Dynamics of Toursm Demand Models in Japan
|
|
- Angel Powell
- 3 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 hort-run and ong-run structural nternatonal toursm demand modelng based on Dynamc AID model -An emprcal research n Japan- Atsush KOIKE a, Dasuke YOHINO b a Graduate chool of Engneerng, Kobe Unversty, Kobe, , Japan; E-mal: koke@lon.kobe-u.ac.jp b Economc Plannng Group, Fukken Co., td., Tokyo, , Japan; E-mal: d-yoshno@fukken.co.jp Abstract: When we suggest some polces whch promote nbound and/or outbound toursm market, we should not only focus on the toursm demand n a certan regon but also natonal nteractons. To solve ths problem, ths study has developed the methodology for quanttatve analyss of demand structure for toursm by focused on the elastcty of destnaton choce actvtes. The demand functon of destnaton choce actvtes s defned as a Dynamc AID (Almost Ideal ystem) model. The man goal of ths study s to examne the applcablty of AID model to estmaton of the Japanese nternatonal toursm demand. Keywords: Dynamc AID, Elastctes, Inbound and Outbound, Toursm demand 1. INTRODUCTION In the late 1980s, the Japanese government had formulated A ten mllon plan. Ths plan had amed to brng the number of Japanese who traveled abroad to 10 mllon/year wthn fve years. Thus, they decded to promote the outbound toursm. In the background of ths plan, the government had tred to solve a trade mbalance arsng from expanson of made-n-japan products, and they also had made an effort to promote the toursm exchange. Ths plan had been acheved the goal n It was earler than the planned perod because of a hgh-yen and a boomng economy n Japan. After that, because of the burstng of Japan's bubble economy, the government had swtched to promote the nbound toursm to get foregn exchanges. From 2003, the government had launched the "Vst Japan Campagn" and they had been tryng to ncrease ncomng foregn traveler number to 10 mllon/year by ater, n 2007, the government had swtched to promote both n- and outbound toursm. Because Japanese foregn travelers put a large amount of foregn currency nto the varous countres they vst, and t produces huge economc assstance. Both n- and outbound toursm demands n Japan have been ncreasng from 1970, and the regonal composton rato of toursm demand has changed from year to year (see Fgure 1 and 2). It mght be caused by changes of the destnaton choce actvty, whch s affected by global economc stuatons; lke consumpton expendture of toursts, fluctuaton of prce and exchange rates etc. Therefore, f we suggested some polces whch promote n- and outbound toursm market, we should focus on not only a certan regon but also natonal nteractons.
2 Number of Jaopanese Oversea toursts (thous people) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Oceana Asa Europe North Amerca Fgure 1. Number of Japanese Oversea Toursts ( ). Data source: Whte paper on toursm (Japanese mnstry of land, nfrastructure, transport and toursm, ) Number of Foregn Toursts to Japan (thous people) 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 Oceana Asa Europe North Amerca 1, Fgure 2. Number of Foregn Toursts to Japan ( ). Data source: Whte paper on toursm (Japanese mnstry of land, nfrastructure, transport and toursm, )
3 To solve ths problem, ths study has developed the methodology for quanttatve analyss of toursm demand structure by focused on the elastcty of destnaton choce actvtes. The demand functon of destnaton choce actvtes s defned as a Dynamc AID (Almost Ideal ystem) model. Ths model developed to estmate varous elastctes such as own-prce, cross-prce, and expendture. Ths approach had been appled n European toursm market (ex. Durbarry and nclar (2003)). However, there had been no lterature deals wth Japanese one. Therefore, the man goal of ths study s to examne the applcablty of AID model to estmaton of the Japanese nternatonal toursm demand. Ths paper s organzed as follows. ecton 2 revews exstng lteratures focusng on the estmaton of toursm demand. In secton 3, the theory and characterstcs of the Dynamc AID model proposed n ths study are descrbed. The followng secton 4 descrbes results of the model estmaton and key concluson and future tasks are summarzed n secton METHODOOGICA REVIEW 2.1 Tradtonal Approach to Estmatng Toursm Much of the lterature on toursm demand has examned demand at the natonal level, although t can also be examnes for dfferent components of toursm, such as accommodaton or attractons. It s known that toursm demand s responsve to such varables as ncome, relatve prces and exchange rates. What s not known s how the responsveness of demand to changes n these varables alters durng a regons economc transton and ntegraton nto the wder nternatonal communty. In addton, the degrees of complementarty and substtutablty between destnatons and the extent to whch these change durng perods of economc transton should be concerned. ome knds of model have been used n lterature to estmate toursm demand. The large majorty studes of toursm demand have based on sngle equaton models of demand, estmated wthn a statc theory. Ths knd of model s not derved from consumer demand theory, and t cannot quantfy the changes n demand behavor that occur over tme. After that, nnovatons n the methodology were ntroduced later n the form of sngle equaton models of demand estmated usng and error correcton methodology (ex. oeb, 1982; Uysal and Crompton, 1984). And more recently, ong et al. (2000) used the error correcton model to estmate the U.K. toursm demand n the form of vsts per capta to outbound destnatons and demonstrated that the model has good estmaton ablty. Ths modelng approach has the advantage of explct treatment of the tme dmenson of toursm demand behavor, and allows for mproved econometrc estmaton of the specfed equatons. But as Durbarry and nclar (2003) noted, the man problem of the tradtonal sngle equaton model concerns the lack of relablty n the accuracy of the provded results, because the approach lacks a strct bass n consumer demand theory. The AID model of toursm demand s clearly superor n ths respect. 