How CanCer becomes critical in the claims
|
|
- Ezra Wilkins
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 How CanCer becomes critical in the claims arena Cancer is a disease in which cells in your body grow in an uncontrolled way and form a lump called a tumour. In a healthy individual cells grow and reproduce in a regular and orderly manner, but cancer develops when these cells grow abnormally. However, cancer cells don't stop dividing and reproducing. They carry on growing in an uncontrolled way to form a lump called a tumour. Tumours can be Benign Malignant Benign Tumours Not Cancerous Tend to be made of cells that are either normal or only mildly abnormal Grow quite slowly Don t spread to other parts of the Body Malignant Tumours Made up of abnormal cancerous cells Grow faster than benign tumours Spread in to and destroy surrounding tissues Spread to other parts of the body through the blood stream or lymphatic system When cancer cells spread to another part of the body and form a new tumour at that site this is known as secondary cancer or metastasis. 1 P a g e
2 1. Types of Cancer There are over 200 different types of cancer, each classified according to the type and site of cell of origin. They are named after the types of cells that they develop from and are grouped into the categories below. 1.1 Carcinoma This type of cancer starts off in epithelial cells. These are cells that line your organs and tissues. The main forms of lung cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer are all carcinomas. The different types of carcinoma are named after the type of epithelial cell that they develop from. There are four main types of epithelial cells, so there are four main types of carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinomas affect the cells that line your skin, mouth, airways and oesophagus (the pipe that goes from your mouth to your stomach). Adenomatous cell carcinomas affect the cells lining organs that contain glands, such as your stomach, bowel, pancreas and breasts. Transitional cell carcinomas affect the cells in your bladder and urinary tract (where your body makes, and gets rid of, urine). Basal cell carcinomas affect the cells in your skin. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer, accounting for up to 85 in 100 diagnosed cancers. 1.2 Sarcoma This type of cancer develops from the cells of your connective tissues. These include bone, muscle, blood vessels and fat. The two main types are bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Sarcomas are rare; less than one in 100 diagnosed cancers is this type. 2 P a g e
3 1.3 Leukaemia and lymphoma These are cancers of your blood and lymphatic system. Your lymphatic system is made up of your bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. These tissues and organs produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. Only about seven in 100 people diagnosed with cancer have leukaemia or lymphoma. Some types of leukaemia are more common in children than adults. The following terms often have prefixes that describe exactly what type of cell the cancer originated from. Adeno = Gland Hepto = Liver Lipo = Fat Lympho = White blood cell Melano = Pigment cell Myelo = Bone marrow Myo = Muscle Osteo = Bone 2. Stage of a Cancer Two main types of staging systems are used by doctors; I. Tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) system II. Numbered stages Some cancers have their own staging systems, such as Dukes staging for bowel cancer. 2.1 TNM Staging T the size of the actual tumour N the involvement of lymph nodes M whether there has been metastasis 3 P a g e
4 Table 01 - Principles of TNM Staging T is (in situ) Non-invasive, pre malignant, carcinoma in situ T1 Tumour superficial, small, early, usually less than 2cm diameter T2 Tumour early, but beginning to invade more deeply, 2-4 cm diameter T3 Tumour moderately advanced, invading deeply, confined to the organ T4 Locally advanced tumour, invading adjacent organs, fixed N0 No detectable spread of cancer to lymph nodes (glands) N1 Spread to immediately adjacent lymph nodes N2 M0 M1 Regional lymph nodes involved No distance metastases detected Distance metastases present Source: Life, critical illness and disability claims, Study Text (2014), Charted Insurance Institute UK. Numbered Staging Table 02 - Numbered Staging Classification Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Local Disease only Spread to local lymph nodes Locally advanced Metastases present Source: Life, critical illness and disability claims, Study Text (2014), Charted Insurance Institute UK. 4 P a g e
5 Importance of understanding the stage of a Cancer in Critical illness claims Usually this is the most important factor for the assessment of critical illness claims, as that typically determines whether the cancer is Invasive or not. 3. Grade of a Cancer The grade of a cancer is a measure of how closely tumour cells resemble normal cells or the extent of differentiation. Table 03 Grading of Cancer Grade I Tumour cells mostly appear similar to normal healthy cells. Well differentiated. Slow growing and less likely to spread Grade II Both differentiated and undifferentiated (abnormal) cells are seen. Moderately differentiated. More likely to spread Grade III Mostly abnormal undifferentiated (anaplastic) tumour cells. Poorly differentiated. Highly likely to grow fast and spread Source: Life, critical illness and disability claims, Study Text (2014), Charted Insurance Institute UK. The importance of understanding the grade in critical illness claim The one cancer type where it is important to know the grade for critical illness is prostate cancer. 4. Cancer Treatments Treatment of Cancer Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Treatment with hormones and other 5 P a g e
