A Retrospective Review of Marijuana and Driving Under the Influence in the Service Region of the California Department of Justice.

Transcription

1 A Retrospective Review of Marijuana and Driving Under the Influence in the Service Region of the California Department of Justice. Bill Phillips Criminalist Manager/Laboratory Director Bureau of Forensic Services Toxicology Laboratory, Sacramento, CA Tel:

2 Bureau of Forensic Services Regional Laboratories

3 Services Provided For Agencies in Service Region* DUI Toxicology Violent Crime Health And Safety And Non-violent Felony Toxicology * Service provided on a case-to-case basis to other county and agency laboratories in situations that are beyond their capabilities/or request assistance.

4 DOJ DUI Case Acceptance and Analysis Policy Cases where the Alcohol is 0.08 or less are analyzed for the presence of drugs. An initial immunoassay screen is done for amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine, Marijuana, opiates, and phencyclidine. A report of the immunoassay results is issued. Prior to a court appearance, a GC/MS confirmatory analysis is performed and upon request a quantitative analysis is available. A second report is issued and the Toxicologist will provide interpretive testimony if subpoenaed.

5 DRUGS FOUND IN TOXICOLOGY CASES SUBMITTED IN 1992 MARIJUANA 24% NEGATIVE 37% PHENCYCLIDINE 2% COCAINE 12% BENZODIAZEPINES 6% METHAMPHETAMINE 13% OPIATES 7%

6 DRUGS FOUND IN SAMPLES SUBMITTED 1993 MARIJUANA 29% NEGATIVE 29% PHENCYCLIDINE 2% COCAINE 9% BENZODIAZEPINES 5% METHAMPHETAMINE 19% OPIATES 7%

7 COMPOSITE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE SUBMISSIONS DURING 1994 MARIJUANA 33% NEGATIVE 5% OPIATES 11% PHENCYCLIDINE 2% COCAINE 12% METHAMPHETAMINE 37%

8 COMPOSITE OF DRUGS FOUND IN 1998 TOXICOLOGY SUBMISSIONS PHENCYCLIDINE 1% NEGATIVE 18% BENZODIAZEPINES 4% COCAINE 11% OPIATES 14% MARIJUANA 24% METHAPHETAMINE 28%

9 DRUGS AND DRIVING IN CALIFORNIA NEG OPIATES METHAMPHETAMINE BENZODIAZEPINES COCAINE PHENCYCLIDINE MARIJUANA ALCOHOL LEVEL NO BA SUBMISSIONS

10 DRUGS AND DRIVING IN CALIFORNIA NEG OPIATES METHAMPHETAMINE BENZODIAZEPINES COCAINE PHENCYCLIDINE M ARIJUANA NO BA SUBMISSIONS ALCOHOL LEVEL

11 DRUGS AND DRIVING IN CALIFORNIA NEG OPIATES METHAMPHETAMINE BENZODIAZEPINES COCAINE PHENCYCLIDINE MARIJUANA NO BA SUBMISSIONS ALCOHOL LEVEL

12 ALCOHOL TESTS COMPLETED IN DOJ SERVICE AREA Breath 0 Blood/Urine

13 Alcohol Tests Completed in DOJ Service Area Breath Blood/Urine

14 COMPOSITE OF RESULTS % 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% POS ONE DRUG POS TWO DRUGS POS THREE DRUGS POS FOUR DRUGS POS >4 DRUGS 10.0% 0.0% CY '94 CY '93 CY '92

15 Total Submissions by Driving Violation VIOLATION TOTAL DWI, Misd DWI, Felony Manslaughter, Veh TOTAL incomplete data and 2003 is as of 9/24/03

16 Total THC Positive by IA Marijuana TOTAL DWI, Misd DWI, Felony Manslaughter, Veh TOTAL incomplete data and 2003 is as of 9/24/03

17 Submissions Positive for 9 THC Delta 9THC TOTAL DWI, Misd DWI, Felony Manslaughter, Veh TOTAL incomplete data and 2003 is as of 9/24/03

18 Submissions Positive for COOH -THC COOH THC TOTAL DWI, Misd DWI, Felony Manslaughter, Veh TOTAL incomplete data and 2003 is as of 9/24/03

19 Submissions Positive for Hydroxy-THC Hydroxy-THC TOTAL DWI, Misd DWI, Felony Manslaughter, Veh TOTAL Began analyzing for Hydroxy-THC 2/21/2002

20 9 THC DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of marijuana. When smoked it is rapidly distributed to various tissues and disappears quickly from the blood. If found, it indicates either recent use or chronic daily use of marijuana.