2.2 About AID Model The thrd approach to toursm demand estmaton nvolves system of equatons models such as the AID model. The AID model s used n the feld of household expendture analyss, consumpton of goods, trade shares, etc. (ex. Blundell and Brownng, 1994; Eakn and Gallagher, 2003; Choo et al., 2007). The advantages of the model contan ts strct groundng n economc theory, the relatve smplcty wth whch t can be estmated, and the flexblty
4 wth whch t can be appled to dfferent contexts. Recent applcatons n the feld of toursm suggest that Deaton and Muellubauer s (1980) AID model provdes a well-structured framework for modelng toursm demand. It s based on economc theory, satsfes the prncple of choce exactly and be used to test homogenety and symmetry restrctons. ome studes have appled ths approach n current toursm demand analyss (ex. Mello et al., 2002; Wtt and Wtt, 1995; Durbarry, 2002). Untl recently, lteratures whch apply the AID had been focused on statc soluton. The statc AID model assumes that there s no dfference between short- and long-run behavors. It means consumers behavor s always n equlbrum. However, t s true that many factors often cause the consumer to be out of equlbrum untl full adjustment takes place. Therefore, the assumpton of the statc AID model s unrealstc n some cases. As a result of the nablty of the long-run specfcaton to explan dynamc adjustment of toursm demand, recently, some researches have focused not only long-run soluton, but also short-run dynamcs by usng Dynamc AID model (ex. Durbarry and nclar, 2003; et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2012). For example, Durbarry and nclar (2003) examnes the magntudes and determnants of changes n destnatons shares of a major tourst orgn market based on the dynamc AID model. They used the model to quantfy the responsveness of French toursm demand n European countres to change n prce ndex, and both long- and short-run demand elastctes have been calculated. et al. (2010) and Chang et al. (2012) also estmated to dentfy the prce compettveness and nterdependences of toursm demand for competng destnatons n both long- and short-run error correcton specfcatons. There are few emprcal studes of nternatonal toursm demand usng econometrc models for Japan. As prevous estmates from AID models n the lterature have suggested that useful mplcatons can be made regardng toursm compettveness, the AID approach for both statc and dynamc specfcaton wll be used to nvestgate Japan outbound/nbound demands for varous destnatons/orgns whole world. 3. MODE EXPANATION AND DATA 3.1 Tradtonal tatc AID Model In ths secton, the theory and characterstcs of the Dynamc AID model proposed n ths study are descrbed. Frst of all, we ntroduce the tradtonal statc AID model whch forms the bases of Dynamc AID model. Followng Deaton and Muellbauer (1980), we defne the toursm expendture functon of -th destnaton regon as 1 ln E p; u 0 ln p j ln ln p p j j u0 p 2 (1) where, E : total toursts expendture, p : prce of toursm, u : utlty, : destnaton regon, j : alternatve destnatons,
5 0,, 0,, j : parameters need to be estmated. The demand functons can be derved drectly from equaton (1). It s a fundamental property of the cost functon (see hephard, 1970) that ts prce dervatves are the quanttes E p u p q, we fnd the budget share of -th destnaton regon w as demanded: ; ; ln E p; u pq p E p u w E p ; u E p ; u p ln p (2) Hence, logarthmc dfferentaton of (1) gves the budget shares as a functon of prces and utlty: (3) w ln p u p j j j 0 where, the lmtaton j j s mposed. For a utlty-maxmzng consumer, total expendture x s equal to E(p;u) and ths equalty can be nverted to gve u as a functon of p and x, the ndrect utlty functon. If we do ths for (1) and substtute the result nto (3) we have the budget shares as a functon of p and x; these are the AID demand functons n budget share form: x w j ln pj ln j P (4) where, P s prce ndex, and t s expressed as follows: 1 ln P 0 ln p ln p ln p j 2 (5) j j The restrctons on the parameters comply wth the assumptons and ensure that equaton (5) defnes P as a lnear homogeneous functon of ndvdual prces. If prces are relatvely collnear, P wll be approxmately proportonal to any approxmately defned prce ndex, for example, the one use by tone (Deaton and Muellbauer, 1980). Hence, n ths study, P n equaton (5) can be smplfed usng the tone prce ndex (tone, 1954). ln P wln p ( tone prce ndex) (6) 3.2 Formulaton of Dynamc AID model A statc AID specfcaton gnores potental sgnfcant short-run elastcty measures that dffer from the long-run estmates. Moreover, n the context of tax polcy and busness strategy, decson-makers are more lkely to be more concerned wth short-run elastcty estmates and the speed to whch these estmates reach ther long-run level. A dynamc AID model that ncorporates such short-run estmates s an error correcton representaton of the