6 4.1 Surgery The usual treatment for the majority of localized cancers is excision of the tumour and a margin of adjacent tissues to ensure complete removal, for an example, in cancers of bowel, breast and skin. Cancer that has spread to adjacent lymph nodes may be treated by surgery, though often it is necessary to give post operative radiotherapy in addition. Optimum treatment may involve combined treatment, for an example surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy or hormone therapy in breast cancer. 4.2 Radiotherapy This involves the use of radiation to treat cancer by damaging the DNA within the cancer cells. This will destroy the cancer cells in the area that is being treated, and can help reduce the chances of it coming back. It can be delivered by means of x rays directed from outside the body or by a radioactive material being placed within the body. Normal tissues have a greater ability to regenerate than malignant cells; therefore radiotherapy is usually given in small doses daily over four to six weeks which allows recovery of the normal cells that sits alongside the cancerous cells. This gives a high total dose to eradicate the tumour while allowing the adjacent organs to survive. 4.3 Chemotherapy This is simply means drug treatment. Cytotoxic ( cell killing ) drugs affect cells which are multiplying. This means it will damage the cancer cells but also other healthy body tissues where cells are growing and dividing. *(E.g. in the bone marrow, skin and intestine) Hair loss due to chemotherapy damaging the cells of the hair follicles is a well-recognized side effect of chemotherapy treatment. Cytotoxic chemotherapy must be given in such a way as to poison the maximum number of cancer cells while allowing the normal tissues to recover from the inevitable damage. Fortunately, normal tissues are stimulated to regenerate after chemotherapy, whereas malignant tumours lack the normal regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, drugs are usually given in pulses three to four weeks, to allow sufficient recovery of the normal cells (bone marrow in particular) Some forms of cancers which can be cured by chemotherapy Leukaemia Lymphoma Testicular teratoma Choriocarcinoma 6 P a g e
7 Breast, ovarian and bowel cancer are moderately sensitive, and although not curable by chemotherapy alone, the prospects of cure may be improved when combined with other treatments. Side effects of chemotherapy Tiredness, sickness, digestive disruption, and an increased susceptibility to infection 4.4 Hormone Therapy Some cancers rely on hormones that are naturally produced substances in the body in order to grow. Hormone therapy is therefore aimed at blocking the hormone from reaching the cancer cells, thereby stopping or slowing the growth of the cancer Majority of prostate cancers and breast cancers which are sensitive to the influence of hormones are treated through this therapy. Side effects include tiredness, digestive problems, muscle and bone damage, weight gain, mood swings and depression. 4.5 Palliative treatment Palliative treatment is designed to relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life, at a time when it has been acknowledged there is no longer a chance of the cancer being cured. It can be used to reduce symptoms, such as pain or sickness, and may help someone to live longer and to live more comfortably in the last months of their life. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and surgery can all be used as a palliative treatment. 5. Common Cancers Breast Cancer Colon and rectum cancer Carcinoma of the lung Carcinoma of the prostate Skin cancer Leukaemia Lymphoma 7 P a g e
8 5.1 Breast Cancer Investigation and Diagnosis Stage Treatment Diagnosis is made in combination of; Physical examination Mammography Ultrasound scan Biopsy Confirmed by Histological examination and follow TNM Staging system If localized breast cancer is confirmed, the tumour and surrounding breast tissue are surgically removed along with tissue from the axilla to examine whether or not lymph nodes spread has already occurred. 5.2 Cancer of the colon and rectum Investigation and Diagnosis Stage Treatment Blood Tests, Physical Examination Initially performed Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy Internal examination of the Bowel Virtual Colonoscopy (CT Scan) Dukes A The cancer is confined to the innermost lining of the colon or rectum or slightly growing in to the muscle layer Dukes Lettered System Dukes B Dukes C Dukes D The cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the colon or rectum The cancer has spread to at least one lymph node in the area close to the bowel The cancer has spread to somewhere else in the body such as the liver or lung. This is more commonly referred to as stage 4, or advanced bowel cancer, rather than Dukes stage D. Surgery In order to remove the tumour and adjacent lymph nodes Chemotherapy Used to shrink the tumour prior to surgery and destroy any remaining cancer cells that may 8 P a g e