21 COOH- THC 11-NOR-9-CARBOXY-DELTA-9-THC is the primary metabolite of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol which is the principal psychoactive constituent of marijuana. It is an inactive metabolite, and may be detected in blood and urine for several days or weeks depending upon the subject's frequency of use.

22 11-OH-THC 11-HYDROXY-DELTA-9- TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL is an active metabolite of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol which is the principal psychoactive constituent of marijuana. Its presence in a blood and urine sample may be an indicator of recent marijuana usage.

23 Marijuana Marijuana (cannabis sativa) is known to cause many psychomotor effects that are detrimental to safe driving. These include impaired tracking, coordination, and perceptual skills as well as deterioration of driving ability on the test track. Ethyl alcohol has been shown to have an additive effect in this impairment.

24 Casework Statistics 1999 Immunoassay Cannabinoids 36% Methamphetamine 33% Opiates 21% Cocaine 15% Benzodiazepines 8%

25 Casework Statistics Health and Safety Number of Confirmations Methamphetamine Amphetamine Morphine Codeine 6MAM Cocaine BE PCP

26 Casework Statistics 1999 Driving Under the Influence Number of Cases THCA Methamphetamine THC Amphetamine Morphine BE Nordiazapam Meprobamate Codeine Diazepam Carisoprodol DUI Misdemeanor DUI Felony

27 Casework Statistics 1999 Rape & Homicide Percent of Positives Marijuana Meth/Amp Cocaine Opiates Other Rape Murder

28 Casework Statistics 1999 All GC/MS Data Methamphetamine Amphetamine Morphine Codeine Benzoylecgonine Cocaine 6-MAM THCA THC Hydrocodone Nordiazepam Diazepam Ephedrine Meprobamate Carisoprodol Number of Confirmations

29 Casework Statistics 1999 All GC/MS Data % Total Confirmations Meth/Amp Opiates Cocaine/BE Marijuana 87% of all confirmed positives are Amphetamines, Opiates, Cocaine or Marijuana 13% for all other drugs

30 GC/MS Confirmation Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Identification of illicit and therapeutic agents (over 200) Qualitative urine analysis Qualitative or quantitative blood analysis

31 Marijuana and Alcohol Impair Driving National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Marijuana and Alcohol Severely Impede Driving Performance. Annals of Emergency Medicine2000:35; (Determined that the combination of alcohol BAC of 0.07 and marijuana 100ug/kg gave effects similar to BAC of BAC of 0.07 and marijuana 200ug/kg effects similar to BAC Measured reaction time, on-road performance, vehicle following. Concluded Under marijuana s influence, drivers have reduced capacity to avoid collisions if confronted with the sudden need for evasive action. Second study found that BAC of.05 combined with moderate marijuana had significant drop in the visual search frequency. ) NHTSA study-- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Marijuana Alcohol and Actual Driving Performance. DOT HS

32 9 - THC Delta-9-THC Year Mean High N

33 Average Concentration Seen in Driving Cases in DOJ service Region Delta-9-THC NG/ML

34 Carboxy11-nor-delta(9)- tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic acid COOH-THC Year Mean High n

35 COOH-THC Concentrations seen in Drivers in DOJ Service Region COOH-THC Concentrations 80 ng/ml

36 DOT Sponsored Studies with California DOJ Participation Reeve, V.C., Grant, J.D., Robertson, W., Gillespie, H.K., and Hollister, L.E.: Plasma concentrations of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol and impaired motor function. Drug Alcohol Depend. 11: , Reeve, V.C., Peck, R., Boland, P., and Mallory, C.: Marijuana-alcohol related driving performance study. A summary of preliminary findings. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, in press, Peck, R. C., Biasotti, A., Boland, P. N., Mallory, C. & Reeve, V. (1986) The Effects of marijuana and alcohol on actual driving performance. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 2,

37 Marijuana Monograph Hall, Wayne, Solowij, Nadia, Lemon, Jim. The Health and Psychological Consequences of Cannabis Use, National Drug Strategy, Monograph Series No. 25, Prepared for the National Task Force on Cannabis, Pp htm

38 Bibliographies on line

39 Marijuana Literature 1. Gjerde, Hallvard, Kinn, Gunnar. Impairment in Drivers Due to Cannabis in Combination with other Drugs. Forensic Science International, 50 (1991); Huestis, Marilyn A. PhD. S.O.F.T./A.A.F.S. Committees on Driving Under the Influence of Drugs. Drug Monographs: Marijuana. Chapter 6. FTCB? 3. Martin, Billy PhD., Szara, Stephen MD, Dsc. Chapter on Marijuana. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Overdose. Haddard and Winchester (eds.) Any edition. 4. PDR section on Marinol 5. Mason, Andrew P. B.S., McBay, Arthur J. PhD, Dabft. Cannabis: Pharmacology and Interpretation of Effects., Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 30, No. 3, July 1985, pp Moskowitz, Herbert. Marijuana and Driving. Accid. Anal. and Prev. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp , 1985.

