Quality of Service in IP Networks
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- Peter Webster
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1 1 Quality of Service in IP Networks S. Hadjiefthymiades University of Athens, Department of Informatics & Telecommunications Communication Networks Laboratory
2 2 Best Effort IP U n t i l r e c e n t l y, I P n e t w o r k s s u p p o r t e d o n l y o n e s e r v i c e c l a s s : b e s t e f f o r t T h e n e t w o r k w o u l d m a k e i t s b e s t a t t e m p t t o d e l i v e r p a c k e t s t o t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n b u t w i t h n o g u a r a n t e e s a n d n o s p e c i a l r e s o u r c e s a l l o c a t e d f o r a n y o f t h e p a c k e t s.
3 3 Reasons for BE orientation T h e o r i g i n a l T C P / I P s u i t e w a s b u i l t o n t h e i d e a o f f a i r a n d e q u i t a b l e a c c e s s t o a l l a n d n o s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t o f a n y o n e. There weren t any applications that needed Q o S s u p p o r t. E a r l y r o u t e r s i m p l e m e n t e d s i m p l e q u e u i n g disciplines (FIFO). T C P t r i e d t o a l l e v i a t e s o m e o f t h e p r o b l e m s o f increased traffic and FIFO based routers.
4 4 Early mechanisms for Differentiation F i r s t e f f o r t o n I P QoS : w r i t t e n o n b y C l a r k, S h e n k e r a n d Z h a n g. D e f i n e d a r c h i t e c t u r e, s e r v i c e c l a s s e s a n d t w o m e c h a n i s m s f o r Q o S s u p p o r t : t h e T o k e n b u c k e t f i l t e r a n d W e i g h t e d F a i r Q u e u i n g.
5 5 Token Bucket Filter C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n t r a f f i c l o a d t h a t r e c e i v e s a p a r t i c u l a r s e r v i c e. C a n b e c o n c e p t u a l i s e d a s a b u c k e t o f t o k e n s ; d e p t h B, r a t e o f n e w t o k e n g e n e r a t i o n R. T r a f f i c s o u r c e i s s a i d t o c o n f o r m t o t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f a f i l t e r i f i t s e n d s p a c k e t s a t a r a t e l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l t o R.
6 6 Token Bucket Filter
7 7 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) W F Q a l g o r i t h m u s e d f o r s c h e d u l i n g p a c k e t s f o r o u t b o u n d t r a n s m i s s i o n f r o m r o u t e r s. P a c k e t s o f a f l o w a r e t i m e - s t a m p e d b a s e d o n t h e i r a r r i v a l r a t e a t t h e r o u t e r, t h e i r s c h e d u l e d d e p a r t u r e t i m e f r o m t h e r o u t e r a n d t h e i r l e n g t h. T h e d e p a r t u r e q u e u e o f t h e W F Q s c h e d u l e r i s r e o r d e r e d e v e r y t i m e a n e w p a c k e t a r r i v e s s o t h e p a c k e t s w i t h s m a l l e s t t i m e s t a m p s a r e txed f i r s t.
8 8 WFQ Characteristics A p a r t i c u l a r f l o w i s g u a r a n t e e d i t s a l l o c a t e d s h a r e o f t h e b a n d w i d t h i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e b e h a v i o u r o f a l l o t h e r f l o w s t r a v e l l i n g t h r o u g h t h e s a m e r o u t e r. T h e W F Q a l g o r i t h m i s w o r k c o n s e r v i n g i. e. t h e l i n k i s n e v e r l e f t i d l e.
9 9 IETF IntServ Architecture I P a r c h i t e c t u r e i s e x t e n d e d t o s u p p o r t b o t h r e a l - t i m e a n d b e s t e f f o r t t r a f f i c f l o w s. F l o w : a s t r e a m o f p a c k e t s w i t h c o m m o n s o u r c e a d d r e s s, d e s t i n a t i o n a d d r e s s a n d p o r t n u m b e r. T h e n e t w o r k m a i n t a i n s f l o w - s p e c i f i c s t a t e i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e t h e d e s i r e d l e v e l s o f s e r v i c e i n t e r m s o f q u a n t i f i a b l e b a n d w i d t h a n d d e l a y.
10 10 Finite network resources R o u t e r s h a v e f i n i t e b u f f e r s, C P U c a p a c i t y a n d a r e l i n k e d t o l i n k s w i t h a c e r t a i n m a x i m u m b a n d w i d t h. H e n c e, r o u t e r s n e e d t o e x e r c i s e c o n t r o l o v e r w h a t f l o w s w o u l d b e a l l o c a t e d w h a t r e s o u r c e s. F o r t h e 1 s t t i m e, s o m e r o u t e r w i t h i n t h e I P n e t w o r k w o u l d d e n y s e r v i c e p r o v i s i o n.
