Vodafone Institute Survey Talking about a Revolution: Europe s Young Generation on Their Opportunities in a Digitised World A Study Across Six

Transcription

1 Vodafone Institute Survey Talking about a Revolution: Europe s Young Generation on Their Opportunities in a Digitised World A Study Across Six European Countries

2 Study characteristics Aim of the study Supplementing the summit Digitising Europe conducted by the Vodafone Institute for Society and Communications on December 01 with insights from the generation of 1 to 0 year olds. To that end, surveying this generation on the topics of education and work in the light of the digital revolution. Methodology Online survey of people between 1 and 0 years in the Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom Representative quotas and weights on age, gender, and region Length of interview: 1- minutes Fieldwork: October to October 01 Conducted by:

3 Countries participating in the survey Czech Republic N=1,000 Germany N=1,000 (Republic of) Ireland (December 01) N= Italy N=1,000 Netherlands N=1,000 Portugal (December 01) N=1,01 Spain N=1,000 Turkey (December 01) N=1,000 United Kingdom N=1,0

4 Summary of results (I) Educational and occupational background With respect to the current employment status of young people, considerable differences are found between the countries. While in Germany, the UK and the Czech Republic % to % are employed full-time, this is the case for only 1% of young Italians and 0% of young Spaniards. Dutch are also less often full-time employed, but this is offset by the highest share of part-time employees across all countries (0%). Lower figures for employment in Italy and Spain go together with higher unemployment rates (1% resp. 1%), which are nearly twice as high as the next highest unemployment figure (UK, %). Additionally, young Italians and Spaniards indicate more often to be students than other Europeans (0% resp. % vs. % to 1%). This shows that they try to compensate a tougher situation on the job market by spending more time in education. Across all countries, young people primarily chose their fields of education because they were interested in the respective field of work and thus hoped to find an interesting job. Young Germans and Czech stand out in that they consider future payment more often in their educational choice than others (% and % vs. 1% to 0%). Similar findings occur with respect to the reasons of actual job choice, where personal interest in the field of work is also most often mentioned in all countries. Payment is again more of a reason for Germans and Czech % and % vs. 1% to %). Czech are also most often applying for a job just to gain some initial work experience (% vs. 1% to %). An interim solution to avoid unemployment is least likely a reason for Germans and Dutch (% and 1%). This is more common in Italy and Spain (1% and 1%, The UK and the Czech Republic fall in between (1% and 1%)

5 Summary of results (II) Outlook on the future A lot of young Europeans share a rather optimistic view on their future, although there are considerable differences between countries. Dutch are most optimistic, 1% say so by answering to on a scale from 0 (very pessimistic) to (very optimistic), whereas Italians are the least optimistic (1%). The latter are also least convinced in Europe that they will lead a better life than their parents. Only % are of that opinion, while 0% of the Dutch think so. On this topic, Germans are even more convinced they will be better off than their parents (%). These figures show that the optimism many young people show is rather pragmatic. It does not necessarily mean that they believe things will continuously get better and improve living conditions beyond what the previous generation was used to. When it comes to confidence in their chances to find a job in their field of expertise, young Germans show the most positive attitude. % of German students and % of employed Germans are rather confident in that regard. On the opposite end, in Italy only % of students and % of employed share this feeling. Cross-country differences are less pronounced in terms of how well students do feel prepared for a job by their education. British students provide the best ratings for their education with % answering to on a scale from o (very poor) to (excellent), thereby handing out very good scores. In comparison, only % Italian students give similarly good ratings, which is the lowest share among all countries. In some countries, these opinions change once people are employed. In hindsight, only 1% of the British employed would give very good scores, which is the lowest figure across all countries. Germans are the most satisfied with how well their education prepared them. 0% hand out very good ratings. In terms of educational areas with the best job chances, ICT is ranked highest in all countries. Germans see this area more on equal footing with engineering, business, administration and law, and health / medicine than young people elsewhere.

6 Summary of results (III) Working and studying abroad The proportion of young people who did live abroad for some time is similar across Europe, with roughly one in five young people having stayed in another country before. Reasons to go abroad differ by country. Whereas studying is a common trigger in all countries, Dutch are least likely to go abroad for learning the language (% vs. 0% to %) or learning about a country in general (1% vs. 1% to %). Dutch are also less often of the opinion that moving abroad will be a key requirement in the future. Italians, Spaniards and Czech stand out in that when asked about job chances in their own country compared to elsewhere. They believe more strongly than other Europeans that opportunities are better outside their home country. Attitudes towards the digital revolution Most young Europeans share a rather positive outlook on the digital revolution while still acknowledging some of its risks. Remarkable differences are found in the fact that the possibility to connect with the world is least relevant for Czech than young people elsewhere. They are also less concerned about potential violations of privacy. In line with this, Czech are more convinced that data protection is everyone s own responsibility. On the other end of the spectrum, young Spaniards are worried about privacy violations more often than the average European. Young Brits stand out for the fact that they are most convinced that the benefits of the digital revolution outweigh its risks and that they, along with the Dutch, are the least likely to limit their use of digital technologies.

7 Summary of results (IV) Attitudes towards the digital revolution (cont.) On the question of whether the digital revolution will create, destroy, or alter jobs, young Europeans are divided. While only a minority (% to 1%) believe that actually jobs will be gained, the share of those who think that only the character of jobs will change (% to %) is similar to that of those who think jobs will be lost (% to 1%). In comparison, young Italians and Spaniards who think jobs will be lost believe in far more jobs being destroyed than people elsewhere. % of Italians and % of Spaniards who are concerned that jobs will be lost expect that more than 0% of jobs will be destroyed. Skills in the digital economy Basic ICT skills are widely believed to be required in more jobs in the future by young Europeans. Especially young Brits stand out as they are most convinced of this. Italians and Spaniards are remarkable for the fact that they are much more convinced than others that some level of coding skill will become a requirement for almost everyone. Regarding ICT skills at work, Brits are most confident that their skills are sufficient for their future career path. Among young Brits, the concern that ICT requirements today endanger their job chances are least prevalent. Young Dutch are least convinced of the notion that changing working environments require constant learning and that digital technologies play an important role in their field of expertise. These findings might be somewhat related to the fact that the surveyed Dutch work more often in the areas of health, medicine and social work than respondents from other countries.