40 Marijuana Literature Continued 7. Moskowitz, Herbert, Petersen, Robert. Marijuana and Driving A Review Copyright The American Council on Marijuana and other Psychoactive Drugs, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card #: Huestis, Marilyn A. Chapter in Principles of Forensic Toxicology Marijuana. Pp Baselt 5 th edition. Chapter on Tetrahydrocannabinol. 10. Flaxmayer, Chester. A Comparison of Drug Induced Signs and Symptoms between D.R.E (Drug Recognition Expert Examination) and the Medical Literature. Forensic Alcohol Science and Technology (FAST) 11. Wilson, John PhD. Abused Drugs II: A Laboratory Pocket Guide. Section on Tetrahydrocannabinol/Marijuana. Page Inaba, Darryl S. Pharm D, Cohen, William. Uppers, Downers, and All Arounders Physical and Mental Effects of Drug Abuse. Copyright Pp

41 Marijuana Literature Continued 13. IAFS 15 th Triennial Meeting, August 22-28, Los Angeles, CA. The Effects of Drugs on Human Performance and Behavior DRE overview given by Sgt. TE Page. 14. Cone, Edward PhD., Marijuana: A Forensic Symposium. Pharmakokinetics and Dosing. AAFS Meeting Notes, February 16, ElSohly, Mahmoud. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and other Cannabinoids. Content of Confiscated Marijuana: Potency Trends AAFS Meeting Notes, February 16, Marnell, Tim (ed.), Drug Identification Bible. Third Edition, Chapter on Marijuana. Pp Copyright Cone, Edward J., Huestis, Marilyn A. Relating Blood Concentrations of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites to Pharmacologic Effects and Time of Marijuana Usage. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 15: Copyright Huestis, Marilyn A., Henningfield, Jack E., Cone, Edward J. Blood Cannabinoids. II. Models for the Prediction of Time of Marijuana Exposure from Plasma Concentrations of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9- carboxy- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Vol. 16, September/October Pp

42 Marijuana Literature Continued 19. Smiley, Alison. Marijuana: On-Road and Driving Simulator Studies. Excerpted with permission from Kalant, H., Corrigal, W., Hall, W. and Smart, R. (eds.) The Health Effects of Cannabis. (p ) 20. US Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS , November Marijuana and Actual Driving Performance Effects of THC on Driving Performance. 21. Gieringer, Dale H. Marijuana, Driving, and Accident Safety Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Vol. 20(1), Jan-Mar Klonoff, Harry. Marijuana and Driving in Real-Life Situations. Science. Vol. 186(25). October Pp Baloh, Robert W., Sharma, Satanand, Moskowitz, Herbert, Griffith, Robin. Effect of Alcohol and Marijuana on Eye Movements Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 50(1):18-23, US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS , Marijuana, Alcohol, and Actual Driving Performance, July 1999.

43 Marijuana Literature Continued 25. Taylor, H. Gordon. Analysis of the Medical Use of Marijuana and its Societal Implications, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, March/April 1998, Vol. 38, No.2, Pp Hunt, C. Anthony, Jones, Reese T. Tolerance and Disposition of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 215, No. 1, Pp Braff, David L. M.D., Silverton, Leigh MA, Saccuzzo, Dennis P. PhD, Janowski, David S. MD. Impaired Speed of Visual Information Processing in Marijuana Intoxication, Am J Psychiatry, 138(5), May 1981, Pp Perez-Reyes, Mario, White, R. Reid, McDonald, Susan A., Hicks, Robert E., Jeffcoat, A. Robert, Cook, C. Edgar. The Pharmacologic Effects of Daily Marijuana Smoking in Humans, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 40, Pp , 1991.

44 Marijuana Literature Continued 29. Block, Robert I., Farinpour, Roxanna, Braverman, Kathleen. Acute Effects of Marijuana on Cognition Relationships to Chronic Effects and Smoking Techniques, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 43, Pp , Bates, Michael N., Blakely, Tony A. Role of Cannabis in Motor Vehicle Crashes, Epidemiologic Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1999, Pp Ellinhorn, Matthew J. Ellenhorn s Medical Toxicology Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diagnosis and Poisoning. Chapter 23 Marijuana and other Cannabinoids. Pp , Copyright Baselt s new Drugs and Driving book Section on Tetrahydrocannabinol, Pp