11 11 Basic Components of IntServ T r a f f i c C o n t r o l : A d m i s s i o n C o n t r o l + P a c k e t C l a s s i f i e r + P a c k e t S c h e d u l e r T r a f f i c C l a s s e s : G u a r a n t e e d & C o n t r o l l e d Setup P r o t o c o l : R S V P
12 12 Traffic Control A d m i s s i o n C o n t r o l : c h e c k s t o s e e i f t h e r e s o u r c e s i n t h e r o u t e r c a n s u p p o r t a p a r t i c u l a r s e r v i c e. P e r f o r m s a c c e p t / r e j e c t d e c i s i o n. P a c k e t C l a s s i f i e r : E x a m i n e s t h e s o u r c e / d e s t i n a t i o n a d d r e s s a n d p o r t f i e l d s i n t h e p r o c e s s e d p a c k e t. P a c k e t S c h e d u l e r : S c h e d u l e s t h e p a c k e t f o r o u t b o u n d t r a n s m i s s i o n. A p p l i e s a l g o r i t h m s l i k e WFQ.
13 13 Traffic Classes C o n t r o l l e d L o a d : a p p r o x i m a t e s a b e s t e f f o r t s e r v i c e o v e r a n n o n - c o n g e s t e d n e t w o r k. G u a r a n t e e d L o a d : s u p p o r t s r e a l - t i m e f l o w s t h a t r e q u i r e a q u a n t i f i a b l e b o u n d o n d e l a y.
14 14 IntServ FlowSpec T h e f l o w s p e c i f i c a t i o n i s c a r r i e d b y R S V P m e s s a g e s i n t o t h e n e t w o r k a n d d e f i n e s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s Q o S r e q u i r e m e n t s a s a s e r i e s o f o b j e c t s ( e. g., t o k e n b u c k e t p a r a m e t e r s ).
15 15 IntServ Architecture R S V P Appl. RSVP Policy Control Routing Process RSVP Policy Control Classifier Packet Scheduler Admission Control Data Classifier Packet Scheduler Admission Control Data Node Router
16 16 Resource Reservation Protocol T h e d e f a c t o s e t u p p r o t o c o l f o r I n t S e r v R e s o u r c e R e s e r v a t i o n P r o t o c o l ( R S V P ). T h e s o u r c e t r a n s m i t s a P A T H m e s s a g e a l o n g t h e r o u t e d p a t h t o t h e d e s t i n a t i o n ( u n i c a s t o r multicast). P A T H : m a r k s t h e r o u t e d p a t h a c r o s s t h e n e t w o r k a n d c o l l e c t s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e Q o S v i a b i l i t y o f e a c h r o u t e r. is
17 17 Resource Reservation Protocol P r o t o c o l i s u n i d i r e c t i o n a l. E s t a b l i s h e s r e s e r v a t i o n s t a t e i n o n e d i r e c t i o n. R e c e i v e r i n i t i a t e d r e s e r v a t i o n s. I n d e p e n d e n t f r o m c u r r e n t u n i c a s t / m u l t i c a s t r o u t i n g p r o t o c o l s.
18 18 RSVP basic message flow Sender Path Resv Path Resv Path Receiver Receiver
19 19 RSVP basic message flow Sender Resv Receiver Receiver
20 20 RSVP message flow PHOP (Previous Hop) Object + ADSPEC PHOP allows the RESV messages to find their route upstream. ADSPEC: summarises the path s characteristics and delivers this info to the receiver. OPWA: One Pass With Advertisement
21 21 RESV message U p o n r e c e i v i n g t h e P A T H m e s s a g e, t h e r e c e i v e r c a n g a u g e w h a t s e r v i c e s t h e n e t w o r k c a n s u p p o r t a n d t h e n g e n e r a t e a n R E S V m e s s a g e t o w a r d s t h e s e n d e r. R E S V c o n t a i n s t r a f f i c a n d Q o S o b j e c t s t h a t a r e p r o c e s s e d b y t h e t r a f f i c c o n t r o l c o m p o n e n t o f e a c h r o u t e r i n t h e u p s t r e a m d i r e c t i o n.
22 22 RSVP Soft-state T h e p e r f l o w r e s e r v a t i o n s t a t e m a i n t a i n e d i n r o u t e r s w i l l b e d e l e t e d u n l e s s R S V P P A T H a n d R E S V m e s s a g e s a r e p e r i o d i c a l l y s e n t b y t h e s e n d e r a n d r e c e i v e r s r e s p e c t i v e l y. S o f t - s t a t e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r o t o c o l.