9 be present after tumour has been removed Radiotherapy May be used in combination with curative surgery for rectal cancer or as a palliative measure in advanced cases. 5.3 Carcinoma of the lung Smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer and a history of smoking should always be considered when assessing any claim for lung cancer. Other causes which cause lung cancers include; exposure to asbestos, previous lung disease and weakened immune system. The most common presenting symptom is a cough (about 70%) with dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood) and chest pain also being present in nearly half of patients. Lung cancer is also frequently associated with fatigue and weight loss, which occur in over 50% at presentation. Investigation and Diagnosis When cancer is identified referred for X Ray Followed by CT Scan, Bronchoscopy with Biopsy to determine the type and spread of the cancer Stage Either follow the TNM Staging system or Numbered Staging system Only about 01 out of every 100 people(1%) diagnosed with stage 4 small cell lung cancer will live for at least five years Treatment All cancer treatments will depend on the type and extent of the cancer, and patient s state of health. There are four histological types of lung cancer as follows; Squamous cell carcinoma 9 P a g e
10 Large cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma and other variants Small cell carcinoma Small cell cancers Chemotherapy Non-small cell carcinomas Surgical resection with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of these depending on the individual circumstances. 5.4 Carcinoma of the prostate Investigation and Diagnosis Investigations for Prostate Cancer Prostate specific antigen(psa) blood test Digital rectal examination(dre) Biopsy Ultrasound CT,MRI and bone scans Stage and Grade Usually follow the TNM Staging system Clinical Staging - estimate the extent of the disease and is based on the results of physical examination and test results Pathological Staging this is given after surgery and examination of the removed tissue, is more accurate than clinical staging. Treatment Treatement of early (T1 or T2), localized prostate cancer may be by surgery or radiotherapy Small tumours prostatectomy or keyhole surgery Local radiotherapy Advanced recurrent or metastastatic prostate cancer - hormone therapy 10 P a g e
11 5.5 Skin Cancer There are three main types of skin cancer as follows; Basal cell carcinoma Non Melanoma skin cancer Squamous cell carcinoma Melanomas arise in the melanin producing cells and are the most malignant of the three. Grow quickly and spread throughout the body. Investigation and Diagnosis Stage If lesion has any suspicious features referral to a dermatologist Tests Skin biopsy to remove the lesion Sample of cells may be taken from the nearest lymph nodes An x-ray, ultrasound, CT Scan or MRI Scan arrange to determine if there has been any spread to other sites in the body Staging System for Skin Cancer Stage TNM Breslow Description thickness 0 Tis NO MO In situ Clark level 1 1A T1a NO MO < 1.0 mm No ulceration. Clark level 1B 2A 2B T1b NO MO T2a NO MO T2b NO MO T3b NO MO T3b NO MO T4a NO MO < 1.0 mm mm mm mm mm > 4.0 mm II/III With ulceration. Clark level IV/V No ulceration With ulceration No ulceration With ulceration No ulceration 2C T4b NO MO > 4.0 mm With ulceration 3 T(any) N1-3 MO Regional node metastases 4 T(any) N (any) M1 Distant metastases 11 P a g e
12 Treatment Surgery Early stage melanomas and non-melanoma skin cancers Regular surveillance and self-checking of any new moles and lesions For more advance cases wide local excision removes tissue around the site of the melanoma, and accompanied by lymph node removal, radiotherapy and chemotherapy 5.6 Leukaemia Can be divided by the type of white blood cells Chronic myeloid (CML) Chronic lymphocytic (CLL) Acute myeloid (AML) Acute lymphoblastic (ALL) Investigation and Diagnosis Patients with suspected leukaemia referred to Haematologist Blood tests will be taken looking deficiencies of normal blood and presence of abnormal white blood cells Depending on results of the above tests, further tests will be recommended as follows; Bone marrow biopsy Chromosome and DNA analysis CT, MRI, X ray or ultrasound scans to look for enlarged lymph nodes, spleen or tumour Treatment Acute leukaemias usually arise in childhood chemotherapy has greatly improved the chance and duration of remission Bone marrow transplants if the match is available 12 P a g e
13 5.7 Lymphoma Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. They are classified in to two main groups as follows; Lymphoma Hodgkin s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma Investigation and Diagnosis Initial manifestation of the disease painless enlargement of a lymph node (in neck, armpit or groin) Other symptoms intermittent high temperature, night sweats, persistent cough, general malaise, anaemia and weight loss Diagnosed made by histological examination of a biopsied lymph node According to the each subtype of Hodgkin s lymphoma various histological groupings are as follows; Hodgkin s lymphoma Lymphocyte predominant Nodular Sclerosing Mixed Cellularity Lymphocyte depleted Outlook Best Intermediate Worst In non-hodgkin s group only one type of cell is involved and the malignant process is graded according to the microscopical appearance of this single cell type Non Hodgkin s Outlook lymphoma Low grade(indolent) Best malignancy Intermediate grade Intermediate 13 P a g e
14 malignancy High grade Worst (aggressive malignancy) Stage Stage 1 One group of lymph nodes affected or lymphoma just in one organ of the body Stage 2 Two or more groups of lymph nodes affected, on the same side of your diaphragm Stage 3 Lymph nodes affected on both sides of the diaphragm Stage 4 Lymphoma has spread outside the lymph nodes, for example to the liver bones Treatment Hodgkin s lymphoma Chemotherapy and radiotherapy Non Hodgkin s lymphoma Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and monocional antibody therapy 6. Critical illness claim considerations 6.1 Risk Factors Smoking History Close family members who have had cancer, usually before the age of 60 or 65 Previous diagnosis of cancer Lumps or moles that have changed in size, bled etc. Tests and investigations for other considerations, or unexplained symptoms When considering cancer claim the claims handling officer should consider whether the proposal form disclosures are consistent with what is being stated within the claim correspondence, or whether more detailed inquiry in to the relevant risk factors is warranted. 14 P a g e