8 Summary of results (V) Skills in the digital economy (cont.) With respect to specific skills, it becomes obvious across all countries that young people believe a skill to be more important the more it is considered to be basic today. Obviously, an uncommon skill today might become a basic skill in the future, but that link is, for the most part, not made by young Europeans. They generally feel that skills like using office or software will become even more relevant, whereas they consider hardwarerelated skills or coding to be less important. In this context, Italians and Spaniards are noteworthy as they generally attribute a much higher importance to more complex skills than young people elsewhere. There is a universal confidence among young Europeans in their ability to perform those ICT skills they believe to be of high importance. Notable exceptions to this are data protection and database software, which, despite being seen as medium to highly important, young people feel less confident about than about skills of similar relevance. Regarding more complex skills, Brits often show the least confidence in their abilities. They feel least competent in encryption, web server setup and maintenance, and coding. In that regard, it might be rather unhelpful that they also are more likely to try solving ICT problems by figuring things out themselves or searching the Internet.

9 Summary of results (VI) Role of employers and educational institutions When it comes to thinking about how employers, schools, and universities organize education, young Europeans are equivocal in their wish for more cooperation between these players. They also hold companies responsible to offer more on-the-job training if the employers feel that there are skill gaps. Compared to other young Europeans, young Dutch are less likely to agree to this however. An interesting difference between countries is found in the attitude towards the idea that employers should have more influence on curricula. Especially Spaniards and Italians are in agreement with this, while more skepticism is present in the UK and Germany. This potentially reflects the fear of streamlining education too much. Spaniards are also very remarkable in that they agree much stronger to the idea that not the educators need to reassess their approach to education, but the companies. In terms of ICT education, there is no general consensus across Europe that would hold one institution the most responsible. Brits stand out in that they hold schools for general education responsible more often than young people elsewhere in Europe (% vs. 1% to %), and that they are least likely to see employers responsible in the form of vocational training (% vs. 1% to %). The latter are most often considered responsible by young Germans (%). Young Europeans agree that schools for general education provide the worst teaching of ICT of all educational institutions. Solutions they have universally in mind are more ICT courses, better training of teachers in ICT, and a wider use of ICT outside specific courses on that topic.

10 Summary of results (VII) ICT courses in education With respect to ICT trainings that students are and employed were offered and attended during their education, there are similar patterns to be found in all countries. Overall, trainings on office software and Internet usage are the most commonly offered and also most commonly attended by students and employed. Apart from these general courses, which are attended by roughly to thirds of young people who would have access to them, about half the students and employed attended courses they were actually offered. Generally, the more complex a skill is, the less often courses in that field are offered, and the less young people actually attended training. Comparing the different countries, it is remarkable that across all skills, availability of trainings is highest in Spain. Thus, young Spaniards are generally the most likely to have attended ICT training during their education, regardless of whether they are currently studying or employed. Specifically among students, young Spaniards and Dutch attended trainings on searching and interpreting information on the Internet most often. This is least common among Czech students. However, attendance in this cases is also related to the availability of courses. While about 0% of Spanish and 0% of Dutch students state that such trainings are offered by their educators, only 0% of Czech students can say so. Courses on coding were yet attended by roughly % to 1% of young people across countries. In Germany and the UK, other complex skills are even less popular among students. In other countries, attendance of courses is about equal for all complex skills.

11 Summary of results (VIII) ICT courses in education (cont.) Two important consequences can be drawn from the findings on ICT courses. On the one hand, educational institutions need to offer more training. While a direct relation between course offerings and total attendance might seem obvious, the supply side of ICT courses is worrying. Aside from the most basic skills, not even half the young people have or had access to ICT trainings during their education. Increasing this side is an important lever to improve ICT competence. On the other hand, the demand side needs to be addressed as well. Young people are apparently confident about their ICT skills, but only a minority attended anything but basic training. Overall, they seem to be somewhat oblivious to the actual level of ICT skills that might be required in the future and need to made much more aware of this. Offering courses more aggressively or even making them mandatory in education can be one way to achieve this. Europe s role in ICT While there is general agreement on the fact that Europe can and should take a leading role in ICT research and development, this conviction is less pronounced among young Dutch and young Czech. Dutch and Czech are also the least afraid about jobs being outsourced to other regions in the world due to a lack of ICT skills in Europe. Remarkable, but not surprising, is the fact that especially Italians and Spaniards are less convinced that their respective home countries will remain competitive and not loose jobs due to the digital revolution. Italians are also least likely to think Europe as a whole will remain competitive.

12 Summary of results (IX) Entrepreneurship Interest in starting an own business is remarkably high in Italy and Spain. The same applies to the idea of working for a startup company. This also translates into a higher interest in starting a business in ICT or working in an ICT startup. Interest in that is much lower elsewhere in Europe. A remarkable motivation for Italians, Spaniards and also Czech in that regard is the harsh job market which makes it hard to find employment (% to %)). This is much less a reason for young Germans, Brits, and Dutch (1% to %). On the other hand, a lack of funds is the primary reason against self-employment among Italians, Spaniards and Czech who would rather not start their own business (0% to % vs. % to % in Germany, the UK and the Netherlands). Key changes the young generation would make In terms of key changes they would make to the educational system, young Europeans emphasise different measures depending on their home country. Especially Germans and Czech feel that it is necessary to adapt education to real life tasks. Still, this is also a key change young people in other countries wish for. Young Brits would mostly like to see ICT education to be offered at a very early stage. Spaniards and Italians feel comparatively often that better work protection for young people is needed, the latter also wish for fairer and more transparent recruitment processes, which is a sentiment that Brits also share. Germans and Brits stand out in that they more often believe that socially or educationally disadvantaged should be given better chances by the educational system. Despite these differences, it is noteworthy that in none of the countries just one key change does stand out as the most necessary for young people. Ideas are rather diverse, with at most about one third per country agreeing on any measure. 1

13 Table of contents 1. Educational background. Occupational background. General outlook on the future. Working and studying abroad. Attitudes towards information and communication technologies. Skills in the digitalised economy. Evaluation of education and work. Entrepreneurship. Key changes the young generation would make

14 Educational background 1

15 Across all countries, 0-0% of respondents are still in education. Are you currently undergoing education? Yes No Don t know / no answer Are you currently undergoing education, e.g. in school or university?; All respondents; n=00-1

16 Methodology: Assessing educational level Educational systems vary across countries with respect to structure and curricula. To facilitate international comparisons of educational systems, UNESCO developed the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). ISCED structures educational institutions into higher-order levels that are equivalent across countries: ISCED level 1: primary education ISCED level : lower secondary education ISCED level : upper secondary education ISCED level to : post-secondary non-tertiary education, short-cycle tertiary education, academic education: bachelor / master degree, doctoral degree Educational institutions and attainments of a country are assigned to these higherorder levels. In this study, ISCED was used to assess educational level. Within the online questionnaire, respondents were shown the specific educational institutions and attainments of their country grouped together in terms of ISCED levels. 1

17 The share of young people having achieved higher level degrees (ISCED +) is highest in the UK and in Spain. Highest level of education achieved No answer / don t know 1 I have not completed any educational trainings or studies. ISCED level 1 1 ISCED level ISCED level ISCED level - What is the highest level of education you have completed so far?; All respondents; n=00-1

