37.50mm 47.50mm 56.50mm 66.00mm 75.00mm 1.6mm 2mm 2.5mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 14mm 16mm 20mm 24mm 30mm 36mm 42mm 48mm 2.0mm 2.6mm 3.1mm 3.6mm 4.7mm 5.7mm 6.8mm 9.2mm 11.2mm 14.2mm 16.2mm 18.2mm 22.4mm 26.4mm 33.4mm 39.4mm 45.6mm 52.6mm 1.95mm 2.40mm 3.00mm 3.70mm 4.80mm 5.80mm 6.80mm 8.80mm 10.80mm 13.00mm 15.00mm 17.00mm 21.00mm 25.00mm 31.50mm 37.50mm 44.00mm 50.00mm 1.80mm 2.20mm 2.70mm 3.40mm 4.40mm 5.40mm 6.40mm 8.40mm 10.50mm 12.50mm 14.50mm 16.50mm 20.50mm 24.50mm 31.00mm 37.00mm 43.00mm 49.00mm D CLEARANCE DIA COUNTERBORED HOLES USA SOCKET-HEAD CAP SCREWS
9 GEOMETRIC SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS.002 Individual Features.005 M A Related Features Feature-Control Frame A specification box that shows a particular geometric characteristic (flatness, straightness, etc.) applied to a part feature and states the allowable tolerence. The feature s tolerance may be individual, or related to one or more datums. Any datum references and tolerance modifiers are also shown. A Datum Feature A flag which designates a physical feature of the part to be used as a reference to measure geometric characteristics of other part features. A1 A2 A3 Datum Targets Callouts occasionally needed to designate specific points, lines, or areas on an actual part to be used to establish a theoretical datum feature Basic Dimension A box around any drawing dimension makes it a basic dimension, a theoretically exact value used as a reference for measuring geometric character istics and tolerances of other part features. M Maximum Material Condition Abbreviation: MMC. A tolerance modifier that applies the stated tight tolerance zone only while the part theoretically contains the maximum amount of material permitted within its dimensional limits (e.g. minimum hole diameters and maximum shaft diameters), allowing more variation under normal conditions. Cylindrical Tolerance Zone This symbol, commonly used to indicate a diameter dimension, also specifies a cylindrically shaped toler ance zone in a feature-control frame. L Least Material Condition Abbreviation: LMC. A tolerance modifier that applies the stated tight tolerance zone only while the part theoretically contains the minimum amount of material permitted within its dimensional limits (e.g. maximum hole diameters and minimum shaft diameters), allowing more variation under normal conditions. S Regardless of Feature Size Abbreviation: RFS. A tolerance modifier that applies the stated tight tolerance zone under all size conditions. RFS is generally assumed if neither MMC nor LMC are stated P Projected Tolerance Zone An additional specification box attached underneath a feature-control frame. It extends the feature s tolerance zone beyond the part s surface by the stated distance, ensuring perpendicularity for proper alignment of mating parts. 7
10 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Flatness.002 All points on the indicated surface must lie in a single plane, within the specified tolerance zone. Straightness.002 All points on the indicated surface or axis must lie in a straight line in the direction shown, within the specified tolerance zone. Circularity (Roundness).002 If the indicated surface were sliced by any plane perpendicular to its axis, the resulting outline must be a perfect circle, within the specified tolerance zone..002 Cylindricity All points on the indicated surface must lie in a perfect cylinder around a center axis, within the specified tolerance zone
11 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Linear Profile A All points on any full slice of the indicated surface must lie on its theoretical two-dimensional profile, as defined by basic dimensions, within the specified tolerance zone. The profile may or may not be oriented with respect to datums. A Surface Profile A All points on the indicated surface must lie on its theoretical threedimensional profile, as defined by basic dimensions, within the specified tolerance zone. The profile may or may not be oriented with respect to datums. A 9
12 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Perpendicularity (Squareness).002 A All points on the indicated surface, axis, or line must lie in a single plane exactly 90 from the designated datum plane or axis, within the specified tolerance zone. A Angularity A A All points on the indicated surface or axis must lie in a single plane at exactly the specified angle from the designated datum plane or axis, within the specified tolerance zone. Parallelism A.002 A All points on the indicated surface or axis must lie in a single plane parallel to the designated datum plane or axis, within the specified tolerance zone. 10