6 AID model. Ths form s descrbed as the partal dfferental equaton of frst order. In ths equaton, means long-run and means short-run. x x wt t j t ln p jt ln wt 1 t 1 j tq ln p jt1 t 1 ln Pt P (7) where, : the dfference operator ( xt xt xt 1). t1 Ths equaton captures the dynamcs of the toursm demand, showng that current changes n budget shares depend on not only current change n the normal AID explanatory varables, but also on the extent of consumer dsequlbrum n the prevous perod. In the long-run, the coeffcents of the prce varables,, represent the absolute change n the prce of regon j, ceters parbus. Thus, the prce varable take account of the effectve prce n the destnaton regon relatve to those n other destnatons. The coeffcents represent the absolute change n the -th expendture share gven a 1% change n real per capta expendture. The parameter measures the speed of adjustment to the long-run equlbrum, for example, =1 adjustment s nstantaneous. The restrctons on the parameters of (1) mply restrctons on the parameters of the AID equaton (7). We take these n three sets: Addng-up restrctons: term term term 1, 0, 0 term, j (8) Homogenety: term j 0 term, (9) j ymmetry: term term j j term, (10) Provded (8), (9), and (10) hold, equaton (7) represents a system of demand functons whch add up to total expendture ( w 1), are homogeneous of degree zero n prces and total expendture taken together, and whch satsfy lutsky symmetry. There are many constrant condtons n the Dynamc AID model. uch case, the URE estmaton method s often used as a parameter estmaton method (Zellner, 1962). Therefore, ths method s also used n ths study. If these three restrctons are satsfed, Expendture and prce elastctes cannot be drectly accessed n (7), gven ts lnear-log form. Nevertheless, the elastctes can be retreved from coeffcents n (7), usng follows: Expendture elastcty: term term 1 (11) w j
7 Own-prce elastcty: term term term 1 (12) w Cross-prce elastcty: term term j term wj j w w (13) where, w : the sample s average share of destnaton n the base year, w j : the sample s average share of destnaton j n the base year. 3.3 Data The explanaton of data s descrbed as follow. For outbound toursm demand The data used n the outbound toursm analyss s shown n Table 1. The number of Japanese toursts traveled for each regon ndcates as a demand varable. It s assumed that three prce varables wrtten n Table 1 affect demand of Japanese outbound toursm, the toursm expendture of Japanese overseas toursts, the prces of commodtes n each regon, and exchange rate are used as varables of prce. The panel data of commodty prce s calculated by the mx of costumer prce ndex (tme-seres data) and prce level ndex (cross-secton data). Because of the data avalablty, the tme perod s decded as For your nformaton, these prce data aren t organzed by regonal level. Thus, these regonal data are replaced each representatve country (.e. North Amerca: UA, Europe: France, Asa: Korea and Oceana: Australa). In addton, the transportaton cost s out of the prce ndex n ths study. Its reasons are as follow. Frst of all, the changes of transport costs are ncluded n changes of commodty prce, and relatvely speakng, the proporton of transport cost s stable to total expendture. For example, the escalaton of gasolne prce affects global markets; therefore, the relatve gasolne prce wll reman unchanged. econdly, these transport data are not avalable from each country s statstcs. Incdentally, these hypotheszes have been employed by Durbarry and nclar (2003) etc. For nbound toursm demand The relatve prces data are common n n- and outbound analyss. Only toursm demand data n nbound analyss s dfferent from outbound study; the number of foregn toursts to Japan ( , source: Whte paper on Toursm) ndcates nbound demand. Because of model characterstcs, however, we should be careful that the nbound analyss based on AID model has two techncal problems. Frst of all, ths model should deal wth four consumers (.e. North Amerca, Europe, Asa and Oceana) deally. Nevertheless, the AID model assumes only one consumer. Thus, ths model has the theoretcal msmatch. econdly, the nbound case, the AID model cannot consder relatve prces except Japan, because ths model determnes only one demand (toursm demand to Japan). These two problems should be suggested an mprovement, but n ths study, we analyzed as the tral mplementaton whch remans these problems. The detaled future plan s shown n the fnal
8 secton.
9 / Prce Item Data Regon Table 1. Data st ource Perod Number of Japanese traveler North Amerca, Europe, Asa, Oceana *Except Oceana Whte paper on Toursm: Japanese mnstry of land, nfrastructure, transport and toursm. (except Oceana) *Oceana Australan bureau of statstcs HP Prce Consumer prce ndex (tme-seres data) Prce level ndex (cross-secton data) The yen exchange rate Japan, UA, France, Korea, Australa Japan, UA, France, Korea, Australa Japan, UA, France, Korea, Australa World statstcs and Internatonal statstcal drectory: Japanese bureau of statstcs World statstcs: Japanese bureau of statstcs *Except Korea The new Japan hstorcal statstcs lst: Japanese bureau of statstcs *Korea East Asa hstorcal economc statstcs, Vol.1 (Korea): Takushoku unversty Asan nformaton center World Bank HP EMPIRICA REUT 4.1 Results of Outbound Toursm Parameter estmaton The estmaton results of parameters are shown at Table 2. About half or more parameters are sgnfcant n cases at least at the 5% level. R 2 n the long-run Asa s relatvely hgh (0.5977), but the other regons show low scores. Thus, the future challenge s to mprove the goodness of ft of the data for the model. In addton, because the Durbn-Watson rato (DW) s not enough n the long-run model, the frst order seral correlaton about error terms may not be rejected. In other words, there exsts the error correlaton and the coeffcent determnaton may be estmated as excessvely-hgh. As shown n the table, the adjustment factor s Therefore, the adjustment perod to the long-run equlbrum (1/ ) s about 3.4 years.