18 Young people in the Netherlands are planning to achieve higher level degrees least frequently. Planned level of education No answer / don t know ISCED level ISCED level ISCED level 0 0 ISCED level - What level of education are you aiming for at the moment?; Respondents who are not undergoing general education; n=0-1

19 The highest number of part-time workers is found in the Netherlands, vocational training is more common in Germany. What describes your current employment status best? Employee, working full-time Employee, working part-time 1 0 Self-employed, working full-time 1 Self-employed, working part-time 1 Apprenticeship, vocational training 0 Internship 0 Student, not employed or working part-time to fund education / daily life 1 In compulsory military or community service Not employed for other reasons Other No answer / don t know 1 1 What describes your current employment status best?; Respondents who are not undergoing general education; n=1-1

20 While young Italians and Spaniards are studying most often, Czechs are considerably more often employed full-time. What describes your current employment status best? Employee, working full-time 1 0 Employee, working part-time 1 1 Self-employed, working full-time Self-employed, working part-time Apprenticeship, vocational training 1 Internship 1 Student, not employed or working part-time to fund education / daily life 0 In compulsory military or community service Not employed for other reasons 1 1 Other No answer / don t know 1 0 What describes your current employment status best?; Respondents who are not undergoing general education; n=1-0

21 In Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands, only a minority are studying in the field of ICT. Field of education (present) Education Arts, humanities, languages 1 Social and behavioral sciences 1 1 Business, administration and law 1 1 Natural sciences 1 1 Mathematics and statistics 1 Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades Health / medicine and welfare 1 Services 1 Other No answer / don t know What is your current field of education / vocational training?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1; Values <% (across all countries) are aggregated to others 1

22 Education in ICT is more popular in Italy, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Field of education (present) Education 1 Arts, humanities, languages 1 Social and behavioral sciences Business, administration and law Natural sciences Mathematics and statistics Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades 1 1 Health / medicine and welfare 1 Services Other 0 1 No answer / don t know What is your current field of education / vocational training?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1; Values <% (across all countries all countries) are aggregated to others

23 Personal interest is the primary reason for choosing a field of education, Germans also consider future payment. Out of what reasons did you choose your current field of education / vocational training? I am interested in this field of work High chances of finding a job that is interesting to me 0 High employment chances 1 0 High chances of finding a job that is well paid 0 1 Field of education / study is meaningful to society High chances of finding a job that offers me career options High chances of finding a job that offers a good balance between work and private life Field of education / study has a good reputation Degree is required for applying for further field educational degree Choosing education / study was the only possibility to avoid spare time or unemployment Other 1 Out of what reasons did you choose your current field of education / vocational training? Please tick the three most important reasons.; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

24 Young Czechs also base their choice of education more often on future payment than young people elsewhere. Out of what reasons did you choose your current field of education / vocational training? I am interested in this field of work High chances of finding a job that is interesting to me High employment chances High chances of finding a job that is well paid 1 1 Field of education / study is meaningful to society High chances of finding a job that offers me career options 1 High chances of finding a job that offers a good balance between work and private life Field of education / study has a good reputation Degree is required for applying for further field educational degree Choosing education / study was the only possibility to avoid spare time or unemployment Other 1 1 Out of what reasons did you choose your current field of education / vocational training? Please tick the three most important reasons.; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

25 Occupational background

26 In the Netherlands, considerably fewer young people describe their jobs as dealing with business, administration and law. Field of occupation (present) Education Arts, humanities, languages Social and behavioral sciences Journalism and information Business, administration and law Natural sciences Mathematics and statistics Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades Manufacturing, processing Architecture and construction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Health / medicine and welfare Services Other No answer / don t know Thinking about the type of work you do in your job, which of the following does fit best?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=1-1

27 Across all countries, Czech respondents most often describe their job as dealing with manufacturing and processing. Field of occupation (present) Education Arts, humanities, languages Social and behavioral sciences Journalism and information Business, administration and law Natural sciences Mathematics and statistics Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades Manufacturing, processing Architecture and construction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Health / medicine and welfare Services Other No answer / don t know Thinking about the type of work you do in your job, which of the following does fit best?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=1-1

28 Occupation is mostly spread across different sectors, in the Netherlands health and medicine are especially popular. Sector of occupation (present) Manufacturing Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Hotels / accomodation, restaurant / food service Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Legal, accounting, management consultancy Other professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Office administration and other business support Education Human health / medical and social work activities Other service activities Other No answer / don t know And in which sector do you currently work / did you work in your last job?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=1-1; Values <% (across all countries) are aggregated to others

29 Young Czechs work more often in the area of manufacturing than young people elsewhere. Sector of occupation (present) Manufacturing Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Hotels/accomodation, restaurant/food service Information and communication Financial and insurance activities Legal, accounting, management consultancy Other professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Office administration and other business support Education Human health / medical and social work activities Other service activities Other No answer / don t know And in which sector do you currently work / did you work in your last job?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=1-1; Values <% (across all countries) are aggregated to others

30 Future payment is a comparatively important factor for young Germans when applying for a job. Reasons for application for current job I am interested in this field of work 1 Good payment Opportunity to aquire initial job experience 1 1 Good career options 1 0 Good balance between work and private life 1 1 Job is meaningful / important for society As an interim solution to avoid unemployment 1 1 Opportunity to aquire specific expertise 1 Job has a good reputation Colleagues are congenial 1 Other No answer / don t know Out of what reasons did you apply for / choose your current job? Please tick the three most important reasons.; Respondents who are employed; n=0-0

31 Young Czechs consider payment an important reason for job choice but also seek to acquire initial job experience. Reasons for application for current job I am interested in this field of work Good payment 1 Opportunity to aquire initial job experience 1 1 Good career options 1 1 Good balance between work and private life 1 1 Job is meaningful / important for society 1 As an interim solution to avoid unemployment Opportunity to aquire specific expertise Job has a good reputation Colleagues are congenial 1 Other No answer / don t know 1 1 Out of what reasons did you apply for / choose your current job? Please tick the three most important reasons.; Respondents who are employed; n=0-1

32 Working experience in years is similar across all countries but comparatively high in the Netherlands. Duration of employment Don t know / no answer More than years Up to years Up to years Up to years 1 Up to years For how many years have you been working in your current field of occupation / had you been working in your last field of occupation?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=1-1

33 General outlook on the future

34 Italians and Spaniards have a considerably less optimistic outlook on the future, Dutch show the most positive attitude. Feelings about future Top Box Very optimistic - 1 Very pessimistic - 0 Taking all aspects of your life into account, how do you feel about your future?; All respondents; n=-