13 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Circular Runout A.002 A.003 A Each circular element of the indicated surface is allowed to deviate only the specified amount from its theoretical form and orientation during 360 rotation about the designated datum axis. Total Runout.002 A The entire indicated surface is allowed to deviate only the specified amount from its theoretical form and orientation during 360 rotation about the designated datum axis. A.003 A Concentricity A.002 A If the indicated surface were sliced by any plane perpen - dicular to the designated datum axis, every sliceʼs center of area must lie on the datum axis, within the specified cylindrical tolerance zone (controls rotational balance). Position (Replaces Symmetry) A 4X M A The indicated featureʼs axis must be located within the specified tolerance zone from its true theoretical position, correctly oriented relative to the designated datum plane or axis. 11
14 TYPICAL SURFACE FINISHES PRODUCED BY VARIOUS PRODUCTION METHODS Roughness Average Microinches Micrometers Roughness Grade N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1 Sand Casting Hot Rolling Forging Permanent-Mold Casting Investment Casting Extruding Cold Rolling Die Casting Flame Cutting Sawing Planing Drilling EDM Milling Laser Cutting Reaming Broaching Turning and Boring Tumbling Roller Burnishing Grinding Honing Electro-Polishing Polishing Lapping Superfinishing Metric Roughness Symbol { { { { 12
15 CLAMPING FORCE OF STANDARD CLAMP STRAPS USA Tensile Recommended Clamping Force Stud Torque* Force in Stud Size (ft.-lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) # / / / / / / / METRIC M M M M M M M *Clean, dry clamping stud torqued to approximately 33% of its 100,000 psi yield strength (2:1 lever ratio). 13
16 AISI/SAE NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS L14 Type Carbon content L denotes leaded steels (Hundredths of a %) B denotes boron steels Carbon Steels Manganese Steel Nickel Steels Nickel-Chromium Steels Molybdenum Steels Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Nickel-Molybdenum Steels Chromium Steels Chromium-Vanadium Steels Tungsten-Chromium Steels Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Silicon-Manganese Steels Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels 10XX Plain Carbon, Mn 1.00% max 11XX Resulfurized Free Machining 12XX Resulfurized/Rephosphorized Free Machining 15XX Plain Carbon, Mn % 13XX Mn 1.75% 23XX Ni 3.50% 25XX Ni 5.00% 31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr % 32XX Ni 1.75%, Cr 1.07% 33XX Ni 3.50%, Cr % 34XX Ni 3.00%, Cr.77% 40XX Mo % 44XX Mo % 41XX Cr %, Mo % 43XX Ni 1.82%, Cr %, Mo.25% 47XX Ni 1.05%, Cr.45%, Mo % 46XX Ni %, Mo % 48XX Ni 3.50%, Mo.25% 50XX Cr % 51XX Cr % 50XXX Cr.50%, C 1.00% min 51XXX Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min 52XXX Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min 61XX Cr %, V % 72XX W 1.75%, Cr.75% 81XX Ni.30%, Cr.40%, Mo.12% 86XX Ni.55%, Cr.50%, Mo.20% 87XX Ni.55%, Cr.50%, Mo.25% 88XX Ni.55%, Cr.50%, Mo.35% 92XX Si %, Mn %, Cr 0-.65% 93XX Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo.12% 94XX Ni.45%, Cr.40%, Mo.12% 97XX Ni.55%, Cr.20%, Mo.20% 98XX Ni 1.00%, Cr.80%, Mo.25% 14
17 MACHINABILITY COMPARISON* Carbon Steels: % % % % % 1141 Annealed...81% % % % 1144 Annealed...85% % 1144 Stressproof...83% % % % % % 12L % % % Alloy Steels: 2355 Annealed...70% % 4130 Annealed...72% 4820 Annealed...49% 4140 Annealed...66% Annealed...40% 4142 Annealed...66% 6150 Annealed...60% 41L42 Annealed...77% % 4150 Annealed...60% 86L % 4340 Annealed...57% 9310 Annealed...51% Stainless Steels and Super Alloys: 302 Annealed...45% 420 Annealed...45% 303 Annealed...78% 430 Annealed...54% 304 Annealed...45% 431 Annealed...45% 316 Annealed...45% 440A...45% 321 Annealed...36% 15-5PH Condition A...48% 347 Annealed...36% 17-4PH Condition A...48% 410 Annealed...54% A286 Aged...33% 416 Annealed...110% Hastelloy X...19% Tool Steels: A % M % A % O % D % O % D % Gray Cast Iron: ASTM Class 20 Annealed73% ASTM Class % ASTM Class % ASTM Class % ASTM Class % ASTM Class % ASTM Class % Nodular Iron: Annealed...61% % Annealed...61% Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Aluminum, Cold Drawn..360% Magnesium, Cold Drawn...480% Aluminum, Cast...450% Magnesium, Cast...480% Aluminum, Die Cast...76% * Relative machining speed based on 1212 as 100%. All figures are based on colddrawn bars in as-drawn condition, except where noted. 15