10 ong-run Table 2. Estmated Parameter (Outbound) R 2 DW 1.North Amerca estmate E t-stat ** + ** ** 2.Europe estmate E t-stat 3.Asa estmate E t-stat * ** + * 4.Oceana estmate E t-stat ** ** hort-run R 2 DW 1.North Amerca estmate E t-stat ** 2.Europe estmate E t-stat + 3.Asa estmate E t-stat ** + 4.Oceana estmate E t-stat NOTE: 1) estmate: estmated parameter, E: standard error, t-stat: t-statstc. 2) R 2 : coeffcent of determnaton, DW: Durbn-Watson rato. 3) +, * and ** denote acceptance at the 10%, 5% and 1% sgnfcance levels respectvely.
11 Elastctes The effects of the dfferent varables on Japanese outbound toursm demand are ndcated by the elastcty values. The estmated values are shown n Table 3. Table 3. Expendture, Own-prce, and Cross-prce elastctes (Outbound) hort-run Prce Elastcty Expendture Destnaton Elastcty North Europe Asa Oceana Amerca North Amerca Europe Asa Oceana ong-run Destnaton Expendture Elastcty North Amerca Prce Elastcty Europe Asa Oceana North Amerca Europe Asa Oceana Expendture Elastcty The expendture elastcty s postve n all regons. It means the expanson of Japanese outbound toursts expendture push up toursm demands. In Europe and Asa, the elastcty score s hgher than 1 n short-run. It means 1% ncrease n Japanese toursts expendture gves rse to more than 1% ncrease Japanese toursts demand to these countres. Instead, about long-run, scores n these countes are lower than 1. It means 1% ncrease Japanese toursts expendture pushes up less than 1% nsgnfcant change. pecfcally, demands of Japanese toursts to Europe and Asa are greater gans n the short-term, but these effects break down n the long-run. We saw exactly the opposte n Oceana; the short-run elastcty s lower than 1, and hgher than 1 n long-run equlbrum. North Amerca shows dfferent trends; both elastctes are less than 1. It means the change of expendture has an nsgnfcant effect on the toursm demand to North Amerca. The forecastng of toursm demand change whch s caused by changes of toursts consumpton expendture (ex. decrease of GDP n Japan) s avalable by usng ths elastcty. In ths case, toursts to Europe and Asa wll be decreased n short-term. After that, the toursm demand for Oceana wll be decreased. Instead, demand for North Amerca wll be less subject to changng of expendture, and the robustness s stronger than other regon.
12 Own-prce Elastcty The own-prce elastcty whch s the dagonal value n the Tabe 3 s negatve n all regons. It means the ncrease of prce and exchange rate wth Japan wll decreases the Japanese toursts toursm demand. The nterpretaton of the elastcty s same wth expendture one. For example, a 1% ncrease n relatve prces of Europe results n a 1.002% decrease n Japanese demand for toursm n the short-run. But about long-run, the rate of decrease wll rebound to 0.442%. Asa wll be same trends wth Europe. mlar wth the result of expendture elastcty, Oceana wll be exactly dfferent trends wth Europe and Asa, and North Amerca s less subject to changng of the own-prce. These days, the number of Japanese who traveled abroad has been ncreasng the nfluence of the hgh-yen. From ths result, these prces change wll have a greater mpact for demand for Europe and Asa n short-run, but ths mpact wll be decreased n long-term. Cross-prce Elastcty The own-prce elastcty values are hgh relatve to those of the cross-prce elastcty, whch are the off-dagonal values n the Table 3. These gve the senstvty of demand for each destnaton to an ncrease n ts prces relatve to those of ts compettors. For example, n the long-run, the results ndcate that a 1% ncrease n Oceana prce results n a decrease of 0.966% n Japanese demand for North Amerca, an nsgnfcant change n demand for Europe, and an ncrease of 0.621% n demand for Asa. From the dfference of sgn of elastcty, n the short-run, the decrease n Oceana prce results decrease of Japanese toursm demand to North Amerca, but t ncrease of ts demand to Europe and Asa. In means Oceana-North Amerca has a gross-substtuton relatonshp, and Asa/Europe-Oceana has a gross-complementary (see Fgure 4). Ths relatonshp wll be changed n the long-run, almost cross-prce elastctes wll be mnus. It means the decrease of prce wll ncrease Japanese toursm demand to almost regon. However, only Oceana shows dfferent trends. The decrease of Oceana prce wll decrease Japanese toursm demand to Asa. There s a gross-complementary relatonshp between Asa and Oceana. Compare wth short- and long-run, the elastcty values n the long-run are hgher than short-run values. In means the changng prces of other regons wll ncrease year by year. In addton, some regons have dfferent sgn between short- and long-run. For example, between Asa and Oceana, there s the gross-complementary relatonshp (elastcty < 0) n short-run, but there s the gross-substtuton (elastcty > 0) n long-run. We should be careful that regonal relatonshp may change sgnfcantly.
