glossary Zimmerstraße 26 Aufgang B Dachgeschoss Berlin Tel. +49 (0) Fax. +49 (0) info@20steps.

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1 glossary Zimmerstraße 26 Aufgang B Dachgeschoss Berlin Tel. +49 (0) Fax. +49 (0) info@20steps.de

2 2 glossary DEC 2014 Strategic Reuse bricks platform Brick Kernel Shell Infrastructure Software Framework Symfony2 (sf2) Many companies (in the automotive industry) agree that reuse is key to increasing efficiencies. Standardization and open source efforts such as GENIVI, OSEK and AUTOSAR show that industry continues to pursue reuse at a middleware, framework and industry level. The benefits of reuse in software development are widely recognized yet most organizations still struggle with implementing reuse practices strategically. Many organizations have yet to explore the opportunities for reuse outside of code and components and stand to reap significant benefits by expanding their reuse initiatives. Strategic reuse is a long-term endeavor that has strategic returns instead of tactical ones. Reuse isn't free; it isn't something that happens simply because you're using certain tools or working with certain technologies. Instead, reuse is something that you have to work at very hard A platform to realize digital products like simple landing pages or shops and even integrated multi-channel products. The platform allows arrangement, configuaration and execution of bricks. The whitelabel and multi-client capable platform integrates the various bricks user interfaces ( e.g. editorial user interface of the pages brick). Depending on the setup of a project, the platform injects the selected kernel into the brick during runtime. The infrastructure serves several re-usable generic functionalities to each brick, like a Whitelabel-, Multi-Client-, Project-, User-, Role, and Rights-Managment-System, a SOA based software framework with attached database systems, as well as basic services for e.g. configuration management or to supply web services. The bricks platform runs on a High-Availability Cluster. A brick consists of a shell surrounding a kernel. A brick can contain multiple kernels - during runtime the platform injects the shell with the selected kernel. Each brick has a standardised Interface for intra-brick communication (communication between two bricks) as well as a standardised web service interface for communication with external systems. Enterprise-Features are implemented as part of the shell, either isolated as part of a brick or via interaction of multiple bricks. A shell adds a brick-specific user interface to the bricks platform. A brick kernel implements the basic functionality of a brick, e.g. content management and the theme of a webpage in the case of the pages brick. Kernels of a brick implement brick-specific interface and are therefore replaceable. Open source solutions can serve as a kernel (e.g. Wordpress, Drupal, Magento, xt:commecer) as well as commercial products (like CoreMedia), and even SaaS solutions. These products can be adapted to work with the interface of the respective brick. The shell adds to the bricks kernel certain Enterprise-Features and when interacting with other bricks a more complex functionality. The infrastructure provides the runtime environment, the core brick with its basic services and the underlying software framework Symfony2 including attached database management systems. A (software) framework provides a structure and generic functionality for (software) products. It is highly used in object-oriented software development and component-based development strategies. A framework itself is not a finished product but serves as a frame in which a programmer can easily realise an application, offering utilities and a clear, logical structure. Symfony2 is a modern, state-of-the-art open source framework for (and written in) PHP 5, following the Model- View-Controller schema (MVC) and the principal of Service-Oriented-Architecture (SOA). Symfony2 can be compared in its abilities with frameworks of other programming languages like Spring (Java) or Rails (Ruby). Symfony2 contains a modern Dependency Injection Container (DIC) which is was extended by 20steps with the ability of dynamically inject a kernel to a shell.