18 60 kg Brale Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) Scleroscope 30 kg Brale Rockwell A Shore Brinell 45-N Rockwell Superficial 15-N F E D C B 100 kg 1/16" Ball 150 kg Brale 100 kg Brale 100 kg 1/8" Ball 60 kg 1/16" Ball 30-T 30 kg 16" Ball 45 kg Brale 30-N 15 kg Brale APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL 3000 kg 10mm Ball Steel 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel 136 Diamond Pyramid Vickers *Brinell hardness values above 500 are listed for a 10mm carbide ball instead of a steel ball , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , *
19 17 Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) Scleroscope 30 kg Brale Rockwell A Shore Brinell 45-N Rockwell Superficial 15-N F E D C B 60 kg Brale 100 kg 1/16" Ball 150 kg Brale 100 kg Brale 100 kg 1/8" Ball 60 kg 1/16" Ball 30-T 45 kg Brale 30-N 15 kg Brale 30 kg 1/16" Ball APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL 3000 kg 10mm Ball Steel 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel 136 Diamond Pyramid Vickers , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
20 18 Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) Scleroscope 30 kg Brale Rockwell A Shore Brinell 45-N Rockwell Superficial 15-N F E D C B 60 kg Brale 100 kg 1/16" Ball 150 kg Brale 100 kg Brale 100 kg 1/8" Ball 60 kg 1/16" Ball 30-T 30 kg 1/16" Ball 45 kg Brale 30-N 15 kg Brale APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL 3000 kg 10mm Ball Steel 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel 136 Diamond Pyramid Vickers , , , ,000 98,000 96,000 93,000 91,000 88,000 86,000 84,000 83,000 81,000 79,000 78,000 76,000 75,000 73,
21 19 Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) Scleroscope 30 kg Brale Rockwell A Shore Brinell 45-N Rockwell Superficial 15-N F E D C B 60 kg Brale 100 kg 1/16" Ball 150 kg Brale 100 kg Brale 100 kg 1/8" Ball 60 kg 1/16" Ball 30-T 30 kg 1/16" Ball 45 kg Brale 30-N 15 kg Brale APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL 3000 kg 10mm Ball Steel 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel 136 Diamond Pyramid Vickers
22 20 Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) Scleroscope 30 kg Brale Rockwell A Shore Brinell 45-N Rockwell Superficial 15-N F E D C B 60 kg Brale 100 kg 1/16" Ball 150 kg Brale 100 kg Brale 100 kg 1/8" Ball 60 kg 1/16" Ball 30-T 30 kg 1/16" Ball 45 kg Brale 30-N 15 kg Brale APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL 3000 kg 10mm Ball Steel 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel 136 Diamond Pyramid Vickers
23 A 60 kg Brale B 100 kg 1/16" Ball APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL C 150 kg Brale Rockwell D 100 kg Brale E 100 kg 1/8" Ball F 60 kg 1/16" Ball N 15 kg Brale Rockwell Superficial 45-N 30-N 30 kg Brale 45 kg Brale 30-T 30 kg 1/16" Ball kg 10mm Ball Steel Brinell 500 kg 10mm Ball Steel Vickers 136 Diamond Pyramid Shore Scleroscope Hardness values in italics are beyond the normal range of that scale and are listed for reference only. Approximate Tensile Strength (psi) 21
24 SINGLE-ACTING DOUBLE-ACTING ADJUSTABLE DETENT EXPANDING LIFTING BALL LOCK PINS BALL LOCK PINS BALL LOCK PINS PINS PINS PINS SINGLE-ACTING BALL LOCK PINS Precision ground locating pin. Press button to insert or remove. Positive locking until released by pressing button. Available in four handle styles. Two locking balls standard, with four balls available for greater pull-out strength. 3/16 to 1" diameters standard. Available in alloy or stainless steel. DOUBLE-ACTING BALL LOCK PINS Similar to a single-acting pin, except you release by pulling or pushing the handle. Positive locking. Choice of three handle styles. Available with drive-out option (internal spindle extends beyond the shank end). This feature lets you remove a pin under shear loading by tapping the shank end with a hammer. ADJUSTABLE BALL LOCK PINS Single-acting ball lock pin with adjustable grip length (1/2- inch range). Adjust grip by turning handle, then lock with the knurled locknut. Available in three handle styles. DETENT PINS Economical locating pin. Locking balls are spring loaded, not positive locking. Simply push pin to insert, pull to remove. 3/16 to 1" diameters standard. Available in alloy or stainless steel. EXPANDING PINS Precision alignment pin. Diameter expands up to.006 inches by moving handle. Positive cam action expands split bushings to lock pin in place. LIFTING PINS Single-acting ball lock pin with one-piece body and four balls for high tension loads. Sturdy forged shackle for heavy lifting. 22