23 23 Reservation Styles (1/2) T o m a k e b e s t u s e o f r e s e r v e d s t a t e, R S V P s u p p o r t s d i f f e r e n t r e s e r v a t i o n s t y l e s. S t y l e s s p e c i f y w h e t h e r a r e s e r v a t i o n s h o u l d b e d e d i c a t e d t o a p a r t i c u l a r s e n d e r o r s h a r e d a m o n g m u l t i p l e s e n d e r s i n t h e s a m e s e s s i o n ( R S V P s e s s i o n = s a m e d e s t i n a t i o n I P + p o r t n u m b e r ).
24 24 Reservation Styles (2/2) F i x e d F i l t e r ( F F ) r e s e r v a t i o n : a s i n g l e r e s e r v a t i o n w i l l b e a l l o c a t e d f o r a s i n g l e s e n d e r. S h a r e d E x p l i c i t ( S E ) r e s e r v a t i o n : m u l t i p l e s e n d e r s i n t h e s a m e s e s s i o n a r e a l l o w e d t o s h a r e a s i n g l e r e s e r v a t i o n.
25 25 Merging of reservations R S V P r e s e r v a t i o n s a r e a l l o w e d t o m e r g e a t b r a n c h p o i n t s i n a m u l t i c a s t t r e e. T h e r o u t e r w i l l i n s t a l l t h e l a r g e s t o f a l l r e c e i v e d r e s e r v a t i o n r e q u e s t s f o r a s e n d e r o r s e t o f s e n d e r s a n d t h e n p a s s t h a t m e r g e d r e s e r v a t i o n v a l u e t o t h e n e x t, u p s t r e a m r o u t e r.
26 26 IntServ /RSVP Open Issues T h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y a n d s c a l a b i l i t y o f R S V P i n l a r g e n e t w o r k s i s l i m i t e d. E x a m p l e : c o r e r o u t e r i n I S P s u p p o r t i n g V o I P f l o w s e s t a b l i s h e d u s i n g R S V P. T h e r o u t e r n e e d s t o m a i n t a i n s t a t e f o r f l o w s ( p e r d i r e c t i o n ) w h i l e p r o c e s s i n g r e f r e s h m e s s a g e s. R S V P l a c k s a d e q u a t e s e c u r i t y m e c h a n i s m s.
27 27 RSVP Compliant API W i n s o c k 2 i s a W i n d o w s b a s e d n e t w o r k i n g A P I t h a t s u p p o r t s f e a t u r e s s u c h a s m u l t i c a s t a n d Q o S. W i n s o c k 2 d e f i n e s d a t a s t r u c t u r e s a n d c a l l s t h a t e n a b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s t o s i g n a l t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s t h r o u g h a v a r i e t y o f t e c h n i q u e s i n c l u d i n g R S V P a n d A T M. G e n e r i c Q o S A P I b y M i c r o s o f t.
28 28 IETF RSVP Survey ( )? a t a s? e? a s t?????t??? 3COM CoreBuilder (?at?stas?: alpha prototype)?a? NetBuilder II (?at?stas?: development) Bay Networks Backbone Node, Access Stack Node, Advanced Remote Node, Access Node (?at?stas?: beta prototype??a??a ta µ??t??a) IBM QoS-Switch-Router (QSR) (?at?stas?: Beta testing. Ta???s?µ?p????e??? e?e???t??? p??t?t?p?). CISCO IOS 11.2.? p?st????eta? se??e? t?? p?atf??µe? 1xxx, 25xx, 4xxx, and 7xxx.?????? ap? t???????st? FORE RSVP Prototype (?at?stas?: alpha prototype) Furukawa Electric INFONET3740/3780/3791 (?at?stas?: beta prototype) IBM IBM Multi-protocol Router Family (Nways Router), p?? pe???aµß??e? ta µ??t??a 2210, 2216, and 8210 (? at?stas?: under testing).
29 29 Differentiated Services N e w I E T F a p p r o a c h f o r s u p p o r t i n g I P Q o S. I n d i v i d u a l m i c r o - f l o w s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a t t h e e d g e o f t h e n e t w o r k i n t o o n e o f s e v e r a l u n i q u e s e r v i c e c l a s s e s a n d t h e n a p e r - c l a s s s e r v i c e i s a p p l i e d i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e n e t w o r k.
30 30 Packet Classification P a c k e t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d a t t h e i n g r e s s o f t h e n e t w o r k b a s e d o n t h e a n a l y s i s o f o n e o r m o r e f i e l d s i n t h e p a c k e t. P a c k e t i s t h e n m a r k e d a s b e l o n g i n g t o a p a r t i c u l a r s e r v i c e a n d, t h e n, i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e n e t w o r k.