13 North Amerca Prce Europe Prce Cross-prce elastcty ~0.1 Prce 0.1~ ~1.0 Asa 1.0~ ubsttuton-complementarty : Gross substtuton Prce Oceana : Gross complementarty Fgure 3. Interregonal substtuton-complementarty relatonshps (Outbound / hort-run). North Amerca Prce Europe Prce Cross-prce elastcty ~0.1 Prce 0.1~ ~1.0 Asa 1.0~ ubsttuton-complementarty : Gross substtuton Prce Oceana : Gross complementarty Fgure 4. Interregonal substtuton-complementarty relatonshps (Outbound / ong-run).
14 4.2 Results of Inbound Toursm Parameter estmaton The estmaton results of parameters are shown n Table 4. ame wth outbound analyss, there are some problems about the model accuracy, but we use these parameters to calculate elastctes as the tral mplementaton n ths study. The elaboraton of the model structure and selecton of varables are remaned as the future study. The adjustment perod to long-run equlbrum (1/ ) s about 42.7 years. Ths term s longer than outbound one (3.4 years).
15 ong-run Table 4. Estmated Parameter (Inbound) R 2 DW 1.North Amerca estmate E t-stat ** ** ** ** * 2.Europe estmate E t-stat 3.Asa estmate E t-stat ** ** ** 4.Oceana estmate E t-stat hort-run R 2 DW 1.North Amerca estmate E t-stat ** 2.Europe estmate E t-stat 3.Asa estmate E t-stat ** 4.Oceana estmate E t-stat NOTE: 1) estmate: estmated parameter, E: standard error, t-stat: t-statstc. 2) R 2 : coeffcent of determnaton, DW: Durbn-Watson rato. 3) +, * and ** denote acceptance at the 10%, 5% and 1% sgnfcance levels respectvely.
16 Elastctes ame wth outbound case, the effects of the dfferent varables on foregn toursts demand to Japan are ndcated by the elastcty values (as shown n Table 5). Table 5. Expendture, Own-prce, and Cross-prce elastctes (Inbound) hort-run Prce Elastcty Expendture Orgn Elastcty North Europe Asa Oceana Amerca North Amerca Europe Asa Oceana Orgn Expendture Elastcty North Amerca ong-run Prce Elastcty Europe Asa Oceana North Amerca Europe Asa Oceana Expendture Elastcty The expendture elastcty values are postve n all regons. It means the ncrease n expendture of foregn toursts to Japan results ncrease n each cty s toursm demand to Japan. Especally n Asa, the demand to Japan s the elastc whenever (elastcty > 1). It means that the expanson of Asan toursts expendture wll have bg mpact to ncrease toursm demand to Japan. Because of the recently economc growth n Asan countres, foregn toursts expendture wll be ncreased. Its growth may expand the toursm demand to Japan. In Europe and Oceana, the mpact of ncrease n expendture each regon s nsgnfcant n short-term, but sgnfcant n long-run. About North Amerca, the mpact of expendture changng s less than other regons. Own-prce Elastcty The own-prce elastcty values are negatve n all regons. However, compare wth short- and long-run, the trend s dfferent between Asa and other ctes. Asan demand s prce nelastc n short-run, but t changes to prce elastc n long-run. It shows that Asan demand s affected further by ncrease n relatve prce as the equlbrum nears. Other regons are smlar trend n short-term, but ncrease n relatve prce results nsgnfcant effects on demands n long-run.
17 For example, f the trend of hgh-yen contnues n the future, the trend of travel demand to Japan s unlkely qute dfferent by regon n short-run, but n long-run, Asan toursts demand may be decreased. Cross-prce Elastcty As the general trend, the cross-prce elastcty values are almost zero n short-run, but these scores wll ncrease wth tme. It s smlar trend wth outbound analyss. However, short-run Asan elastcty s dfferent from other regons. Asan toursm demand to Japan s reslent for relatve prce change n Oceana (-1.333). Ths value s hgher than Asan own-prce elastcty value (-0.980), and there are strong gross-complementary relatonshp. But n the long-run, almost regon wll be gross-complementarty (see Fgure 5 and 6). North Amerca Prce Europe Prce Cross-prce elastcty ~0.1 Prce 0.1~ ~1.0 Asa 1.0~ ubsttuton-complementarty : Gross substtuton Prce Oceana : Gross complementarty Fgure 5. Interregonal substtuton-complementarty relatonshps (Inbound / hort-run).