35 Compared to other young Europeans, Italians are far more convinced they will lead a worse life than their parents. Evaluation of future life Top Box Definitely a better life - 1 Definitely a worse life - 0 Do you think that, overall, your generation will generally lead a better life or a worse life than your parents generation in terms of income and standard of living?; All respondents; n=-

36 Among students in Italy and Spain, confidence in future job opportunities is considerably lower than elsewhere. How confident are you that you will be able to find a job in your field of education in the future? Top Box Very confident - 1 Not confident at all - 0 Thinking about your current field of education: How confident are you that you will find a job in that area after you finish your studies / vocational training?; Respondents still undergoing education; n=-

37 Young employed Germans are most optimistic with respect their future job opportunities. How confident are you that you will be able to find a job in your field of occupation in the future? Top Box Very confident - 1 Not confident at all - 0 Thinking about your current / last field of occupation: How confident are you that you will be able to still find a job in that area in the future?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=-

38 Dutch students feel best about how well their education prepares them for a future job. How well do you think your education prepares you for working in that area? Top Box Excellent - 1 Very poor - 0 How well do you think does your education / do your studies prepare you for working in a job in that area?; Respondents still undergoing education; n=0-01

39 In hindsight, young employed Brits and Czechs rate their education worst in terms of job preparation. In hindsight, how well did your education prepare you for working in your job? Top Box Excellent - 1 Very poor - 0 In hindsight, how well did the education / studies you completed prepare you for working in your job?; Respondents who are employed or used to be employed; n=-

40 Young Germans are least convinced that ICT will offer the best job opportunities in the next years. Please rank the educational areas in which you believe job opportunities to be the best in the next years. Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades Business, administration and law Health / medicine and welfare Education Mathematics and statistics Natural sciences Services Arts, humanities, languages Manufacturing, processing Social and behavioral sciences Journalism and information (news) Architecture and construction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Rank - 1 Rank - Rank - Please rank the five educational areas in which you believe job opportunities to be the best in the next years, beginning with the area with the best opportunities.; All respondents; n=- 0

41 Overall, assessment of job opportunities in different sectors is rather similar across all countries. Please rank the educational areas in which you believe job opportunities to be the best in the next years. Information and communication technologies Engineering and engineering trades Business, administration and law Health / medicine and welfare Education Mathematics and statistics Natural sciences Services Arts, humanities, languages Manufacturing, processing Social and behavioral sciences Journalism and information (news) Architecture and construction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Rank - 1 Rank - Rank - Please rank the five educational areas in which you believe job opportunities to be the best in the next years, beginning with the area with the best opportunities.; All respondents; n=- 1

42 Working and studying abroad

43 Shares of young people not born in the country they live in are highest in the UK and in Italy. Were you born in the country you currently live in? Yes No No answer / don t know Were you born in the country you currently live in?; All respondents; n=00-

44 The proportion of young people who did live abroad for some time is lowest in the Netherlands. Have you ever lived abroad for a limited period of time? No answer / don t know No Yes, for more than years Yes, for up to years Yes, for up to 1 months Yes, for up to months Have you ever lived abroad for a limited period of time?; People who were born in the country they currently live in; n=-

45 Young Dutch are least likely to go abroad to learn about culture and language. For what reasons did you go abroad? to study. to learn the country s language. 0 because I wanted to learn more about the country. 1 for an internship. 1 because I wanted to stay with my family / my partner who moved abroad. 1 0 because I was offered a job there. 1 for an apprenticeship / vocational training. because I sought to find a job there. 1 Other 1 1 No answer / don t know 1 For what reasons did you go abroad?; People who stayed abroad for a limited period of time; n=11-1

46 Going abroad to learn the language is more common among young Italians and Czechs than among others. For what reasons did you go abroad? to study. to learn the country s language. because I wanted to learn more about the country. 1 for an internship because I wanted to stay with my family / my partner who moved abroad. 1 because I was offered a job there. 1 1 for an apprenticeship / vocational training because I sought to find a job there Other No answer / don t know 0 1 For what reasons did you go abroad?; People who stayed abroad for a limited period of time; n=11-1

47 Young Dutch are considerably less often of the opinion that moving abroad will be a key requirement in the future. Working and living abroad: Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I don t actively plan to move to another country because of a better job, but would do so if the opportunity came up. I think job opportunities in my field of education / work are better in other countries. I think willingness to move abroad will be a key requirement to find a good job in the future. I plan to move to another country in the future because of better job opportunities. I would never consider to move abroad for a job opportunity. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements relating to working and living abroad.; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

48 In comparison, young Italians, Spaniards and Czechs believe more strongly that job chances are better outside their country. Working and living abroad: Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I don t actively plan to move to another country because of a better job, but would do so if the opportunity came up. I think job opportunities in my field of education / work are better in other countries. I think willingness to move abroad will be a key requirement to find a good job in the future. I plan to move to another country in the future because of better job opportunities. I would never consider to move abroad for a job opportunity. Italy Spain Czech Republic Please indicate how much you agree with the following statements relating to working and living abroad.; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

49 Young Europeans show quite diverse opinions on where the best job opportunities can be found. Where do you believe job opportunities to be the best in your field of education / work? No answer / don t know Outside of Europe Southern European countries Eastern European countries Central European countries Northern European countries Where do you believe job opportunities to be the best in your field of education / work at the moment?; All respondents; n=00-

50 Attitudes towards information and communication technologies 0

51 Smartphones and laptops are the most common devices across all countries. Which of the following devices do you regularly use? Smartphone 1 Laptop / notebook 0 Stationary computer / PC Tablet PC 1 1 Digital camera 1 Game console 0 Smart TV 1 1 E-book reader 1 Simple mobile phone No answer / don t know 1 Which of the following devices do you regularly use (whether at home, at public places and facilities (e.g. internet cafes), in educational context or in your job)?; All respondents; n=00-1

52 Young Czechs have less often access to smartphones than their peers in other countries. Which of the following devices do you regularly use? Smartphone Laptop / notebook Stationary computer / PC Tablet PC 1 Digital camera 0 Game console Smart TV 1 1 E-book reader 1 1 Simple mobile phone 1 No answer / don t know 1 0 Which of the following devices do you regularly use (whether at home, at public places and facilities (e.g. internet cafes), in educational context or in your job)?; All respondents; n=00-

53 Across Europe, young people generally feel that their access to broadband Internet is sufficient. Would you say you have sufficient access to broadband internet? Yes No No answer / don t know Would you say you have sufficient access to broadband internet?; All respondents; n=-

54 Positive associations with the digital revolution are widespread across Europe. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. I have been using digital technologies for a long time in my life already and am used to adapting to changes. Work processes have become more convenient due to digital technologies. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Studying has become easier due to digital technologies. Daily life gets more comfortable and easy due to digital technologies. I love the possibility to connect with people all over the world. Digital technologies are an integral and important part of my life. I am very interested in digital technologies. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