31 31 Reasons behind DS S c a l a b i l i t y ; i n d i v i d u a l h o s t h o s t m i c r o f l o w s a r e a g g r e g a t e d i n t o a s i n g l e a g g r e g a t e f l o w a n d t h e n t h i s f l o w r e c e i v e s s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t. S o l u t i o n s h o u l d b e a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s. N o n e w c o n t r o l p r o t o c o l a n d A P I s s h o u l d b e needed. N e w r o u t e r t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g s p e e d s.
32 32 DS Architecture Components D S - f i e l d i s a b i t p a t t e r n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e h e a d e r o f e a c h p a c k e t d e n o t i n g t h e s e r v i c e ( P H B ) t h e p a c k e t s h o u l d r e c e i v e a t e a c h h o p. T h e T O S / I P v 4 a n d t h e T r a f f i c C l a s s / I P v 6 f i e l d s h a v e b e e n r e d e f i n e d a s t h e D S - f i e l d s. P e r H o p B e h a v i o u r : t h e s e r v i c e t h a t p a c k e t s r e c e i v e a t e a c h h o p. P H B c a n b e d e c l a r e d i n a r e l a t i v e o r a b s o l u t e w a y.
33 33 DS Architecture Components B e h a v i o u r A g g r e g a t e ( B A ) : a g r o u p o f p a c k e t s w i t h t h e s a m e D S C o d e P o i n t ( D S C P ). A b o u n d a r y r o u t e r i s p o s i t i o n e d a t t h e e d g e o f a D i f f S e r v c a p a b l e n e t w o r k. T h i s d e v i c e p e r f o r m s p a c k e t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n, m e t e r i n g, p a c k e t m a r k i n g a n d p o s s i b l y p o l i c i n g o r s h a p i n g. I n t e r i o r n o d e s : p r o v i d e t h e P H B b a s e d o n t h e D S C P b i t s. U s e a l g o r i t h m s s u c h a s W F Q o r R E D f o r q u e u e m a n a g e m e n t a n d s c h e d u l i n g.
34 34 DS Field I P v 4 T O S o c t e t o r I P v 6 T r a f f i c C l a s s o c t e t DSCP CU DSCP:Differentiated Services CodeP o i n t CU:Currently Unused
35 35 DS Architecture Components
36 36 Packet processing in ingress router P a c k e t p a s s e s t h r o u g h a M u l t i F i e l d ( M F ) c l a s s i f i e r w h i c h w o r k s w i t h a t r a f f i c m e t e r t o m e a s u r e p a c k e t s c o n f o r m a n c e t o w i t h a g r e e d t r a f f i c p r o f i l e s. I n - p r o f i l e a n d o u t - o f - p r o f i l e p a c k e t s m a y b e t r e a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y. T h e D S C P b i t s a r e t h e n m a r k e d. T h e p a c k e t m a y t h e n b e c o n d i t i o n e d ( s h a p e d o r d r o p p e d ) b e f o r e e n t e r i n g t h e n e t w o r k.
37 37 Per-Hop Behaviours E x p e d i t e d F o r w a r d i n g ( E F ) : l o w l o s s, l o w d e l a y a n d l o w j i t t e r c o n n e c t i o n s. I t a p p e a r s a s a p o i n t p o i n t V i r t u a l L e a s e d L i n e ( V L L ) w i t h a p e a k b a n d w i d t h. T o m i n i m i s e j i t t e r a n d d e l a y, p a c k e t s m u s t s p e n t l i t t l e o r n o t i m e i n r o u t e r q u e u e s. T h e r e f o r e t h e E F P H B r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e t r a f f i c b e c o n d i t i o n e d t o c o n f o r m t o t h e p e a k r a t e a t t h e i n g r e s s r o u t e r. A s i n g l e D S C P b i t i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e E F P H B.
38 38 Per-Hop Behaviours A s s u r e d F o r w a r d i n g ( A F ) : d e f i n e s f o u r r e l a t i v e c l a s s e s o f s e r v i c e w i t h e a c h s e r v i c e s u p p o r t i n g 3 l e v e l s o f d r o p p r e c e d e n c e. 1 2 D S C P b i t c o m b i n a t i o n s d e f i n e t h e A F c l a s s e s a n d t h e d r o p p r e c e d e n c e l e v e l s. W h e n c o n g e s t i o n o c c u r s, p a c k e t s w i t h a h i g h e r d r o p p r e c e d e n c e w i l l b e d i s c a r d e d a h e a d o f t h o s e w i t h a l o w e r d r o p p r e c e d e n c e.
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