3 3 glossary DEC 2014 Model View Controller (MVC) Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Dependency Injection Container (DIC) Service Interface Webservice Configuration Management Databasemana gementsystem (DBS) The Model-View-Controller (MVC) schema dictates structuring an application code into three interconnected parts: the application data (model), the presentation (view) and the controlling part (controller). The idea behind MVC is a flexible, maintainable and easily extendable structure as well as the reusability of components. Service-Oriented-Architecture (SOA) is an architecture based on distributed systems to structure and use services of IT-Systems. It is modeled on an abstractive view of business processes, used as a basic concept for implementing a concrete service. Simplified SOA is a method to encapsulate EDV-components - like databases, server or websites - and then to orchestrate them to deliver services that can be used by other departments or clients. Dependency Injection (DI) is a programming concept that regiments the dependencies of an object during runtime. If an object for example needs another object during its initialisation, then this dependency is known by a centralised component - it will not be initialised by the depended object itself. Corresponding to the single responsibility principle the dependency injection allows for a single components to take control over the structure of the dependency network between the objects of an application. This idea was taken by 20steps to extend the dependency injection container with the functionality to inject a brick kernel to a brick shell during runtime - depending on the project. This allows for heterogeneous digital products on a cloudbased solution with minimal costs of operation and maintenance. A service is a set of actions to provide a repeatable and consistent set of outcomes. They can be combined to provide more complex business processes and services. Software interfaces are logical points of interaction within a software system: they allow and control an exchange of commands between various processes and components. In the case of bricks each brick implements a kernel interface. For example the drupal and the Wordpress kernel are implementing the same Interface of the pages brick to be interchangeable and extendable by the brick shell. A webservice is a software application deployed to serve as a direct machine-to-machine interaction over a network. A webservice provides the solution of a service over a network for external IT-systems outside the bricks platform. The configuration management of the bricks platform is a service of the core brick that can be used by other bricks to save settings of Whitelabel-partners, clients, projects or users. Via inheriting settings, configuration management of the bricks platform allows to overwrite settings from e.g. the whitelabel-partner level for certain clients/projects/ users. The database, or database management system (DBS), is a system to for digital data management. Its main goal is to store large quantities of data in an efficient, consistent and persistent way and to serve subsets of that data to users and applications in various formats. The bricks platform utilises MariaDB and MongoDB. Other DBS can easily be used.

4 4 glossary DEC 2014 PHP HHVM Hack MariaDB MongoDB High Availability Cluster Cloud External System Software as a Service (SaaS) Plugin PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. As of January 2013, PHP was installed on more than 240 million websites (39% of those sampled) and 2.1 million web servers. The typical wage of PHP developers is significantly lower than that of Java/ Enterprise Edition developers. HHVM is an open-source virtual machine designed for executing programs written in Hack and PHP. HHVM uses a just-in-time (JIT) compilation approach to achieve superior performance while maintaining the development flexibility that PHP provides. HHVM is developed and used by facebook.com which is developed almost entirely in PHP. HHVM is used by the bricks platform for executing any code. Hack is a programming language for HHVM that interoperates seamlessly with PHP. Hack reconciles the fast development cycle of PHP with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages. Hack is developed by Facebook to complement the PHP language with capabilities needed in Enterprise Grade Software. MariaDB is a relational open source database management system and a fork of MySQL. 20steps has deployed MariaDB on a High-Availability Cluster - distributed and redundant. MongoDB (from humongous ) is a high performant, schema-free, document-oriented open source database, written in C++. Given that MongoDB is document-oriented we can manage collections of JSON-like documents. 20steps has deployed MongoDB on a High-Availability Cluster - distributed and redundant. High-Availability Clusters (also known as HA clusters or failover clusters) are groups of computers that support server applications that can be reliably utilized with a minimum of down-time. They operate by harnessing redundant computers in groups or clusters that provide continued service when system components fail. Cloud computing describes a method to dynamically provide abstract IT-infrastructures (e.g. computing capacity, memory, network capacity of software) over a network. From an users point-of-view this services seem far-away and obscure, like a cloud. This services are provided and used exclusively via defined technical interaces and protocols. Cloud computing allows the operation of applications with minimal investment costs (CPEX) and arbitrary scaleability with growing user base, projects or size of data. External system within the IT-Environment of a client connected to the bricks platform via Webservices or import/ export. Software as a service (SaaS) is part of cloud computing. The SaaS model is based on the principle that software and infrastructure are hosted by an external service provider and used as a service by the client. Plugins or extensions add additional functionality to bricks kernels. Plugins are often provides for free on so called market places. For example Wordpress has currently over plugins; Magento several thousand extensions.