55 The possibility to connect with the world is least relevant for young Czechs. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. I have been using digital technologies for a long time in my life already and am used to adapting to changes. Work processes have become more convenient due to digital technologies. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Studying has become easier due to digital technologies. Daily life gets more comfortable and easy due to digital technologies. I love the possibility to connect with people all over the world. Digital technologies are an integral and important part of my life. I am very interested in digital technologies. Italy Spain Czech Republic Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

56 Especially young Brits feel that digital technologies bring more benefits than risks to society. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Communication is becoming more and more superficial. I am concerned about privacy violations due to using digital technologies. I cannot imagine a life without digital technologies anymore. Different use and understanding of digital technologies increases the gap between the generations. Life has gotten faster and more stressful due to digital technologies. The benefits of digital technologies to society are greater than the risks. I am concerned about being too dependent on digital technologies. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

57 Young Spaniards are most concerned about violations of privacy, Czechs much less so. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Communication is becoming more and more superficial. I am concerned about privacy violations due to using digital technologies. I cannot imagine a life without digital technologies anymore. Different use and understanding of digital technologies increases the gap between the generations. Life has gotten faster and more stressful due to digital technologies. The benefits of digital technologies to society are greater than the risks. I am concerned about being too dependent on digital technologies. Italy Spain Czech Republic Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

58 People limiting their use of digital technologies are least likely to be found among Dutch and Brits. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. When it comes to protection of personal data, everyone is responsible for themselves. I think the digital revolution increases inequality in society as not everybody has the same degree of access to digital technologies. Of all digital technologies, my smartphone / mobile phone is the most important to me. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I try to limit my usage of digital technologies as much as possible. I feel overwhelmed by the digital revolution. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

59 The feeling that data protection is everybody s own responsibility is most pronounced among young Czechs. Digital revolution: Please tell us how much you agree with these statements. When it comes to protection of personal data, everyone is responsible for themselves. I think the digital revolution increases inequality in society as not everybody has the same degree of access to digital technologies. Of all digital technologies, my smartphone / mobile phone is the most important to me. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I try to limit my usage of digital technologies as much as possible. I feel overwhelmed by the digital revolution. Italy Spain Czech Republic Please tell us how much you agree with the following statements regarding digital technologies (smartphones, computers, etc.).; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

60 The lowest concern about less jobs due to the digital revolution is found in the UK. Will there be more or less jobs in the future due to the digital revolution? No answer / don t know 1 I don t think that digital technologies have enough influence to change either the character of jobs or the number of jobs available. 0 The character of jobs will change, but the number of jobs lost will be compensated by the number of jobs gained. There will be more jobs overall There will be less jobs overall. Will there be more or less jobs in the future due to the digital revolution?; All respondents; n=- 0

61 Italians and Spaniards believe far more jobs will be lost than young people elsewhere. In percent of current jobs, how many do you think will be lost? Up to % % to 0% 1% to 0% 1% to 0% 1% to 0% More than 0% In percent of current jobs, how many jobs do you think will be lost?; Respondents who believe jobs will be lost; n=1-0 1

62 Those who believe jobs will be gained mostly expect up to 0% more. In percent of current jobs, how many do you think will be gained? Up to % % to 0% 1% to 0% 1% to 0% 1% to 0% More than 0% In percent of current jobs, how many jobs do you think will be gained?; Respondents who believe jobs will be gained; n=1-1

63 Young Germans and Brits expect by far the strongest effects of the digital revolution to be visible in the area of ICT. Out of the following areas, please rank the five areas which will be affected most by changing digital technologies. Information and communication technologies 1 Education Journalism and information (news) Manufacturing, processing Business, administration and law Engineering and engineering trades Mathematics and statistics Arts, humanities, languages Social and behavioral sciences Health / medicine and welfare Natural sciences Services Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Architecture and construction Rank - 1 Rank - Rank - Out of the following areas, please rank the five areas which will be affected most by changing digital technologies, beginning with the area where you expect the greatest changes.; All respondents; n=-

64 In other European countries, strong effects on the area of education are expected as well. Out of the following areas, please rank the five areas which will be affected most by changing digital technologies. Information and communication technologies Education Journalism and information (news) Manufacturing, processing Business, administration and law Engineering and engineering trades Mathematics and statistics Arts, humanities, languages Social and behavioral sciences Health / medicine and welfare Natural sciences Services Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary Architecture and construction Rank - 1 Rank - Rank - Out of the following areas, please rank the five areas which will be affected most by changing digital technologies, beginning with the area where you expect the greatest changes.; All respondents; n=-

65 Italians and Spaniards show the greatest affinity towards pursuing an ICT career. Would you generally be willing to pursue a career in the area of ICT? Yes, definitely Maybe Definitely not No answer / don t know Would you generally be willing to pursue a career in the area of digital information and communication technologies (ICT, e.g. software or network engineering, programming, IT service, ICT training)?; All respondents; n=1-

66 Young Brits most often cite a lack of interest against ICT, young Germans feel most often that it does not fit their strengths. Why would you not consider a career in ICT? I am not interested in working in that area at all. 1 I do not see my strengths in that area. 0 I do not feel competent enough. I don t want to sit in front of a computer all day. I am not interested in an office-bound job. 1 0 Jobs are boring 1 1 Education would take too much time. 1 1 There is not enough social contact in these jobs. It is too difficult to keep up with technological development and change. Job and career options are more promising in other fields. Jobs are paid too low. These jobs generally have a bad reputation. Other No answer / don t know Why would you not consider / What makes you cautious to consider a career in digital information and communication technologies (ICT)? Please tick all reasons that apply.; Respondents who would (likely) not consider a career in ICT; n=-

67 Among Czechs, the primary reason to not consider an ICT career is the feeling of a lack of competence. Why would you not consider a career in ICT? I am not interested in working in that area at all. 1 I do not see my strengths in that area. I do not feel competent enough. 1 I don t want to sit in front of a computer all day. 1 1 I am not interested in an office-bound job. 1 1 Jobs are boring 1 Education would take too much time. 1 1 There is not enough social contact in these jobs It is too difficult to keep up with technological development and change. 1 1 Job and career options are more promising in other fields. 1 Jobs are paid too low. These jobs generally have a bad reputation Other 1 1 No answer / don t know Why would you not consider / What makes you cautious to consider a career in digital information and communication technologies (ICT)? Please tick all reasons that apply.; Respondents who would (likely) not consider a career in ICT; n=-