18 North Amerca Prce Europe Prce Cross-prce elastcty ~0.1 Prce 0.1~ ~1.0 Asa 1.0~ ubsttuton-complementarty : Gross substtuton Prce Oceana : Gross complementarty Fgure 6. Interregonal substtuton-complementarty relatonshps (Inbound / ong-run). 5. CONCUION AND FUTURE TUDY 5.1 Concluson The toursm demand structure s unque n each regon. Therefore, t s very mportant for us to make toursm polces by consderng toursm demand structure n each regon. In ths study, the Japanese demand for toursm n the world and foregn toursts demand for Japan have been examned usng both the long-run statc and the short-run Dynamc AID model. Ths study wll provde some basc nformaton to consder how to promote nternatonal toursm. We have some suggeston as the possblty of future development for polcy analyss. Frst of all, based on ths model, we can estmate changes of the toursm demand whch s affected by economc factors (ex. contracton of GDP n Japan, contnung strong yen, economc growth n foregn countres etc.). It helps us to be the proactve approach to promote toursts or control of a declne n toursts. In addton, we can consder the tmelne by usng ths model. It means that we don t calculate elastctes only n long-run equlbrum poston, but also adjustment process to equlbrum. We should consder polces whch adapted to each perod. econdly, ths result s developed as not only external polces (ex. concentraton on the regon should do aggressve sales actvtes, control of a declne n tourst, etc.) but also domestc polces. For example, ths study wll provde us the basc nformaton to consder the poston to receve foregn toursts. Thrdly, as prevously explaned, the nternatonal toursm demand s affected by prce change not only n home regon and partner, but also thrd regon. To estmate more detaled future toursm demand, we should check the substtute and complementary relatonshp between each regon, and smulate effects n case the prce change s occurred n one regon. Fnally, we d lke to show the applcaton of ths study for polcy analyss. Nowadays,
19 the development of nbound toursm promotes the gvng of ncentves for Japanese economy rather than outbound one. Thus, ths here takes nbound toursm as an example of the applcaton for polcy analyss. From the result of nbound analyss, the Asan ncome growth wll promote toursm demand to Japan n the short-run. Therefore, Japan should be targeted at gatherng Asan toursts n the short term. However, the combnatons of almost regons wll be gross-complementary relatonshp n the long-run. It means that the decrease of relatve prce wll ncrease toursm demand n all regons. Thus, Japan should plan to meet the expected wde demand from across the world n the long-run. 5.2 Future tudy On the other hands, there stll remans future works to mprove ths study. Frst of all, some statstcs of model (t-statstcs, DW-rato and R 2 ) are statstcally-unwarranted; explanatory varables should be revew. econdly, we can understand the correlaton between objectve varable and explanatory varable n AID model. However, we cannot understand the cause and effect relatonshp between these varables. We should be careful n the nterpretaton of study. Thrdly, n ths study, the whole world s dvded nto four regons because of data lmtaton. But ths s qute macroscopc analyss for detaled polcy makng, so future, when performng detaled polcy makng, the analyss whch deal wth smaller zone s requred. In addton, as we mentoned prevous sector, the nbound analyss has a problem of consstency wth AID model. Because of data avalablty we carred out tral calculatons n defance of the problem, the model structure should be revew n future study. Fnally, Because of data lmtaton, the toursm demand structure s estmated by pooled data whch contaned all-purpose oversea trp. However, the demand structure may be dfferent by regon. For example, the prce elastcty may be qute dfferent between sghtseeng and busness purposes. We have no data about purpose of trp n outbound toursm, but we can get purpose of trp data n each regon about nbound from the mmgraton statstcs. From ths, as a rato of toursts (sghtseeng purpose) to the total vstor to Japan s varablty among regon lke; Asa: 80%, Europe: 61%, North Amerca: 50% and Oceana: 70%. To elaborate ths model, the dsaggregaton of trp purpose wll be essental. REFERENCE Japanese mnstry of land, nfrastructure, transport and toursm ( ) Whte paper on Toursm. (n Japanese) oeb, P.D. (1982) Internatonal travel to the Unted tates: an econometrc evaluaton, Annals of Toursm Research, 9, Uysal, M. and Crompton, J. (1984) Determnants of demand for nternatonal toursm flows to Turkey, Toursm Management, 5, ong, H., Romlly, P. and u, X. (2000) An emprcal study of outbound toursm demand n UK, Appled Economcs, 32, Durbarry, R., nclear, M. T. (2003) Market shares analyss -The case of French toursm demand-, Annals of toursm research, 30(4), Blundell, R. and Brownng, M. (1994) Consumer demand and the lfe-cycle allocaton of household expendtures, Revew of Economc tudes, 61, Eakns, J. M. and Gallagher (2003) Dynamc almost deal demand systems: An emprcal analyss of alcohol expendture n Ireland, Appled Economcs, 35, Choo,., ee, T. and Mokhtaran, P.. (2007) Do transportaton and communcatons tend
20 to be substtutes, complements, or nether? U.. consumer expendture perspectve, , Transportaton Research Record, 2010, Deaton, A., Muellbauer, J. (1980) An almost deal demand system, The Amercan Economc Revew, 70(3), Mello, M.D., Pack, A. and nclar, M. T. (2002) A system of equatons model of UK toursm demand n neghborng countres, Appled Economcs, 34, pp Wtt, C. and Wtt,. (1995) Forecastng toursm demand: A revew of emprcal research, Internatonal Journal of Forecastng, 11, Durbarry,R.: ong run structural toursm demand modelng (2002) An applcaton to France, Toursm and Travel Research Insttute, Unversty of Nottngham, Unted Kngdom., G., ong, H. and Wtt,. (2010) Modelng toursm demand: A dynamc lnear AID approach, Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), Chang, C. C., Khamkaew, T. and McAleer, M. (2012) Estmatng prce effects n an almost deal demand model of outbound Tha toursm to East Asa, Documentos de Trabajo del Insttuto Complutense de Análss Económco (ICAE), 2012(2). hephard, R. W. (1970) Theory of cost and producton functons, Prnceton Unversty Press. tone, R. (1954) The measurement of consumers expendture and behavor n the Unted Kngdom, , 1, Cambrdge Unversty Press. Zellner, A. (1962) An effcent method of estmatng seemngly unrelated regressons and tests for aggregaton bas, Journal of the Amercan tatstcal Assocaton, 57(298), Japanese bureau of mmgraton: Immgraton statstcs (2010), Accessed Nov. 5, (n Japanese) Australan bureau of statstcs (2011) Overseas Arrvals and Departures, Accessed Nov. 1, (n Japanese) Japanese bureau of statstcs (2011) Internatonal statstcal drectory, Accessed Nov. 1, (n Japanese) Japanese bureau of statstcs (2011) World statstcs. Accessed ep. 10, (n Japanese) Japanese bureau of statstcs (2006) The new Japan hstorcal statstcs lst. (n Japanese) Takushoku unversty Asan nformaton center (2006) East Asa hstorcal economc statstcs, Vol.1 (Korea), Keso hobo. (n Japanese) World Bank (2011) Accessed Nov. 1, 2011.