15 7. Cancer definition of AAI Cancer A disease manifested by the presence of a malignant tumour characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of malignant cells, and the invasion of tissue. Diagnosis has to be confirmed by a specialist and evidenced by definite histology. The term cancer also includes leukaemia and malignant diseases of the lymphatic system such as Hodgkin s disease. Excluded are; - Any CIN stage (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) - Any pre- malignant tumour - Any non invasive cancer (cancer in situ) - Prostate cancer stage I (TI a, I b, I c) - Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma - Malignant melanoma stage IA (TI a NO MO) - Any Malignant tumour in the presence of any Human Immunodeficiency Virus 7.1 Documents require when considering the critical illness claim for cancer Histology report Details of this report confirms the invasion of malignant cells. Diagnosis Ticket All connected Medical Reports Claim Form and Hospital Treatment Certificate The key piece of information for all cancer critical illness claims will be to determine the stage given via the histology. Where there is any doubt as to extent and nature of the disease, all histology reports and medical reports should be referred to an oncologist chief medical officer for opinion. By: Mr. Charitha Jayasanka Boteju Manger Life Claims, Asian Alliance Insurance PLC. 15 P a g e
16 References Life, critical illness and disability claims, Study Text (2014), Charted Insurance Institute UK P a g e
Disease/Illness GUIDE TO ASBESTOS LUNG CANCER. What Is Asbestos Lung Cancer? www.simpsonmillar.co.uk Telephone 0844 858 3200
GUIDE TO ASBESTOS LUNG CANCER What Is Asbestos Lung Cancer? Like tobacco smoking, exposure to asbestos can result in the development of lung cancer. Similarly, the risk of developing asbestos induced lung
More informationReport series: General cancer information
Fighting cancer with information Report series: General cancer information Eastern Cancer Registration and Information Centre ECRIC report series: General cancer information Cancer is a general term for
More informationOncology. Objectives. Cancer Nomenclature. Cancer is a disease of the cell Cancer develops when certain cells begin to grow out of control
Oncology Objectives Describe the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms of cancer Discuss medical and family history findings relevant to cancer Identify general signs and symptoms associated with
More informationThymus Cancer. This reference summary will help you better understand what thymus cancer is and what treatment options are available.
Thymus Cancer Introduction Thymus cancer is a rare cancer. It starts in the small organ that lies in the upper chest under the breastbone. The thymus makes white blood cells that protect the body against
More informationYour bladder cancer diary. WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network
Your bladder cancer diary WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network Patient information and persons to contact Your Name Date of Birth URMN (Patient Hospital Unit Number) Address Phone Mobile GP Name Phone
More informationUnderstanding Metastatic Disease
Supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Pfizer Understanding Metastatic Disease Metastatic disease or metastases are phrases that mean the same as Secondary cancer. This means that the cancer
More information1400 Telegraph Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 248-334-6877-Phone number/248-334-6877-fax Number CANCER TREATMENT
1400 Telegraph Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 248-334-6877-Phone number/248-334-6877-fax Number CANCER TREATMENT Learning that your pet has a diagnosis of cancer can be overwhelming. We realize that your pet
More informationMesothelioma. 1995-2013, The Patient Education Institute, Inc. www.x-plain.com ocft0101 Last reviewed: 03/21/2013 1
Mesothelioma Introduction Mesothelioma is a type of cancer. It starts in the tissue that lines your lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs. This tissue is called mesothelium. Most people who get this
More informationLung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment
PATIENT EDUCATION patienteducation.osumc.edu Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment Cancer begins in our cells. Cells are the building blocks of our tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body.
More informationSkin cancer Patient information
Skin cancer Patient information What is cancer? The human body is made up of billions of cells. In healthy people, cells grow, divide and die. New cells constantly replace old ones in an orderly way. This
More informationAcute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Introduction Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cells. The increased number of these cells leads to overcrowding of healthy blood cells. As a result, the healthy cells are not
More informationTreating Melanoma S kin Cancer A Quick Guide
Treating Melanoma Skin Cancer A Quick Guide Contents This is a brief summary of the information on Treating melanoma skin cancer from our website. You will find more detailed information on the website.
More informationSmoking and misuse of certain pain medicines can affect the risk of developing renal cell cancer.
