AP Psych Review Gender and Sexuality

Transcription

1 AP Psych Review Gender and Sexuality Vocab Term Definition of Term Example Sex One s biological classification as male or female. Gender Psychological and social characteristics associated with being male or female; defined especially by one s gender identity and learned gender roles. Sally is a girl. Billy is a boy. Girls have long hair and wear dresses; boys have short hair and shouldn t wear dresses. Primary sexual characteristics Sex as defined by the genitals and Penis, vagina internal reproductive organs. Secondary sexual characteristics Sexual features other than the genitals and reproductive organs. Breast, body shape, facial hair, and so forth Gonads The primary sex glands. The testes in males and ovaries in females. Estrogen Any of a number of female sex hormones. Testosterone is also a female hormone (women have lower Androgen Testosterone Genetic sex Gonadal sex Hormonal sex Genital sex Genital identity Any of a number of male sex hormones. A male sex hormone, secreted mainly by the testes and responsible for the development of many male sexual characteristics. XX or XY chromosomes. ovaries or testes. Sex as indicated by the preponderance of estrogens or androgens in the body. male or female genitals. One s personal, private sense of maleness or femaleness. amounts of testosterone than men). Testosterone Males have more testosterone than woman. When testosterone is released id causes the development of facial hair, broader shoulders, etc. XX- Female XY- Male Ovaries- Female Testes- Male Estrogens- Female Androgens- Male Penis- Male Vagina- Female When one knows they are male or female. X chromosome Y chromosome Intersexual person The female chromosome contributed by the mother The male chromosome contributed by the father; produces a male when paired with an X chromosome. An individual who has genitals suggestive of both sexes. Produces a female when paired with another X chromosome, and a male when paired with a Y chromosome Fathers may give either an X or a Y chromosome to their offspring. Child s body produces estrogen, but a genetic abnormality causes

2 Gender role socialization Biological blasing effect Gender role Gender role stereotypes Instrumental behaviors Expressive behavior Androgyny Erogenous zones Sexual script Sex drive Castration Sterilization Masturbation The process of learning gender behavior considered appropriate for one s sex in a given culture. Hypothesized effect that prenatal exposure to sex hormones has on development of the body, nervous system, and later behavior patterns. The pattern of behavior that is regarded as male or female by one s culture, sometimes also referred to as a sex role. Oversimplified and widely held beliefs about the basic characteristics of men and women. Behaviors directed towards the achievement of some goal; behaviors that are instrumental in producing some effect. Behaviors that express or communicate emotion of personal feelings. The presence of both masculine and feminine traits in a single person (as masculinity and femininity are defined within one s culture). Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/ or provoke erotic desire. An unspoken mental plan that defines a plot, dialogue, and actions expected to take place in a sexual encounter. The strength of one s motivation to engage in sexual behavior. Surgical removal of the testicles or ovaries. Medical procedures that make a man or a woman infertile Self-stimulation that causes sexual pleasure or orgasm. the adrenal glands to release too much androgen. So a female baby maybe be born with genitals that are more male than female. Girls play with dolls, while boys play with cars. Researchers think biological blaising effect imparts different thinking abilities in men and women. For example, men are better at math ( right-brained ) and women are better with language skills ( left- brained ). In our culture boys are encouraged to be strong, aggressive, and dominant; while girls are expected to be emotional and sensitive. Women can t be military commanders or race car drivers. Males are goal- directed. Females are emotion- oriented. Having male and female traits such as aggressiveness, independence, sensitivity, and compassion. Human erogenous zones include the genitals, mouth, breast, ears, and anus. Determine when and where we are likely to express sexual feelings, and with whom. When a man talks to a woman he finds attractive his testosterone level rises. Some people experience loss of sex drive. vasectomy or tubular ligation Female masturbation involves rubbing the clitoris or areas around it. Male masturbation usually takes the form of rubbing or stroking the penis.