68 Skills in the digitalised economy

69 Brits are particularly convinced of a widespread requirement of basic ICT skills at work in the future. ICT skills: In how far do you agree with the following statements? In the future 1 Completely disagree Completely agree more jobs will require basic ICT skills like using office or software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.). more jobs will require advanced ICT skills in using sector-specific software tools (e.g. Adobe Photoshop, data processing software, etc.). more jobs will require skills at developing, operating and maintaining ICT systems (software engineering, coding, programming, in-depth technical knowledge about hard- and software)....almost everyone will need some level of coding skill (programming, scripting etc.) in their job. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Thinking about the skills at using digital information and communication technologies (ICT), in how far do you agree with the following statements? In the future ; All respondents; n=0-; Means are shown

70 Compared to young people elsewhere, Italians and Spaniards are more aware that coding might become a requirement. ICT skills: In how far do you agree with the following statements? In the future 1 Completely disagree Completely agree more jobs will require basic ICT skills like using office or software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.). more jobs will require advanced ICT skills in using sector-specific software tools (e.g. Adobe Photoshop, data processing software, etc.). more jobs will require skills at developing, operating and maintaining ICT systems (software engineering, coding, programming, in-depth technical knowledge about hard- and software)....almost everyone will need some level of coding skill (programming, scripting etc.) in their job. Italy Spain Czech Republic Thinking about the skills at using digital information and communication technologies (ICT), in how far do you agree with the following statements? In the future ; All respondents; n=0-; Means are shown 0

71 Confidence in personal ICT skills is highest in the UK. Dutch are less convinced of constant training being necessary than others. ICT at work: In how far do you agree with these statements? The changes to working environments require constant professional training, even when you are employed. I love the idea of being able to work from home by using digital technologies. I am confident to keep up with any technological changes relevant to my field of education / work. I am generally confident that my ICT skills are sufficient for my future career path. Digital technologies play a very important role in my field of education / work. I am concerned about maintaining a healthy work-life balance due to constantly changing work environments. The level of ICT skills required by employers today endangers my chances to find a job. I feel at a disadvantage in applying for jobs in the future because of a lack of ICT skills. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Thinking about the influence of digital technologies on the workplace of the future: In how far do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown 1

72 Young Czechs are least concerned about ICT requirements endangering their job chances. ICT at work: In how far do you agree with these statements? The changes to working environments require constant professional training, even when you are employed. I love the idea of being able to work from home by using digital technologies. I am confident to keep up with any technological changes relevant to my field of education / work. I am generally confident that my ICT skills are sufficient for my future career path. Digital technologies play a very important role in my field of education / work. I am concerned about maintaining a healthy work-life balance due to constantly changing work environments. The level of ICT skills required by employers today endangers my chances to find a job. I feel at a disadvantage in applying for jobs in the future because of a lack of ICT skills. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Italy Spain Czech Republic Thinking about the influence of digital technologies on the workplace of the future: In how far do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

73 Young people in the Netherlands believe connecting devices to be less important than those elsewhere. How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Sending and receiving s Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Searching for information on the Internet Critically thinking about information found on the Internet Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Knowledge of ways to protect data Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Germany United Kingdom Netherlands How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path?; All respondents; n=-0; Means are shown

74 Italians and Spaniards expect database software to be more important than young people in other countries do. How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Sending and receiving s Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Searching for information on the Internet Critically thinking about information found on the Internet Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Knowledge of ways to protect data Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Italy Spain Czech Republic How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path?; All respondents; n=-0; Means are shown

75 Young Europeans generally feel that more complex or hardware related skills will remain less important than basic ICT skills. How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path? Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Setting up a computer network 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Using tools for encrypting s Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Creating and maintaining a website / blog Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Germany United Kingdom Netherlands How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path?; All respondents; n=-0; Means are shown

76 Overall, Italians and Spaniards attribute the highest importance to ICT skills, even complex ones. How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path? Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Setting up a computer network 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Using tools for encrypting s Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Creating and maintaining a website / blog Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Italy Spain Czech Republic How important do you think the following ICT skills are on your career path?; All respondents; n=-0; Means are shown

77 Young Europeans are universally confident in their ability to perform those ICT skills that they expect to be of importance. And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Sending and receiving s Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Searching for information on the Internet Thinking critically about information found on the Internet Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Knowledge of ways to protect data Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Germany United Kingdom Netherlands And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills on the level required on your career path?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

78 Data protection and handling database software are skills for which young European feel less prepared. And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Sending and receiving s Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Searching for information on the Internet Thinking critically about information found on the Internet Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Knowledge of ways to protect data Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Italy Spain Czech Republic And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills on the level required on your career path?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

79 Compared to other Europeans, young Brits feel least competent about encryption, server management, and coding. And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills? Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Setting up a computer network 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Using tools for encrypting s Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Creating and maintaining a website / blog Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Germany United Kingdom Netherlands And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills on the level required on your career path?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

80 As expected, confidence in using social networks is high across all countries. And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills? Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Setting up a computer network 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Using tools for encrypting s Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Creating and maintaining a website / blog Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Italy Spain Czech Republic And how confident are you in your ability to perform these skills on the level required on your career path?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown 0

81 Young Brits are most likely to search the Internet for solutions to ICT problems or to figure things out themselves. Thinking about acquiring ICT skills or solving ICT problems: Where do you / would you seek support? Searching the internet for solutions Friends and peers IT specialists / colleagues 0 I would rather try figuring it out by myself. 0 1 Handbooks and documentations of software packages 1 Technical literature 1 E-learning coursework Parents and relatives Coursework in public education faculties 1 Coursework in private education faculties 1 Other No answer / don t know Thinking about acquiring ICT skills or solving ICT problems: Where do you / would you seek support?; All respondents; n=00-1

82 Young Italians least often ask friends and peers to solve ICT problems but rely more likely on handbooks and coursework. Thinking about acquiring ICT skills or solving ICT problems: Where do you / would you seek support? Searching the internet for solutions 0 Friends and peers 0 IT specialists / colleagues I would rather try figuring it out by myself. Handbooks and documentations of software packages 0 Technical literature 1 1 E-learning coursework 1 1 Parents and relatives 1 1 Coursework in public education faculties 1 1 Coursework in private education faculties 1 Other No answer / don t know Thinking about acquiring ICT skills or solving ICT problems: Where do you / would you seek support?; All respondents; n=00-

83 Evaluation of education and work

84 Young Europeans are equivocal in their wish for more cooperation between schools, universities, and employers. Companies stance on skill gap: In how far do you agree with these statements? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Schools, universities and employers have to work closer together. Companies should close the gap in skills they see by offering better on-the-job training. Companies should invest more in educational institutions. They are right. Education today does not adequately prepare for jobs. Employers should have more influence on the curricula. Not the educational institutions but the companies need to rethink their approach. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Many companies state repeatedly, that they have difficulties finding employees who possess the right skill sets for their job. What is your opinion on this? Do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=-1; Means are shown