Renal cell cancer Renal cell cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in tubules of the kidney. Renal cell cancer (also called kidney cancer or renal adenocarcinoma) is a disease in which
More informationMelanoma The Skin Understanding Cancer
Melanoma A form of cancer that begins in melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or
More information95% of childhood kidney cancer cases are Wilms tumours. Childhood kidney cancer is extremely rare, with only 90 cases a year in
James Whale Fund for Kidney Cancer Childhood kidney cancer factsheet Kidney cancer rarely afflicts children and about 90 paediatric cases are diagnosed in the UK each year. About 75% of childhood kidney
More informationCANCER EXPLAINED. Union for International Cancer Control Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
MEDIA FACTSHEET CANCER EXPLAINED What is cancer? Cancer is a disease which occurs when changes in a group of normal cells within the body lead to uncontrolled growth causing a lump called a tumour; this
More informationLYMPHOMA IN DOGS. Diagnosis/Initial evaluation. Treatment and Prognosis
LYMPHOMA IN DOGS Lymphoma is a relatively common cancer in dogs. It is a cancer of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and lymphoid tissues. Lymphoid tissue is normally present in many places in the
More informationACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML),
1 ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), ALSO KNOWN AS ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA WHAT IS CANCER? The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly
More informationLung Cancer. This reference summary will help you better understand lung cancer and the treatment options that are available.
Lung Cancer Introduction Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of men and women. Over 165,000 people die of lung cancer every year in the United States. Most cases of lung cancer are related to cigarette
More informationThere are many different types of cancer and sometimes cancer is diagnosed when in fact you are not suffering from the disease at all.
About Cancer Cancer is a disease where there is a disturbance in the normal pattern of cell replacement. The cells mutate and become abnormal or grow uncontrollably. Not all tumours are cancerous (i.e.
More informationBreast Cancer. Presentation by Dr Mafunga
Breast Cancer Presentation by Dr Mafunga Breast cancer in the UK Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Around 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer It most commonly affects women over
More informationRADIATION THERAPY FOR LYMPHOMA. Facts to Help Patients Make an Informed Decision TARGETING CANCER CARE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY
RADIATION THERAPY FOR Facts to Help Patients Make an Informed Decision TARGETING CANCER CARE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY FACTS ABOUT The lymphatic system is a network of tiny vessels extending
More informationIntroduction Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. Breast cancer happens mainly in women. But men can get it too.
Male Breast Cancer Introduction Breast cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. Breast cancer happens mainly in women. But men can get it too. Many people do not know that men can get breast
More informationOBJECTIVES By the end of this segment, the community participant will be able to:
Cancer 101: Cancer Diagnosis and Staging Linda U. Krebs, RN, PhD, AOCN, FAAN OCEAN Native Navigators and the Cancer Continuum (NNACC) (NCMHD R24MD002811) Cancer 101: Diagnosis & Staging (Watanabe-Galloway
More informationUnderstanding. Pancreatic Cancer
Understanding Pancreatic Cancer Understanding Pancreatic Cancer The Pancreas The pancreas is an organ that is about 6 inches long. It s located deep in your belly between your stomach and backbone. Your
More informationAvastin: Glossary of key terms
Avastin: Glossary of key terms Adenocarcinoma Adenoma Adjuvant therapy Angiogenesis Anti-angiogenics Antibody Antigen Avastin (bevacizumab) Benign A form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue.
More informationColorectal Cancer Care A Cancer Care Map for Patients
Colorectal Cancer Care A Cancer Care Map for Patients Understanding the process of care that a patient goes through in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer in BC. Colorectal Cancer Care Map
More informationColon and Rectal Cancer
Colon and Rectal Cancer What is colon or rectal cancer? Colon or rectal cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in your large intestine, which is also called the large bowel. The colon is the last 5 feet
More informationLeukemias and Lymphomas: A primer
Leukemias and Lymphomas: A primer Normal blood contains circulating white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets 700 red cells (oxygen) 1 white cell Neutrophils (60%) bacterial infection Lymphocytes
More informationLifeProtect. Cancer Cover. For Intermediary Use Only
LifeProtect Cancer Cover For Intermediary Use Only There are few families in Ireland that have been unaffected by cancer. In fact, 1 in 3 men and 1 in 4 women in Ireland* will suffer from cancer at some
More informationGeneral Information About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
General Information About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Non-small cell lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped breathing
More informationAn Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER
An Introduction to PROSTATE CANCER Being diagnosed with prostate cancer can be a life-altering experience. It requires making some very difficult decisions about treatments that can affect not only the
More informationCarcinoma of the vagina is a relatively uncommon disease, affecting only about 2,000 women in
EVERYONE S GUIDE FOR CANCER THERAPY Malin Dollinger, MD, Ernest H. Rosenbaum, MD, Margaret Tempero, MD, and Sean Mulvihill, MD 4 th Edition, 2001 Vagina Jeffrey L. Stern, MD Carcinoma of the vagina is
More informationAFTER DIAGNOSIS: PROSTATE CANCER Understanding Your Treatment Options
AFTER DIAGNOSIS: PROSTATE CANCER Understanding Your Treatment Options INTRODUCTION This booklet describes how prostate cancer develops, how it affects the body and the current treatment methods. Although
More informationHow common is bowel cancer?
information Primary Care Society for Gastroenterology Bowel Cancer (1 of 6) How common is bowel cancer? Each year 35,000 people in Britain are diagnosed with cancer of the bowel, that is to say cancer
More informationPolicy Wording. Together, all the way.