25 METRIC PREFIXES Prefix Symbol Multiplier tera...t...1,000,000,000,000. giga...g... 1,000,000,000. mega...m... 1,000,000. kilo...k... 1,000. hecto...h deka...da deci...d....1 centi...c milli...m micro...µ nano...n pico...p
26 CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To Obtain A 1 Amperes Abcoulombs 2.998x10 10 Statcoulombs Acre-feet 43,560 Cubic feet Acre-feet Cubic meters Acre-feet 325,851 Gallons Acres.4047 Hectares Acres 43,560 Square feet Acres 4,047 Square meters Acres Square miles Acres 4,840 Square yards Ampere-hours 3,600 Coulombs Ampere-hours Faradays Ampere-turns Gilberts Angstrom unit 3.937x10-9 Inches Angstrom unit Meters Ares Acres Ares 100 Sq. meters Astronomical units 1.495x10 8 Kilometers Atmospheres Bars Atmospheres 76.0 Cm. of mercury Atmospheres Feet of water Atmospheres Inches of mercury Atmospheres 10,333 Kilograms/sq. meter Atmospheres KiloPascals Atmospheres 101,325 Pascals Atmospheres Pounds/sq. inch Atmospheres Tons/sq. foot Bags (cement) 94 Pounds Barrels (cement) 376 Pounds Barrels (dry) 7056 Cubic inches Barrels (dry) Quarts (dry) Barrels (liquid) 31.5 Gallons Barrels (oil) 42 Gallons Bars.9869 Atmospheres Bars 1,000,000 Dynes/sq. centimeter Bars 10,200 Kilograms/sq. meter Bars 100 KiloPascals Bars Millimeters of mercury Bars 100,000 Pascals Bars Pounds/sq. inch A B 24
27 Multiply By To Obtain Baryls 1 Dynes/sq. centimeter Board feet 144 Cubic inches Bolts (US Cloth) 40 Yards B.T.U x10 10 Ergs B.T.U Foot-pounds B.T.U Gram calories B.T.U x10-4 Horsepower-hours B.T.U. 1,055 Joules B.T.U Kilocalories B.T.U Kilogram-meters B.T.U x10-4 Kilowatt-hours B.T.U Liter-Atmospheres B.T.U./hour.2162 Foot-pounds/second B.T.U./hour.0700 Gram-calories/second B.T.U./hour 3.930x10-4 Horsepower B.T.U./hour.2931 Watts B.T.U./minute Foot-pounds/second B.T.U./minute Horsepower B.T.U./minute Kilowatts B.T.U./minute Watts B.T.U./sq. foot/minute.1221 Watts/sq. inch Buckets (British, Dry) Liters Bushels Cu. feet Bushels Cu. inches Bushels Cu. meters Bushels Liters Bushels 4 Pecks Bushels 64 Pints (dry) Bushels 32 Quarts (dry) C 1 Coulombs Calories (gram) B.T.U Calories (gram).001 Calories (kilogram) Calories (gram) 41,840,000 Ergs Calories (gram).001 Food calories Calories (gram) Foot-pounds Calories (gram) 1.559x10-6 Horsepower-hours Calories (gram).001 Kilocalories Calories (gram) 1.162x10-6 Kilowatt-hours Calories (kilogram) B.T.U. Calories (kilogram) 1,000 Calories (gram) Calories (kilogram) 1 Food calories Calories (kilogram) 3,086 Foot-pounds Calories (kilogram) Horsepower-hours Calories (kilogram) 4,184 Joules Calories (kilogram) 1 Kilocalories C 25
28 Multiply By To Obtain Calories (kilogram) Kilogram-meters Calories (kilogram) Kilowatt-hours Candela/sq. centimeter Lamberts Candela/sq. inch.4869 Lamberts Candela/sq. meter Lamberts Carats Grains Centares (Centiares) 1 Square meters Centigrams.01 Grams Centiliters.01 Liters Centimeter-dynes Centimeter-grams Centimeter-dynes 1.020x10-8 Meter-kilograms Centimeter-dynes 7.376x10-8 Pound-feet Centimeter-grams Centimeter-dynes Centimeter-grams 10-5 Meter-kilograms Centimeter-grams 7.233x10-5 Pound-feet Centimeters Feet Centimeters.3937 Inches Centimeters.01 Meters Centimeters 10 Millimeters Centimeters Mils Centimeters of mercury Atmospheres Centimeters of mercury.4461 Feet of water Centimeters of mercury Kilograms/sq. meter Centimeters of mercury Pounds/sq. foot Centimeters of mercury.1934 Pounds/sq. inch Centimeters/second Feet/minute Centimeters/second Feet/second Centimeters/second.036 Kilometers/hour Centimeters/second.6 Meters/minute Centimeters/second Miles/hour Centimeters/second 3.728x10-4 Miles/minute Centimeters/sec./sec Feet/sec./sec. Centipoise 1 Millipascal-seconds Centipoise.001 Pascal-seconds Centistokes 10-6 Sq. meters/second Centistokes 1 Sq. millimeters/second Chains 792 Inches Chains Meters Chains 22 Yards Circular mils 5.067x10-6 Sq. centimeters Circular mils 7.854x10-7 Sq. inches Circular mils.7854 Sq. mils Circumference Radians Cord feet 16 Cu. feet Cords 8 Cord feet Coulombs 1.036x10-5 Faradays Coulombs 2.998x10 9 Statcoulombs Coulombs/sq. centimeter Coulombs/sq. inch 26