3 Sexual orientation Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution Ejaculation Refractory period Paraphilias Double standard Acquaintance (date) rape Rape myths One s degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes. erotically attracted to members of the opposite sex. erotically attracted to same-sex persons. erotically attracted to both men and women. The first phase of sexual response, indicated by initial signs of sexual The second phase of sexual response during which physical arousal is further heightened. A climax and release of sexual excitement. The fourth phase of sexual response, involving a return to lower levels of sexual tension and The release of sperm ad seminal fluid by the male at the time of orgasm. A short time period after orgasm during which males are unable to again reach orgasm. Compulsive or destructive deviations in sexual preferences or behavior. Applying different standards for judging the appropriateness of male and female sexual behavior. Forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter. False beliefs about rape that tend to blame the victim and increase the likelihood that some men will the rape was justified. Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, etc. Female attracted to male. Male attracted to female. Male attracted to male. Female attracted to female. Male attracted to both females and males. Female attracted to both males and females. In females, the vagina prepares for intercourse. In males, the penis becomes erect. Feelings of arousal are intensified. In females, 3 to 10 muscular contractions occur in the vagina, uterus, and related structures. After intercourse the individual goes back to lower levels of In the mature male an orgasm is accompanied by ejaculation. Men cannot have an erection until this phase has passed. Pedophilia, fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, transvestic fetishism, sexual sadism, sexual masochism, frotteurism. For example in past decades men were largely forgiven for engaging in premarital sex, while women who engaged in premarital sex where labeled as easy. A typical explanation is, Her words were saying no, but her body was saying yes. Forced sex is rape even if the rapist doesn t get violent. All of these statements are examples of rape myths: - A woman who appears alone in public and dressed

4 Forcible rape Sexually transmitted disease (STD) Hypoactive sexual desire Sexual aversion Erectile disorder Psychogenic Sensate focus Female sexual arousal disorder Female orgasmic disorder Male orgasmic disorder Premature ejaculation Squeeze technique Sexual intercourse carried out against the victim s will, under the threat of violence or bodily injury. A disease that is typically passed on from one person to the next by intimate physical contact; a venereal disease. A persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire. Persistent feelings of fear, anxiety, or disgust about engaging in sex. An inability to maintain an erection for lovemaking. Having psychological origins, rather than physical causes. Form of therapy that directs a couple s attention to natural sensations of sexual pleasure. A lack of physical arousal to sexual stimulation. A persistent inability to reach orgasm during lovemaking. A persistent inability to reach orgasm during lovemaking. Ejaculation that consistently occurs before the man and his partner want it to occur. Method for inhibiting ejaculation by compressing the tip of the penis. attractively is asking for it. - When a woman says no she actually means yes. - Many women who are raped actually enjoy it. - If a woman goes home with a man on a first date she is interested in sex. Rapist threatens to beat or kill the victim if they don t consent to engaging in intercourse. AIDS, HIV, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, Herpes, etc. The individual does not feel like engaging in sexual activity. Individual is grossed out with sex. Man can t become aroused. Some men are unable to have an erection due to emotional factors. Couples are directed to take turns caressing various parts of each other s bodies, while avoiding the genitals. Women respond with little or no physical Some apparent instances of female orgasmic disorder can be traced to inadequate stimulation or faulty technique on the part of the woman s partner. Typical background factors are strict religious training, fear of impregnating, or the recent occurrence of traumatic events. Occurs reflexively or the man cannot tolerate high levels of excitement during the plateau stage of Treatment for premature ejaculation. The man will gradually be able to delay orgasm. It is rare in men, but for women it is called Vaginismus (see below.) Dyspareunia Genital pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse. Vaginismus Muscle spasms of the vagina. Appears to be a phobic response to intercourse.

5 Authors of Important Study Basic of What Was Done Lesson(s) learned from the study Sandra Bem- psychologist (p. 434) - Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) Gave the BSRI to thousands of people asking them to say whether each trait - Believed everyone should be androgynous. applied to them. 50% fell into the traditional female and male categories, - Men should be gentle, compassionate, and sensitive and that women should be forceful, self- reliant, and independent. 15% scored higher on traits of the opposite sex, and 35% were androgynous. William Masters and Virginia Johnson - Studied sexual intercourse and masturbation in nearly 700 males and females. - Four phases: Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, and resolution. - Found out the clitoral orgasm ignores basic female biology. Name of Important Person What this person is known for Impact on Psychology Sandra Bem (p. 434) Psychologist who came up with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) Rigid gender stereotypes and gender roles can seriously restrict behavior and feminine traits and masculine traits Alfred Kinsey (p. 436, 444) - Researcher who verified instances of orgasm in boys as young as 5 months old and girls as young as 4 months of age. - Found that 2-5 year olds spontaneously touch and exhibit their genitals. - In the 1950 s he also found that 70% of males and 33% of females has premarital sex by age 25. John Gagnog (p. 436) Gagnog has pointed out that we learn a variety of sexual scripts. William Masters (p. 440) Gynecologist who with the help of Virginia Johnson exploded the Freudian idea that clitoral orgasm where an immature form of a female response because the woman did not fully accept her femininity. Virginia Johnson (p. 440) Psychologist who worked with William Masters (see above). can exist in the same person. Sex is a part of human nature. Regardless of age, a person could engage in sexual activity. Misunderstandings can occur between couples. Masters and Johnson discovered that women liked both vaginal and clitoral sensations, and that Freud was wrong. (see above)