Cancer cover Policy Wording Together, all the way. Cancer Cover Insurance Policy Wording 1. Introducing your Policy 2. What is Cancer Cover Insurance? 3. About your Policy 4. Some terms defined 5. What
More informationLIVER CANCER AND TUMOURS
LIVER CANCER AND TUMOURS LIVER CANCER AND TUMOURS Healthy Liver Cirrhotic Liver Tumour What causes liver cancer? Many factors may play a role in the development of cancer. Because the liver filters blood
More informationRadiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Introduction Cancer of the prostate is the most common form of cancer that affects men. About 240,000 American men are diagnosed with prostate cancer every year. Your
More informationAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in children
1 61.02 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in children AML can affect children of any age, and girls and boys are equally affected. Leukaemia Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) FAB classification of AML Causes of
More informationFrequently Asked Questions About Ovarian Cancer
Media Contact: Gerri Gomez Howard Cell: 303-748-3933 gerri@gomezhowardgroup.com Frequently Asked Questions About Ovarian Cancer What is ovarian cancer? Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in tissues
More informationSmall cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer Small cell lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped breathing organs that are found within
More informationAdjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s Adjuvant Therapy for Breast
More informationOne out of every two men and one out of every three women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetime. 3
1. What is cancer? 2. What causes cancer?. What causes cancer? 3. Can cancer be prevented? The Facts One out of every two men and one out of every three women will have some type of cancer at some point
More informationThe recommendations made throughout this book are by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
INTRODUCTION This book has been prepared for people with bowel cancer, their families and friends. The first section is for people with bowel cancer, and is intended to help you understand what bowel cancer
More informationNew strategies in anticancer therapy
癌 症 診 療 指 引 簡 介 及 臨 床 應 用 New strategies in anticancer therapy 中 山 醫 學 大 學 附 設 醫 院 腫 瘤 內 科 蔡 明 宏 醫 師 2014/3/29 Anti-Cancer Therapy Surgical Treatment Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Target Therapy Supportive
More informationLung cancer (non-small-cell)
Patient information from the BMJ Group Lung cancer (non-small-cell) It can be devastating to find out that you or someone close to you has lung cancer. You will have to make some important decisions about
More informationThese rare variants often act aggressively and may respond differently to therapy than the more common prostate adenocarcinoma.
Prostate Cancer OVERVIEW Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed among American men, accounting for nearly 200,000 new cancer cases in the United States each year. Greater than 65% of
More informationCancer is the leading cause of death for Canadians aged 35 to 64 and is also the leading cause of critical illness claims in Canada.
Underwriting cancer In this issue of the Decision, we provide an overview of Canadian cancer statistics and the information we use to make an underwriting decision. The next few issues will deal with specific
More informationBreast Cancer. Sometimes cells keep dividing and growing without normal controls, causing an abnormal growth called a tumor.
Breast Cancer Introduction Cancer of the breast is the most common form of cancer that affects women but is no longer the leading cause of cancer deaths. About 1 out of 8 women are diagnosed with breast
More informationEstimated New Cases of Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma 2014
ABOUT BLOOD CANCERS Leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are types of cancer that can affect the
More informationTreating Mesothelioma - A Quick Guide
Treating Mesothelioma - A Quick Guide Contents This is a brief summary of the information on Treating mesothelioma from CancerHelp UK. You will find more detailed information on the website. In this information
More informationCancer of the Cervix
Cancer of the Cervix WOMENCARE A Healthy Woman is a Powerful Woman (407) 898-1500 A woman's cervix (the opening of the uterus) is lined with cells. Cancer of the cervix occurs when those cells change,
More informationPeople Living with Cancer
Patient Guide ASCOInformation for People Living with Cancer ADVANCED LUNG CANCER TREATMENT Recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Welcome The American Society of Clinical Oncology
More informationMultiple Myeloma. This reference summary will help you understand multiple myeloma and its treatment options.
Multiple Myeloma Introduction Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells. Each year, thousands of people find out that they have multiple myeloma. This reference summary will help
More informationMETROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY NEW YORK, NEW YORK
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY NEW YORK, NEW YORK POLICYHOLDER: Your Employer Group Policy Form No: GPNP14-CI (Referred to as the Group Policy ) Certificate Form No: GCERT14-CI (Referred to as the
More informationBrain Cancer. This reference summary will help you understand how brain tumors are diagnosed and what options are available to treat them.
Brain Cancer Introduction Brain tumors are not rare. Thousands of people are diagnosed every year with tumors of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. The diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors
More informationSurgery. Wedge resection only part of the lung, not. not a lobe, is removed. Cancer Council NSW
The treatment you receive will depend on your lung cancer type, for example, whether you have a non-small cell lung cancer Adenocarcinoma or Squamous cell carcinoma, and if this is a sub-type with a mutation.
More informationCryosurgery in Cancer Treatment: Questions and Answers. Key Points
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s Cryosurgery in Cancer
More informationTumour Markers. What are Tumour Markers? How Are Tumour Markers Used?