29 Multiply By To Obtain Coulombs/sq. inch.1550 Coulombs/sq. cm Cubic centimeters 3.531x10-5 Cubic feet Cubic centimeters Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Cubic centimeters 1.308x10-6 Cubic yards Cubic centimeters 2.642x10-4 Gallons Cubic centimeters.001 Liters Cubic centimeters Pints (liquid) Cubic centimeters Quarts (liquid) Cubic feet.8036 Bushels (dry) Cubic feet 28,320 Cubic centimeters Cubic feet 1728 Cubic inches Cubic feet Cubic meters Cubic feet Cubic yards Cubic feet Gallons Cubic feet Liters Cubic feet Pints (liquid) Cubic feet Pounds of water Cubic feet Quarts (liquid) Cubic feet/minute Cu. centimeters/second Cubic feet/minute.1247 Gallons/second Cubic feet/minute.4720 Liters/second Cubic feet/minute Pounds of water/minute Cubic feet/second Millions of gallons/day Cubic feet/second Gallons/minute Cubic inches Cubic centimeters Cubic inches 5.787x10-4 Cubic feet Cubic inches 1.639x10-5 Cubic meters Cubic inches 2.143x10-5 Cubic yards Cubic inches Gallons Cubic inches Liters Cubic inches 106,100 Mil-feet Cubic inches Pints (liquid) Cubic inches Quarts (liquid) Cubic meters Bushels (dry) Cubic meters 1,000,000 Cubic centimeters Cubic meters Cubic feet Cubic meters 61,023 Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic yards Cubic meters Gallons Cubic meters 1000 Liters Cubic meters 2113 Pints (liquid) Cubic meters 1057 Quarts (liquid) Cubic yards 764,600 Cubic centimeters Cubic yards 27 Cubic feet Cubic yards 46,656 Cubic inches 27
30 Multiply By To Obtain Cubic yards.7646 Cubic meters Cubic yards Gallons Cubic yards Liters Cubic yards 1616 Pints (liquid) Cubic yards Quarts (liquid) Cubic yards/minute.45 Cubic feet/second Cubic yards/minute Gallons/second Cubic yards/minute Liters/second Cycles/second 1 Hertz Days 86,400 Seconds Decigrams.1 Grams Deciliters.1 Liters Decimeters.1 Meters Degrees (angle) 60 Minutes Degrees (angle) Quadrants Degrees (angle) Radians Degrees (angle) 3600 Seconds Degrees (Celsius) ( Cx9/5)+32 Degrees (Fahrenheit) Degrees (Celsius) C Degrees (Kelvin) Degrees (Fahrenheit) ( F-32)x5/9 Degrees (Celsius) Degrees (Fahrenheit) F Degrees (Rankine) Degrees (Kelvin) K Degrees (Celsius) Degrees (Rankine) R Degrees (Fahrenheit) Degrees/second (angle) Radians/second Degrees/second (angle).1667 Revolutions/minute Degrees/second (angle) Revolutions/second Dekagrams 10 Grams Dekaliters 10 Liters Dekameters 10 Meters Drams Grains Drams Grams Drams.0625 Ounces Drams (troy) Ounces Drams (troy).125 Ounces (troy) Dyne-centimeters 1 Ergs Dynes 1 Gram-cm./sec.2 Dynes 10-7 Joules/centimeter Dynes 1.020x10-6 Kilograms Dynes 10-5 Newtons Dynes 7.233x10-5 Poundals Dynes 2.248x10-6 Pounds Dynes/centimeter.01 Ergs/sq.millimeter Dynes/sq. centimeter 9.869x10-7 Atmospheres Dynes/sq. centimeter 10-6 Bars D 28
31 Multiply By To Obtain Em (Pica).4233 Centimeters Em (Pica).167 Inches Ergs 9.478x10-11 B.T.U. Ergs 2.390x10-8 Calories (gram) Ergs 1 Dyne-centimeters Ergs 7.376x10-8 Foot-pounds Ergs Gram-centimeters Ergs 3.725x10-14 Horsepower-hours Ergs 10-7 Joules Ergs 2.390x10-11 Kilocalories Ergs 1.020x10-8 Kilogram-meters Ergs 2.778x10-14 Kilowatt-hrs. Ergs 2.778x10-11 Watt-hours Ergs/second 5.688x10-9 B.T.U./minute Ergs/second 1 Dyne-cm./sec. Ergs/second 4.427x10-6 Foot-pounds/minute Ergs/second x10-8 Foot-pounds/second Ergs/second 1.341x10-10 Horsepower Ergs/second 1.433x10-9 Kilocalories/minute F 1 Farads Faradays Ampere-hours Faradays 96,490 Coulombs Faradays/sec. 96,490 Amperes Farads 1,000,000 Microfarads Fathoms Meters Fathoms 6 Feet Feet Centimeters Feet 12 Inches Feet 3.048x10-4 Kilometers Feet.3048 Meters Feet 1.894x10-4 Miles Feet 1.645x10-4 Miles (nautical) Feet Millimeters Feet.3333 Yards Feet of water Atmospheres Feet of water.8826 Inches of mercury Feet of water Kilograms/sq. cm. Feet of water Kilograms/sq. meter Feet of water Pounds/sq. foot Feet of water.4335 Pounds/sq. inch Feet/minute.5080 Centimeters/second Feet/minute Feet/second Feet/minute Kilometers/hour E F 29