85 Young Spaniards are the most convinced that companies rather than educators need to rethink their approach. Companies stance on skill gap: In how far do you agree with these statements? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Schools, universities and employers have to work closer together. Companies should close the gap in skills they see by offering better on-the-job training. Companies should invest more in educational institutions. They are right. Education today does not adequately prepare for jobs. Employers should have more influence on the curricula. Not the educational institutions but the companies need to rethink their approach. Italy Spain Czech Republic Many companies state repeatedly, that they have difficulties finding employees who possess the right skill sets for their job. What is your opinion on this? Do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=-1; Means are shown

86 Young Brits hold schools for general education far more often responsible for ICT training than young people elsewhere. Who is most responsible for teaching your generation the ICT skills that are required to succeed on a career path? Schools for general education 1 Vocational training 1 Institutions of higher education 1 1 On-the-job training / traineeships 1 Internships 1 1 Specialised training institutions where you can attend specific ICT courses None of these. I am responsible to acquire these skills on my own. No answer / don t know 1 In your opinion, who is most responsible for teaching your generation the ICT skills that are required to succeed on a career path?; All respondents; n=00-

87 In most countries, young people do not agree on a single institution responsible for ICT training. Who is most responsible for teaching your generation the ICT skills that are required to succeed on a career path? Schools for general education 1 Vocational training Institutions of higher education 1 1 On-the-job training / traineeships 1 1 Internships Specialised training institutions where you can attend specific ICT courses None of these. I am responsible to acquire these skills on my own. 1 No answer / don t know In your opinion, who is most responsible for teaching your generation the ICT skills that are required to succeed on a career path?; Respondents who are employed but not self-employed; n=00-

88 Across Europe, schools for general education are seen as providing the worst preparation in terms of ICT skills. How well do the following educational possibilities prepare your generation in terms of ICT skills? Specialised training institutions where you can attend specific ICT courses 1 very poor very good On-the-job training / traineeships Vocational training Internships Institutions of higher education (university, college, etc.) Schools for general education Germany United Kingdom Netherlands In your opinion, how well do the following educational possibilities prepare your generation for what is expected on the job market in terms of ICT skills?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

89 In general, young Czechs give slightly more credit to educators in terms of ICT teaching. How well do the following educational possibilities prepare your generation in terms of ICT skills? Specialised training institutions where you can attend specific ICT courses 1 very poor very good On-the-job training / traineeships Vocational training Internships Institutions of higher education (university, college, etc.) Schools for general education Italy Spain Czech Republic In your opinion, how well do the following educational possibilities prepare your generation for what is expected on the job market in terms of ICT skills?; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

90 More courses, better teachers, and a wider use of ICT are the most needed improvements in the eyes of students. What should schools and universities do to improve learning ICT skills? Offer more courses in ICT Train teachers better in ICT 0 Use ICT more often even in general, not only in ICT specific courses Set up more / better computers Facilitate internships at tech companies 1 Employ more teachers for ICT 0 1 Acquire better broadband internet access I don t think teaching of ICT skills at schools and universities needs to be improved. Other 0 1 No answer / don t know 1 1 In your opinion, what should schools and universities do to improve learning ICT skills?; All respondents; n=00-0

91 Students in Spain and the Czech Republic see more value in internships at tech companies than students elsewhere. What should schools and universities do to improve learning ICT skills? Offer more courses in ICT 1 Train teachers better in ICT 1 Use ICT more often even in general, not only in ICT specific courses Set up more / better computers Facilitate internships at tech companies Employ more teachers for ICT Acquire better broadband internet access I don t think teaching of ICT skills at schools and universities needs to be improved. 1 1 Other No answer / don t know In your opinion, what should schools and universities do to improve learning ICT skills?; All respondents; n=00-1

92 On-the-job training in ICT is least often offered in the Netherlands and the Czech Republic. Does your employer offer on-the-job training in ICT skills? Would you expect them to? No answer / don t know They do not offer training, and I do not expect them to. They do not offer training, but I expect them to. They do offer training, but I do not expect them to. They do offer training, and I expect them to Does your employer offer any on-the-job training in ICT skills? Would you expect them to?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-

93 Trainings on using the Internet are more often attended by Dutch students than Germans or Brits. In how far is training in ICT skills offered (at your current educational institution)? Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Searching for information on the Internet 1 1 Thinking critically about information found on the Internet 1 1 Knowledge of ways to protect data Creating and maintaining a website / blog Sending and receiving s Training offered, and I do / did attend Training offered, but I did not attend (yet) Thinking about the institution you currently receive your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training), in how far is training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

94 Training of basic skills is more common among students in Spain and Italy than in the Czech Republic. In how far is training in ICT skills offered (at your current educational institution)? Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) 1 1 Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) 1 1 Searching for information on the Internet Thinking critically about information found on the Internet Knowledge of ways to protect data Creating and maintaining a website / blog Sending and receiving s Training offered, and I do / did attend Training offered, but I did not attend (yet) Thinking about the institution you currently receive your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training), in how far is training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

95 Courses on advanced skills are rarely attended by students in Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. In how far is training in ICT skills offered (at your current educational institution)? Using tools for encrypting s 1 1 Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Setting up a computer network 1 1 Setting up and maintaining a web server 1 1 Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) 1 1 Training offered, and I do / did attend Training offered, but I did not attend (yet) Thinking about the institution you currently receive your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training), in how far is training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

96 Spanish students show higher attendance of advanced courses than Italians or Czechs. In how far is training in ICT skills offered (at your current educational institution)? Using tools for encrypting s Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Setting up a computer network Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Training offered, and I do / did attend Training offered, but I did not attend (yet) Thinking about the institution you currently receive your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training), in how far is training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are still undergoing education (other than general education); n=-1

97 For those who are already employed, courses on standard office software were most popular across Europe. In how far was training in ICT skills offered (at your past educational institution)? Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Searching for information on the Internet Thinking critically about information found on the Internet 1 1 Knowledge of ways to protect data Creating and maintaining a website / blog Sending and receiving s Training offered, and I did attend Training offered, but I did not attend Thinking about the institution you received your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training) before you started your current job, in how far was training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are employed; n=0-1

98 Young Spaniards already employed were most interested in courses on office software and searching the Internet. In how far was training in ICT skills offered (at your past educational institution)? Standard office software (e.g. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint) Software to handle large databases (e.g. Microsoft Access) Software for processing and creating images / graphics (e.g. Photoshop) Searching for information on the Internet Thinking critically about information found on the Internet Knowledge of ways to protect data Creating and maintaining a website / blog Sending and receiving s Training offered, and I did attend Training offered, but I did not attend Thinking about the institution you received your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training) before you started your current job, in how far was training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are employed; n=0-1