Dr. Anthony C.H. YING What are? Tumour markers are substances that can be found in the body when cancer is present. They are usually found in the blood or urine. They can be products of cancer cells or
More informationHow To Treat Lung Cancer At Cleveland Clinic
Treatment Guide Lung Cancer Management The Chest Cancer Center at Cleveland Clinic, which includes specialists from the Respiratory Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute and Miller Family Heart & Vascular
More informationSymptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma
Produced 28.02.2011 Revision due 28.02.2013 Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma Lymphoma is a cancer of cells called lymphocytes. These cells are part of our immune system, which helps us to fight off infections.
More informationUnderstanding your pathology report
Understanding your pathology report 2 Contents Contents Introduction 3 What is a pathology report? 3 Waiting for your results 4 What s in a pathology report? 4 Information about your breast cancer 5 What
More informationNeuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine Tumors Neuroendocrine tumors arise from cells that release a hormone in response to a signal from the nervous system. Neuro refers to the nervous system. Endocrine refers to the hormones.
More informationThe lungs What is lung cancer? How common is it? Risks & symptoms Diagnosis & treatment options
Why We re Here The lungs What is lung cancer? How common is it? Risks & symptoms Diagnosis & treatment options What Are Lungs? What Do They Do? 1 Located in the chest Allow you to breathe Provide oxygen
More informationThe causes of kidney cancer are unknown. However, there are several factors that may increase your risk including:
Kidney cancer Summary Kidney cancer is more common in people over the age of 55 years. Most kidney cancers are found when the doctor is checking for something else. A person is usually able to live quite
More informationCMScript. Member of a medical scheme? Know your guaranteed benefits! Issue 7 of 2014
Background CMScript Member of a medical scheme? Know your guaranteed benefits! Issue 7 of 2014 Prostate cancer is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. It is
More informationTHYROID CANCER. I. Introduction
THYROID CANCER I. Introduction There are over 11,000 new cases of thyroid cancer each year in the US. Females are more likely to have thyroid cancer than men by a ratio of 3:1, and it is more common in
More informationCancer doesn t care but we do. 2010 Cancer Annual Report
Cancer doesn t care but we do. 2010 Cancer Annual Report The Cancer Committee of CHRISTUS St. Patrick Hospital is proud to present its 2010 Annual Report. The Community Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Program
More informationNEOPLASMS C00 D49. Presented by Jan Halloran CCS
NEOPLASMS C00 D49 Presented by Jan Halloran CCS 1 INTRODUCTION A neoplasm is a new or abnormal growth. In the ICD-10-CM classification system, neoplastic disease is classified in categories C00 through
More informationEarly Prostate Cancer: Questions and Answers. Key Points
CANCER FACTS N a t i o n a l C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s Early Prostate Cancer:
More informationAggressive lymphomas. Michael Crump Princess Margaret Hospital
Aggressive lymphomas Michael Crump Princess Margaret Hospital What are the aggressive lymphomas? Diffuse large B cell Mediastinal large B cell Anaplastic large cell Burkitt lymphoma (transformed lymphoma:
More informationLung Cancer Understanding your diagnosis
Lung Cancer Understanding your diagnosis Lung Cancer Understanding your diagnosis When you first hear that you have cancer you may feel alone and afraid. You may be overwhelmed by the large amount of information
More informationThe following information is only meant for people who have been diagnosed with advanced non-small cell
Important information for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer The following information is only meant for people who have been diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC
More informationKidney Cancer OVERVIEW
Kidney Cancer OVERVIEW Kidney cancer is the third most common genitourinary cancer in adults. There are approximately 54,000 new cancer cases each year in the United States, and the incidence of kidney
More informationCLL. Handheld record. Stockport NHS foundation trust
CLL 2015 Handheld record Contains- Patient information booklet, details of haematology clinic assessment and ongoing clinical assessment at GP surgery Stockport NHS foundation trust You have been diagnosed
More informationCervical Cancer The Importance of Cervical Screening and Vaccination
Cervical Cancer The Importance of Cervical Screening and Vaccination Cancer Cells Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body. Sometimes, this
More informationdedicated to curing BREAST CANCER
dedicated to curing BREAST CANCER When you are diagnosed with breast cancer, you need a team of specialists who will share their knowledge of breast disease and the latest treatments available. At Cancer
More informationCARDCARE PROTECTOR CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE
CARDCARE PROTECTOR CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE DBS Bank Ltd ( DBS ) is the master policyholder under Group Policy No. MD00000002 (the Policy ), underwritten by Manulife (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. (the Insurer
More informationLow grade non-hodgkin Lymphoma
Low grade non-hodgkin Lymphoma www.lymphomas.org.uk The knowledge to challenge lymphatic cancers The Lymphoma Association provides: freephone helpline emotional support for those affected by lymphomas
More informationPancreatic Cancer Understanding your diagnosis
Pancreatic Cancer Understanding your diagnosis Let s Make Cancer History 1 888 939-3333 cancer.ca Pancreatic Cancer Understanding your diagnosis When you first hear that you have cancer you may feel alone
More informationTalking to your consultant
Talking to your consultant Being given a diagnosis of bladder cancer, or indeed any cancer, will likely make the world stop around you. Your brain will go into crisis mode and if you are like the majority
More informationRESEARCH EDUCATE ADVOCATE. Just Diagnosed with Melanoma Now What?