32 Multiply By To Obtain Feet/minute.3048 Meters/minute Feet/minute Miles/hour Feet/second Centimeters/second Feet/second Kilometers/hour Feet/second.5921 Knots Feet/second Meters/minute Feet/second.6818 Miles/hour Feet/second Miles/minute Feet/sec./sec Centimeters/sec./sec. Feet/sec./sec Meters/sec./sec. Feet/sec./sec Kilometers/hr./sec. Feet/sec./sec Miles/hour/sec. Foot candles Lumens/sq. meter Footlamberts Candela/square meter Foot-pounds B.T.U. Foot-pounds 13,560,000 Ergs Foot-pounds.3240 Gram calories Foot-pounds 5.051x10-7 Horsepower-hours Foot-pounds Joules Foot-pounds 3.240x10-4 Kilocalories Foot-pounds.1383 Kilogram-meters Foot-pounds 3.766x10-7 Kilowatt-hours Foot-pounds Newton-meters Foot-pounds/minute B.T.U./minute Foot-pounds/minute Foot-pounds/sec. Foot-pounds/minute 3.030x10-5 Horsepower Foot-pounds/minute 3.240x10-4 Kilocalories/minute Foot-pounds/minute 2.260x10-5 Kilowatts Foot-pounds/second B.T.U./minute Foot-pounds/second B.T.U./hour Foot-pounds/second Horsepower Foot-pounds/second Kilocalories/minute Foot-pounds/second Kilowatts Furlongs 660 Feet Furlongs.125 Miles Furlongs 40 Rods gʼs (gravity) feet/sec/sec gʼs (gravity) meters/sec/sec Gallons 3785 Cubic centimeters Gallons.1337 Cubic feet Gallons Cubic inches Gallons Cubic meters Gallons Cubic yards Gallons Gallons (Imperial) Gallons Liters G 30
33 Multiply By To Obtain Gallons 8 Pints (liquid) Gallons Pounds of water Gallons 4 Quarts (liquid) Gallons (Imperial) Gallons Gallons/minute Cubic feet/hour Gallons/minute Cubic feet/second Gallons/minute Liters/sec. Gallons/minute Tons of water/24 hrs. Gausses Lines/sq. inch Gausses 10-8 Teslas Gausses 10-8 Webers/sq. cm. Gausses 6.452x10-8 Webers/sq. in. Gausses 10-4 Webers/sq. meter Gilberts.7958 Ampere-turns Gilberts/centimeter.7958 Ampere-turns/cm. Gilberts/centimeter Ampere-turns/inch Gilberts/centimeter Ampere-turns/meter Gills.1183 Liters Gills.25 Pints (liquid) Gills (British) Cu. centimeters Grade percentage.9001 Degrees Grains Drams Grains Grams Grains Ounces (troy) Grains Pennyweights (troy) Grains (troy) 1 Grains Grains/gallon Parts/million Grains/gallon Pounds/million gallons Grains/Imp. gallon Parts/million Gram-centimeters 9.295x10-8 B.T.U. Gram-centimeters Ergs Gram-centimeters 2.344x10-8 Kilocalories Gram-centimeters 10-5 Kilogram-meters Gram-centimeters/sec. 2 1 Dynes Grams Dynes Grams Grains Grams.001 Kilograms Grams 1000 Milligrams Grams Ounces Grams Ounces (troy) Grams Poundals Grams Pounds Grams/centimeter Pounds/inch Grams/cu. centimeter Pounds/cubic foot Grams/cu. centimeter Pounds/cubic inch Grams/liter Grains/gallon Grams/liter Pounds/1000 gallons Grams/liter Pounds/cubic foot 31
34 Multiply By To Obtain Grams/liter 1000 Parts/million Grams/sq. centimeter Pounds/sq. foot H 1 Henries Hands 4 Inches Hectares Acres Hectares 10,000 Square meters Hectares 107,600 Square feet Hectograms 100 Grams Hectoliters 100 Liters Hectometers 100 Meters Hectowatts 100 Watts Hertz 1 Cycles/second Hogsheads Cubic feet Hogsheads 63 Gallons Hogsheads (British) Cubic feet Horsepower B.T.U./minute Horsepower 33,000 Foot-pounds/min. Horsepower 550 Foot-pounds/sec. Horsepower Horsepower (metric) Horsepower Kilocalories/minute Horsepower.7457 Kilowatts Horsepower Watts Horsepower (boiler) 33,479 B.T.U./hour Horsepower (boiler) Kilowatts Horsepower (metric).9863 Horsepower Horsepower-hours 2544 B.T.U. Horsepower-hours 641,600 Calories (gram) Horsepower-hours 2.685x10 13 Ergs Horsepower-hours 1,980,000 Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours 2,684,520 Joules Horsepower-hours Kilocalories Horsepower-hours 273,700 Kilogram-meters Horsepower-hours.7457 Kilowatt-hours Hundredweights 1600 Ounces Hundredweights 100 Pounds Hundredweights.05 Tons Hundredweights Tons (long) Hundredweights Tons (metric) Hundredweights (long) 112 Pounds Hundredweights (long).05 Tons (long) Inches 2.54 Centimeters Inches.0254 Meters H I 32
35 Multiply By To Obtain Inches 25.4 Millimeters Inches 1,000 Mils Inches Yards Inches of mercury Atmospheres Inches of mercury Feet of water Inches of mercury Kilograms/sq. cm. Inches of mercury Kilograms/sq. meter Inches of mercury Pounds/sq. foot Inches of mercury.4912 Pounds/sq. inch Inches of water Atmospheres Inches of water Inches of mercury Inches of water Kilograms/sq. meter Inches of water.5781 Ounces/sq. inch Inches of water Pounds/sq. foot Inches of water Pounds/sq. inch J 1 Joules Joules 9.478x10-4 B.T.U. Joules 10,000,000 Ergs Joules.7376 Foot-pounds Joules 3.725x10-7 Horsepower-hours Joules 2.390x10-4 Kilocalories Joules.1020 Kilogram-meters Joules 2.778x10-7 Kilowatt-hours Joules 1 Newton-meters Joules 2.778x10-4 Watt-hours Kilocalories B.T.U. Kilocalories 1 Food calories Kilocalories 3086 Foot-pounds Kilocalories 1000 Gram calories Kilocalories Horsepower-hours Kilocalories 4,184 Joules Kilocalories 1 Kilogram calories Kilocalories Kilogram-meters Kilocalories Kilojoules Kilocalories Kilowatt-hours Kilocalories/minute Foot-pounds/second Kilocalories/minute Horsepower Kilocalories/minute Kilowatts Kilogram-meters Foot-pounds Kilogram-meters/sec. 2 1 Newtons Kilograms 1000 Grams Kilograms Poundals J K 33