99 Courses on advanced ICT skills were rarely attended by those already employed in Germany, UK, and the Netherlands. In how far was training in ICT skills offered (at your past educational institution)? Using tools for encrypting s 1 1 Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) 1 Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Setting up a computer network Setting up and maintaining a web server 1 1 Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) 1 Training offered, and I did attend Training offered, but I did not attend Thinking about the institution you received your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training) before you started your current job, in how far was training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are employed; n=0-1

100 Courses on advanced ICT skills were far more often offered to Young Italians, Spaniards, and Czechs. In how far was training in ICT skills offered (at your past educational institution)? Using tools for encrypting s Communicating with others via social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Connecting different devices (e.g. printer, projector, camera) with a computer Setting up a computer network Setting up and maintaining a web server Scripting / Coding of software (requiring scripting language) Using digital devices other than a computer (e.g. smartphone, tablet PC) Training offered, and I did attend Training offered, but I did not attend Thinking about the institution you received your education from (e.g. school, university, vocational training) before you started your current job, in how far was training in the following ICT skills offered?; Respondents who are employed; n=0-1 0

101 Young Dutch are less convinced than Germans and Brits about Europe s potential as a leader in research and development of ICT. ICT skills in Europe: Please indicate in how far you agree with these statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Europe can and should take a leadership role when it comes to research and development in digital technologies. Education in digital technologies in Europe needs to step up to not fall behind other regions in the world. Europe will remain competitive overall and not loose jobs due to changing digital technologies. My home country will remain competitive and not loose jobs due to changing digital technologies. I am afraid that jobs will be increasingly outsourced to other regions of the world because of a lack of ICT skills in Europe. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands Thinking about ICT skills and their importance for the future workplace, do you think countries in Europe will keep up with the ongoing changes? Please indicate in how far you agree with the following statements.; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown 1

102 Spaniards and Italians are most concerned about outsourced jobs and their home countries not remaining competitive. ICT skills in Europe: Please indicate in how far you agree with these statements. 1 Completely disagree Completely agree Europe can and should take a leadership role when it comes to research and development in digital technologies. Education in digital technologies in Europe needs to step up to not fall behind other regions in the world. Europe will remain competitive overall and not loose jobs due to changing digital technologies. My home country will remain competitive and not loose jobs due to changing digital technologies. I am afraid that jobs will be increasingly outsourced to other regions of the world because of a lack of ICT skills in Europe. Italy Spain Czech Republic Thinking about ICT skills and their importance for the future workplace, do you think countries in Europe will keep up with the ongoing changes? Please indicate in how far you agree with the following statements.; All respondents; n=-; Means are shown

103 Entrepreneurship

104 Interest in startups or an own business in the field of ICT is rather low in Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands. Entrepreneurship: In how far do you agree with these statements? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I would love to start my own business in general. I would love to work for a startup company in general. I would prefer starting my own business or working in a startup company to working in a large business / company. I would love to work for a startup company in the field of ICT. I would love to start my own business in the field of ICT. Germany United Kingdom Netherlands In how far do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=0-1; Means are shown

105 Young Italians and Spaniards are more interested than others in self-employment and startups across the board then. Entrepreneurship: In how far do you agree with these statements? 1 Completely disagree Completely agree I would love to start my own business in general. I would love to work for a startup company in general. I would prefer starting my own business or working in a startup company to working in a large business / company. I would love to work for a startup company in the field of ICT. I would love to start my own business in the field of ICT. Italy Spain Czech Republic In how far do you agree with the following statements?; All respondents; n=0-1; Means are shown

106 In comparison, young Brits often believe that an own business offers better earnings and work-life-balance. Which of the following reasons describe best why you would like to start your own business? I want to realise my own business ideas. I do not want to work for someone else / I want to be my own boss. I think I can earn more money with my own business. I think it will help me to keep a better balance between work and private life. It is hard to find a good job in the job market I am confident that I have the skills I need for my own business. I consider it a good way to invest my money. I want to build up a cooperation / a company with people who have the same goals. I want to employ people / I want to lead employees I would get all the support I need from my family / my friends. I think I have enough work experience to start my own business. Other No answer / don t know Which of the following reasons describe best why you would like to start your own business?; Respondents who agree that they "would love to start their own business"; n=-

107 A problematic situation on the job market triggers interest in selfemployment quite often in Italy, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Which of the following reasons describe best why you would like to start your own business? I want to realise my own business ideas. I do not want to work for someone else / I want to be my own boss. I think I can earn more money with my own business. I think it will help me to keep a better balance between work and private life. It is hard to find a good job in the job market. 1 0 I am confident that I have the skills I need for my own business. 1 I consider it a good way to invest my money. I want to build up a cooperation / a company with people who have the same goals. I want to employ people / I want to lead employees I would get all the support I need from my family / my friends. I think I have enough work experience to start my own business. Other No answer / don t know Which of the following reasons describe best why you would like to start your own business?; Respondents who agree that they "would love to start their own business"; n=-

108 Young Brits rather feel they are lacking business ideas. Young Dutch do fear being in charge of an own business. Which of the following reasons describe best why you would (rather) NOT start your own business? I do not have enough money / funds to start my own business. It causes too much stress / too much work. I do not think I have enough work experience to start my own business. I do not have any business ideas / I do not know in which field to start my own business. I am not confident that I have the skills I need for my own business. I think balance between work-life and private life would be difficult to achieve. I consider it a bad way to invest my money into an own business / I do not want the financial risk. Larger companies offer better financial security. I rather want to work for someone else / I do not want to be my own boss. I find the regulations and procedures with regard to starting one s own business too complicated. I think I do not have enough work related net-working. I do not want to employ people / I do not want to lead employees. I think I can earn more money when I work for an established company. Other No answer / don t know Which of the following reasons describe best why you would (rather) NOT like to start your own business?; Respondents who disagree that they would love to start their own business; n=1-1; Values <1% (across all countries) are aggregated to others

109 Concerns about funding are often a reason against selfemployment in Italy, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Which of the following reasons describe best why you would (rather) NOT start your own business? I do not have enough money / funds to start my own business. It causes too much stress / too much work. I do not think I have enough work experience to start my own business. I do not have any business ideas / I do not know in which field to start my own business. I am not confident that I have the skills I need for my own business. I think balance between work-life and private life would be difficult to achieve. I consider it a bad way to invest my money into an own business / I do not want the financial risk. Larger companies offer better financial security. I rather want to work for someone else / I do not want to be my own boss. I find the regulations and procedures with regard to starting one s own business too complicated. I think I do not have enough work related net-working. I do not want to employ people / I do not want to lead employees. I think I can earn more money when I work for an established company. Other No answer / don t know Which of the following reasons describe best why you would (rather) NOT like to start your own business?; Respondents who disagree that they would love to start their own business; n=1-1; Values <1% (across all countries) are aggregated to others

110 Key changes the young generation would make 0