5 5 glossary DEC 2014 Basic Brick Partner Brick These bricks are used by almost all projects offering basic functionality for digital products. For example pages, found, workflow, control, cloud, shop. Development of additional basic bricks starts in Q4/2014. A presentation of functionality of these bricks is part of separate document. Software by partners - wrapped in a brick - used for complex functionality. Example: Tracking Systems or SEO Solutions. Custom Brick Pages Brick Found Brick Shop Brick Cloud Brick Control Brick Workflow Brick Bricks Cluster Project-specific bricks developed for a customer with not reusable application and business logic. The pages brick is a full blown content management system (CMS) that allows to efficiently develop content centric landingpages, websites and portals. For integrated digital products built based on the bricks platform the pages brick provides the necessary CMS functionality. The pages brick integrates with other bricks e.g. with the task management provided by the workflow brick and provides KPIs for the control brick on editorial performance and engagement. The found brick is a full blown search engine that allows to efficiently develop vertical search engines including features such as universal search, instant search, linguistic search, facetted search etc. For integrated digital products built based on the bricks platform the found brick provides the necessary search functionality, from custom search in websites to personalized search and recommendations in shops. The shop brick is a full blown E-Commerce engine that allows to efficiently develop web shops. For integrated products built based on the bricks platform the shop brick provides the necessary shopping functionality. The shop brick integrates with various other bricks e.g. with the control brick to provide E-Commerce specific KPIs. The cloud brick is a full blown cloud based file and document management solution including synchronization between the cloud and local clients. The cloud brick integrates with various other bricks e.g. to allow instant push of reports generated by the control brick to the devices used by the stakeholders interested in such reports The control brick is a holistic KPI visualization and analyzation solution similar to GeckoBoard. The control bricks allows the user to setup personal dashboards via drag & drop and includes functionality such as periodic generation of reports and push to stakeholders. The workflow brick allows to efficiently implement custom workflows depending on the business requirements. Additionally the workflow bricks provides standardized workflows e.g. for the management of the production of digital products based on the bricks platform as well as generic customer care and sales workflows. A High-Availability Cluster designed to run bricks. The consists of a redundant database setup, redundant application servers and redundant loadbalancers, cache and SSL accelerators. Bricks Node A server running bricks application in the bricks cluster Database Node A server running the DBMS for a bricks application in the bricks cluster

6 6 glossary DEC 2014 Open Source Solutions (small extract) Wordpress Drupal Magento xt:commerce Apache Solr elastic search WordPress is a free and open source blogging tool and a content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL, which runs on a web hosting service. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system. WordPress is used by more than 22.0% of the top 10 million websites as of August WordPress is the most popular blogging system in use on the Web, at more than 60 million websites. Drupal is a Content-Management-System (CMS) and -framework. Drupals main usage is managing websites with a current (March 2014) market share of 1.9% of world-wide websites and a market share of 5.3% of CMS - according to W3Techs. Magento is an open source e-commerce web application that was launched on March 31, 2008 under the name Bento. ccording to the research conducted by aheadworks in April, 2014, Magento's share is about 34% among 20 most popular e-commerce platforms. xt:commerce in Version 4 is a newly developed online shop by xt:commerce GmbH which was named Veyton on its publication. It supports managing multiple shops and has a modular system architecture. System requirements are PHP and MySQL. Solr (pronounced "solar") is an open source enterprise search platform from the Apache Lucene project. Its major features include full-text search, hit highlighting, faceted search, dynamic clustering, database integration, and rich document (e.g., Word, PDF) handling. Elasticsearch is a search server based on Lucene. It provides a distributed, multitenant-capable full-text search engine with a RESTful web interface and schema-free JSON documents. Elasticsearch is developed in Java and is released as open source under the terms of the Apache License. Commercial Solutions (small extract) CoreMedia FirstSpirit spacedealer CoreMedia s flagship product, CoreMedia 7, provides customers with a social, mobile and cloud based web content management system. It is a Java-based content management platform designed to meet the requirements of content rich, global web properties including high visitor traffic, multi-language publishing, and multi-channel services delivered to a range of digital consumer devices. Platform to compose and run bricks. A closer look on this platform can be found in a separate document. Following a short description of various types of bricks. Spacedealer is a well-known SEO service provider located in Berlin. Spacedealer can function as a partner for a SEO Brick. SaaS Solutions (small extract) Placetel Highrise Collmex Google Analytics Placetel is a cloud-based telephone system and VOIP solution ideal for integration in customer core workflows with its webservice API. Placetel is used by the workflow and control brick of the bricks platform. Highrise is a SaaS based CRM system for medium-sized businesses. Highrise and additional CRM systems are used by the workflow brick of the bricks platform. Collmex is a SaaS based accounting system for medium-sized businesses. Collmex and similar accounting systems are used by the control and workflow brick of the bricks platform. Google Analytics is a service offered by Google that generates detailed statistics about a website's traffic and traffic sources and measures conversions and sales. Google Analytics and similar tracking solutions are used by the control bbrick of the bricks platform.