36 Multiply By To Obtain Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Tons Kilograms/cu. meter.001 Grams/cu. centimeter Kilograms/cu. meter Pounds/cu. foot Kilograms/cu. meter 3.613x10-5 Pounds/cu. inch Kilograms/meter.6720 Pounds/foot Kilograms/sq. cm Atmospheres Kilograms/sq. cm. 980,665 Dynes Kilograms/sq. cm Feet of water Kilograms/sq. cm Inches of mercury Kilograms/sq. cm. 2,048 Pounds/sq. foot Kilograms/sq. cm Pounds/sq. inch Kilograms/sq. meter 9.678x10-5 Atmospheres Kilograms/sq. meter 9.807x10-5 Bars Kilograms/sq. meter Feet of water Kilograms/sq. meter Inches of mercury Kilograms/sq. meter.2048 Pounds/sq. foot Kilograms/sq. meter Pounds./sq. inch Kilograms/sq. millimeter 1,000,000 Kilograms/sq. meter Kilolines 1000 Maxwells Kiloliters 1000 Liters Kilometers 100,000 Centimeters Kilometers 3281 Feet Kilometers 1000 Meters Kilometers.6214 Miles Kilometers 1094 Yards Kilometers/hour Centimeters/second Kilometers/hour Feet/minute Kilometers/hour.9113 Feet/second Kilometers/hour.5396 Knots Kilometers/hour Meters/minute Kilometers/hour.6214 Miles/hour Kilometers/hr./sec Centimeters/sec./sec. Kilometers/hr./sec Feet/sec./sec. Kilometers/hr./sec Meters/sec./sec. Kilometers/liter Miles/gallon KiloNewtons Pounds KiloPascals.1450 Pounds/sq. inch Kilowatt-hours 3412 B.T.U. Kilowatt-hours 3.600x10 13 Ergs Kilowatt-hours 2,655,000 Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours Horsepower-hours Kilowatt-hours 3,600,000 Joules Kilowatt-hours Kilocalories Kilowatt-hours 367,100 Kilogram-meters Kilowatts B.T.U./minute Kilowatts 44,250 Foot-pounds/minute Kilowatts Foot-pounds/second 34
37 Multiply By To Obtain Kilowatts Horsepower Kilowatts Kilocalories/minute Kilowatts 1000 Watts Knots Feet/second Knots Kilometers/hr. Knots Miles/hour Knots 1 Nautical miles/hour L Lamberts.3183 Candela/sq. centimeter Lamberts Candela/sq. inch Lamberts 3183 Candela/sq. meter Leagues 3 Miles (nautical) Light years x10 12 Kilometers Light years 5.9x10 12 Miles Lines/sq. centimeter 1 Gausses Lines/sq. inch.1550 Gausses Lines/sq. inch 1.550x10-9 Webers/sq. centimeter Lines/sq. inch 10-8 Webers/sq. inch Links (engineerʼs) 12 Inches Links (surveyorʼs) 7.92 Inches Liters 1000 Cubic centimeters Liters Cubic feet Liters Cubic inches Liters.001 Cubic meters Liters Cubic yards Liters.2642 Gallons Liters Kilograms of water Liters Pints (liquid) Liters Quarts (liquid) Liters/minute 5.886x10-4 Cu. feet/second Liters/minute Gallons/second Lumens Spherical candle power Lumens Watts Lumens/sq. foot 1 Foot-candles Lumens/sq. foot Lumens/sq. meter Lux.0929 Foot-candles Maxwells.001 Kilolines Maxwells 10-8 Webers Megajoules.2778 Kilowatt-hours Megalines 1,000,000 Maxwells MegaPascals Pounds/sq. inch Meter-kilograms 98,070,000 Centimeter-dynes Meter-kilograms 100,000 Centimeter-grams M 35
38 Multiply By To Obtain Meter-kilograms Pound-feet Meters 100 Centimeters Meters Feet Meters Inches Meters.001 Kilometers Meters 6.214x10-4 Miles Meters 5.396x10-4 Miles (nautical) Meters 1000 Millimeters Meters Yards Meters/minute Centimeters/second Meters/minute Feet/minute Meters/minute Feet/second Meters/minute.06 Kilometers/hour Meters/minute Knots Meters/minute Miles/hour Meters/second Feet/minute Meters/second Feet/second Meters/second 3.6 Kilometers/hour Meters/second.06 Kilometers/minute Meters/second Miles/hour Meters/second Miles/minute Meters/sec./sec Feet/sec./sec. Meters/sec./sec. 3.6 Kilometers/hr./sec. Meters/sec./sec Miles/hour/sec. Mhos 1 Siemens Microfarads 10-6 Farads Microns 10-6 Meters Mil-feet 9.425x10-6 Cu. inches Miles 160,900 Centimeters Miles 5280 Feet Miles 63,360 Inches Miles Kilometers Miles 1,609 Meters Miles.8684 Miles (nautical) Miles 1760 Yards Miles (nautical) 6, Feet Miles (nautical) Kilometers Miles (nautical) 1,853 Meters Miles (nautical) Miles Miles (nautical) 2,027 Yards Miles/gallon.4251 Kilometers/liter Miles/hour Centimeters/second Miles/hour 88 Feet/minute Miles/hour Feet/second Miles/hour Kilometers/hour Miles/hour.8684 Knots Miles/hour Meters/minute Miles/hour.1667 Miles/minute 36