RESEARCH EDUCATE ADVOCATE Just Diagnosed with Melanoma Now What? INTRODUCTION If you are reading this, you have undergone a biopsy (either of a skin lesion or a lymph node) or have had other tests in which
More informationThis factsheet aims to outline the characteristics of some rare lung cancers, and highlight where each type of lung cancer may be different.
There are several different kinds of lung cancer, often referred to as lung cancer subtypes. Some of these occur more often than others. In this factsheet we will specifically look at the subtypes of cancers
More informationCanine Lymphoma Frequently Asked Questions by Pet Owners
Canine Lymphoma Frequently Asked Questions by Pet Owners What is lymphoma? The term lymphoma describes a diverse group of cancers in dogs that are derived from white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes
More informationBreast Cancer: from bedside and grossing room to diagnoses and beyond. Adriana Corben, M.D.
Breast Cancer: from bedside and grossing room to diagnoses and beyond Adriana Corben, M.D. About breast anatomy Breasts are special organs that develop in women during puberty when female hormones are
More informationLeukaemia and lymphoma what s the difference?
Freephone helpline 0808 808 5555 information@lymphomas.org.uk www.lymphomas.org.uk Leukaemia and lymphoma what s the difference? This is a difficult question to answer simply but it is one that is often
More informationLearning about Mouth Cancer
Learning about Mouth Cancer Creation of this material was made possible in part by a pioneering grant from CBCC-USA. Distributed by India Cancer Initiative What is mouth cancer? Our bodies are made up
More informationLung cancer forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages.
Scan for mobile link. Lung Cancer Lung cancer usually forms in the tissue cells lining the air passages within the lungs. The two main types are small-cell lung cancer (usually found in cigarette smokers)
More informationPSA Screening for Prostate Cancer Information for Care Providers
All men should know they are having a PSA test and be informed of the implications prior to testing. This booklet was created to help primary care providers offer men information about the risks and benefits
More informationTreating Oesophageal Cancer A Quick Guide
Treating Oesophageal Cancer A Quick Guide Contents This is a brief summary of the information on Treating from our website. You will find more detailed information on the website. In this information there
More informationPediatric Oncology for Otolaryngologists
Pediatric Oncology for Otolaryngologists Frederick S. Huang, M.D. Division of Hematology/Oncology Department of Pediatrics The University of Texas Medical Branch Grand Rounds Presentation to Department
More informationA912: Kidney, Renal cell carcinoma
A912: Kidney, Renal cell carcinoma General facts of kidney cancer Renal cell carcinoma, a form of kidney cancer that involves cancerous changes in the cells of the renal tubule, is the most common type
More informationImmuno-Oncology Therapies to Treat Lung Cancer
Immuno-Oncology Therapies to Treat Lung Cancer What you need to know ONCHQ14NP07519 Introduction: Immuno-oncology represents an innovative approach to cancer research that seeks to harness the body s own
More informationOvarian Cancer. in Georgia, 1999-2003. Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public Health
Ovarian Cancer in Georgia, 1999-23 Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public Health Acknowledgments Georgia Department of Human Resources......B. J. Walker, Commissioner Division of Public
More informationColorectal Cancer Treatment
Scan for mobile link. Colorectal Cancer Treatment Colorectal cancer overview Colorectal cancer, also called large bowel cancer, is the term used to describe malignant tumors found in the colon and rectum.
More informationWhat If I Have a Spot on My Lung? Do I Have Cancer? Patient Education Guide
What If I Have a Spot on My Lung? Do I Have Cancer? Patient Education Guide A M E R I C A N C O L L E G E O F C H E S T P H Y S I C I A N S Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers. About 170,000
More informationSCD Case Study. Most malignant lesions of the tonsil are either lymphosarcoma or carcinoma.
SCD Case Study Dry Mouth This case study details a patient who has experienced xerostomia as a result of treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the left tonsil involving surgery followed by deep x-ray
More informationPrimary -Benign - Malignant Secondary
TUMOURS OF THE LUNG Primary -Benign - Malignant Secondary The incidence of lung cancer has been increasing almost logarithmically and is now reaching epidemic levels. The overall cure rate is very low
More informationYour Guide to Express Critical Illness Insurance Definitions
Your Guide to Express Critical Illness Insurance Definitions Your Guide to EXPRESS Critical Illness Insurance Definitions This guide to critical illness definitions will help you understand the illnesses
More informationWhat is Mesothelioma?
What is Mesothelioma? Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the mesothelial cells found in one s body. These cells form membranous linings that surround and protect the body s organs and
More information