39 Multiply By To Obtain Miles/hour/sec Centimeters/sec./sec. Miles/hour/sec Feet/sec./sec. Miles/hour/sec Kilometers/hr./sec. Miles/hour/sec Meters/sec./sec. Miles/minute 2682 Centimeters/second Miles/minute 88 Feet/second Miles/minute Kilometers/minute Miles/minute 60 Miles/hour Milliers 1000 Kilograms Milligrams Grains Milligrams.001 Grams Milligrams/liter 1 Parts/million Milliliters.001 Liters Millimeters.1 Centimeters Millimeters Inches Millimeters Feet Millimeters Mils Millimeters of mercury Atmospheres Millimeters of mercury Bars Millimeters of mercury Feet of water Millimeters of mercury Kilograms/sq. meter Millimeters of mercury Pascals Millimeters of mercury Pounds/sq. inch Millimicrons 10-9 Meters Million gallons/day Cu. feet/second Mils Centimeters Mils.001 Inches Minerʼs inches 1.5 Cu. feet/minute Minims Cu. centimeters Minims (British) Cu. centimeters Minutes (angle) Degrees Minutes (angle) 1.852x10-4 Quadrants Minutes (angle) 2.909x10-4 Radians Minutes (angle) 60 Seconds N 1 Newtons Nepers Decibels Newton-meters.7376 Foot-pounds Newton-meters 1 Joules Newtons 100,000 Dynes Newtons.1020 Kilograms Newtons 1 Kilogram-meters/sec.2 Newtons.2248 Pounds Newtons/sq. meter 1 Pascals N 37
40 Multiply By To Obtain Oersteds Amperes/meter Ounces 16 Drams Ounces Grains Ounces Grams Ounces.9115 Ounces (troy) Ounces.0625 Pounds Ounces 2.790x10-5 Tons (long) Ounces 2.835x10-5 Tons (metric) Ounces (fluid) Cubic inches Ounces (fluid) Liters Ounces (troy) 480 Grains Ounces (troy) Grams Ounces (troy) Ounces Ounces (troy) 20 Pennyweights (troy) Ounces (troy) Pounds (troy) Ounces/sq. inch.0625 Pounds/sq. inch O Pa 1 Pascals Parts/million.0584 Grains/gallon Parts/million Grains/Imp. gallon Parts/million Pounds/million gallons Pascals 9.869x10-6 Atmospheres Pascals Bars Pascals 1 Newtons/sq. meter Pascals 1.450x10-4 Pounds/sq. inch Pecks.25 Bushels Pecks Cubic inches Pecks Liters Pecks 8 Quarts (dry) Pennyweights (troy) 24 Grains Pennyweights (troy) Grams Pennyweights (troy).05 Ounces (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pounds (troy) Pi Picas.1660 Inches Pints (dry) Cu. inches Pints (liquid) Cu. centimeters Pints (liquid) Cu. feet Pints (liquid) Cu. inches Pints (liquid) 6.189x10-4 Cu. yards Pints (liquid).125 Gallons Pints (liquid).4732 Liters Pints (liquid).5 Quarts (liquid) Points Inches P 38
41 Multiply By To Obtain Poise 1 Grams/centimeter-sec. Pound-feet 13,560,000 Centimeter-dynes Pound-feet 13,825 Centimeter-grams Pound-feet.1383 Meter-kilograms Poundals 13,826 Dynes Poundals Grams Poundals Joules/centimeter Poundals.1383 Joules/meter Poundals Kilograms Poundals.1383 Newtons Poundals Pounds Pounds 256 Drams Pounds 444,823 Dynes Pounds 7000 Grains Pounds Grams Pounds Joules/centimeter Pounds Kilograms Pounds KiloNewtons Pounds Newtons Pounds 16 Ounces Pounds Ounces (troy) Pounds Poundals Pounds Pounds (troy) Pounds.0005 Tons Pounds (troy) 5760 Grains Pounds (troy) Grams Pounds (troy) Ounces Pounds (troy) 12 Ounces (troy) Pounds (troy) 240 Pennyweights (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds Pounds (troy) x10-4 Tons Pounds (troy) x10-4 Tons (long) Pounds (troy) x10-4 Tons (metric) Pounds of water Cubic feet Pounds of water Cubic inches Pounds of water.1198 Gallons Pounds of water/min x10-4 Cu. feet/second Pounds/cubic foot Grams/cu. centimeter Pounds/cubic foot Kilograms/cu. meter Pounds/cubic foot 5.787x10-4 Pounds/cu. inch Pounds/cubic inch Grams/cu. centimeter Pounds/cubic inch 27,680 Kilograms/cu. meter Pounds/cubic inch 1728 Pounds/cu. foot Pounds/foot Kilograms/meter Pounds/inch Grams/centimeter Pounds/sq. foot Feet of water Pounds/sq. foot Kilograms/sq. meter Pounds/sq. foot Pounds/sq. inch 39
42 Multiply By To Obtain Pounds/sq. inch Atmospheres Pounds/sq. inch Bars Pounds/sq. inch Feet of water Pounds/sq. inch Inches of mercury Pounds/sq. inch Kilograms/sq. meter Pounds/sq. inch KiloPascals Pounds/sq. inch MegaPascals Pounds/sq. inch 6897 Pascals Quadrants (angle) 90 Degrees Quadrants (angle) 5400 Minutes Quadrants (angle) Radians Quarts (dry) Cubic inches Quarts (dry) Quarts (liquid) Quarts (liquid) Cubic centimeters Quarts (liquid) Cubic feet Quarts (liquid) Cubic inches Quarts (liquid) 9.464x10-4 Cubic meters Quarts (liquid).25 Gallons Quarts (liquid).9463 Liters Quarts (liquid).8594 Quarts (dry) Quintals 100 Kilograms Quintals Pounds Quintals (Argentinean) Pounds Quintals (Brazilian) Pounds Quintals (Peruvian) Pounds Quintals (Chilean) Pounds Quintals (Mexican) Pounds Quires 25 Sheets Radians Degrees Radians 3438 Minutes Radians.6366 Quadrants Radians/second Degrees/second Radians/second Revolutions/minute Radians/second.1592 Revolutions/second Radians/sec./sec Revolutions/min./min. Radians/sec./sec Revolutions/sec./sec Reams 500 Sheets Revolutions 360 Degrees Revolutions 4 Quadrants Revolutions Radians Revolutions/minute 6 Degrees/second Revolutions/minute.1047 Radians/second Q R 40
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