Can Auto Liability Insurance Purchases Signal Risk Attitude?
Internatonal Journal of Busness and Economcs, 2011, Vol. 10, No. 2, 159-164 Can Auto Lablty Insurance Purchases Sgnal Rsk Atttude? Chu-Shu L Department of Internatonal Busness, Asa Unversty, Tawan Sheng-Chang
More informationDetermining the Market Potential of Livestock and Poultry in the Philippines: An Application of the Almost Ideal Demand System
Determnng the Market Potental of Lvestock and Poultry n the Phlppnes: An Applcaton of the Almost Ideal Demand System Apolnares, R.J.V., Dgal, L.N., and J.M.P. Sarmento ABSTRACT Estmatng demand especally
More informationAnswer: A). There is a flatter IS curve in the high MPC economy. Original LM LM after increase in M. IS curve for low MPC economy
4.02 Quz Solutons Fall 2004 Multple-Choce Questons (30/00 ponts) Please, crcle the correct answer for each of the followng 0 multple-choce questons. For each queston, only one of the answers s correct.
More informationWORKING PAPERS. The Impact of Technological Change and Lifestyles on the Energy Demand of Households
ÖSTERREICHISCHES INSTITUT FÜR WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG WORKING PAPERS The Impact of Technologcal Change and Lfestyles on the Energy Demand of Households A Combnaton of Aggregate and Indvdual Household Analyss
More informationOn the Optimal Control of a Cascade of Hydro-Electric Power Stations
On the Optmal Control of a Cascade of Hydro-Electrc Power Statons M.C.M. Guedes a, A.F. Rbero a, G.V. Smrnov b and S. Vlela c a Department of Mathematcs, School of Scences, Unversty of Porto, Portugal;
More informationPRIVATE SCHOOL CHOICE: THE EFFECTS OF RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND PARTICIPATION
PRIVATE SCHOOL CHOICE: THE EFFECTS OF RELIIOUS AFFILIATION AND PARTICIPATION Danny Cohen-Zada Department of Economcs, Ben-uron Unversty, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel Wllam Sander Department of Economcs, DePaul
More informationTourism and trade in OECD countries. A dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis
Toursm and trade n OECD countres. A dynamc heterogeneous panel data analyss María Santana-Gallego a, Francsco Ledesma-Rodríguez a, Jorge V. Pérez-Rodríguez b* a Facultad de Cencas Económcas y Empresarales,
More informationAn Alternative Way to Measure Private Equity Performance
An Alternatve Way to Measure Prvate Equty Performance Peter Todd Parlux Investment Technology LLC Summary Internal Rate of Return (IRR) s probably the most common way to measure the performance of prvate
More informationThe Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey,
Busness Brths and Deaths Impact of busness brths and deaths n the payroll survey The CES probablty-based sample redesgn accounts for most busness brth employment through the mputaton of busness deaths,
More informationHow To Calculate The Accountng Perod Of Nequalty
Inequalty and The Accountng Perod Quentn Wodon and Shlomo Ytzha World Ban and Hebrew Unversty September Abstract Income nequalty typcally declnes wth the length of tme taen nto account for measurement.
More informationAnalysis of Demand for Broadcastingng servces
Analyss of Subscrpton Demand for Pay-TV Manabu Shshkura * Norhro Kasuga ** Ako Tor *** Abstract In ths paper, we wll conduct an analyss from an emprcal perspectve concernng broadcastng demand behavor and
More informationCourse outline. Financial Time Series Analysis. Overview. Data analysis. Predictive signal. Trading strategy
Fnancal Tme Seres Analyss Patrck McSharry patrck@mcsharry.net www.mcsharry.net Trnty Term 2014 Mathematcal Insttute Unversty of Oxford Course outlne 1. Data analyss, probablty, correlatons, vsualsaton
More informationCriminal Justice System on Crime *
On the Impact of the NSW Crmnal Justce System on Crme * Dr Vasls Sarafds, Dscplne of Operatons Management and Econometrcs Unversty of Sydney * Ths presentaton s based on jont work wth Rchard Kelaher 1
More informationAn Evaluation of the Extended Logistic, Simple Logistic, and Gompertz Models for Forecasting Short Lifecycle Products and Services
An Evaluaton of the Extended Logstc, Smple Logstc, and Gompertz Models for Forecastng Short Lfecycle Products and Servces Charles V. Trappey a,1, Hsn-yng Wu b a Professor (Management Scence), Natonal Chao
More informationbenefit is 2, paid if the policyholder dies within the year, and probability of death within the year is ).
REVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS LOSS DISTRIBUTIONS AND INSURANCE Loss and nsurance: When someone s subject to the rsk of ncurrng a fnancal loss, the loss s generally modeled usng a random varable or
More informationThe impact of hard discount control mechanism on the discount volatility of UK closed-end funds
Investment Management and Fnancal Innovatons, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2013 Ahmed F. Salhn (Egypt) The mpact of hard dscount control mechansm on the dscount volatlty of UK closed-end funds Abstract The mpact
More informationAPPLICATION OF PROBE DATA COLLECTED VIA INFRARED BEACONS TO TRAFFIC MANEGEMENT
APPLICATION OF PROBE DATA COLLECTED VIA INFRARED BEACONS TO TRAFFIC MANEGEMENT Toshhko Oda (1), Kochro Iwaoka (2) (1), (2) Infrastructure Systems Busness Unt, Panasonc System Networks Co., Ltd. Saedo-cho
More informationInstitute of Informatics, Faculty of Business and Management, Brno University of Technology,Czech Republic
Lagrange Multplers as Quanttatve Indcators n Economcs Ivan Mezník Insttute of Informatcs, Faculty of Busness and Management, Brno Unversty of TechnologCzech Republc Abstract The quanttatve role of Lagrange
More informationModelling the World Oil Market Assessment of a Quarterly Econometric Model
Modellng the World Ol Market Assessment of a Quarterly Econometrc Model Stéphane Dées a1, Pavlos Karadeloglou a, Robert Kaufmann b, Marcelo Sánchez a a European Central Bank b CEES, Boston Unversty May
More informationDEFINING %COMPLETE IN MICROSOFT PROJECT
CelersSystems DEFINING %COMPLETE IN MICROSOFT PROJECT PREPARED BY James E Aksel, PMP, PMI-SP, MVP For Addtonal Informaton about Earned Value Management Systems and reportng, please contact: CelersSystems,
More informationAsia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade. Working Paper Series, No. 81, July 2010. Truong P. Truong
Asa-Pacfc Research and Tranng Network on Trade Workng Paper Seres, No. 8, July 00 Revew of Analytcal Tools for Assessng Trade and Clmate Change Lnkages By Truong P. Truong Truong P. Truong s Honorary Professor
More informationThe Effects of Tax Rate Changes on Tax Bases and the Marginal Cost of Public Funds for Canadian Provincial Governments
The Effects of Tax Rate Changes on Tax Bases and the Margnal Cost of Publc Funds for Canadan Provncal Governments Bev Dahlby a and Ergete Ferede b a Department of Economcs, Unversty of Alberta, Edmonton,
More information! # %& ( ) +,../ 0 1 2 3 4 0 4 # 5##&.6 7% 8 # 0 4 2 #...
! # %& ( ) +,../ 0 1 2 3 4 0 4 # 5##&.6 7% 8 # 0 4 2 #... 9 Sheffeld Economc Research Paper Seres SERP Number: 2011010 ISSN 1749-8368 Sarah Brown, Aurora Ortz-Núñez and Karl Taylor Educatonal loans and
More informationWORKING PAPER. C.D. Howe Institute. The Effects of Tax Rate Changes on Tax Bases and the Marginal Cost of Public Funds for Provincial Governments
MARCH 211 C.D. Howe Insttute WORKING PAPER FISCAL AND TAX COMPETITIVENESS The Effects of Tax Rate Changes on Tax Bases and the Margnal Cost of Publc Funds for Provncal Governments Bev Dahlby Ergete Ferede
More informationPricing Model of Cloud Computing Service with Partial Multihoming
Prcng Model of Cloud Computng Servce wth Partal Multhomng Zhang Ru 1 Tang Bng-yong 1 1.Glorous Sun School of Busness and Managment Donghua Unversty Shangha 251 Chna E-mal:ru528369@mal.dhu.edu.cn Abstract
More informationCausal, Explanatory Forecasting. Analysis. Regression Analysis. Simple Linear Regression. Which is Independent? Forecasting
Causal, Explanatory Forecastng Assumes cause-and-effect relatonshp between system nputs and ts output Forecastng wth Regresson Analyss Rchard S. Barr Inputs System Cause + Effect Relatonshp The job of
More informationModule 2 LOSSLESS IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS. Version 2 ECE IIT, Kharagpur
Module LOSSLESS IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS Lesson 3 Lossless Compresson: Huffman Codng Instructonal Objectves At the end of ths lesson, the students should be able to:. Defne and measure source entropy..
More informationThe Application of Fractional Brownian Motion in Option Pricing
Vol. 0, No. (05), pp. 73-8 http://dx.do.org/0.457/jmue.05.0..6 The Applcaton of Fractonal Brownan Moton n Opton Prcng Qng-xn Zhou School of Basc Scence,arbn Unversty of Commerce,arbn zhouqngxn98@6.com
More informationAddendum to: Importing Skill-Biased Technology
Addendum to: Importng Skll-Based Technology Arel Bursten UCLA and NBER Javer Cravno UCLA August 202 Jonathan Vogel Columba and NBER Abstract Ths Addendum derves the results dscussed n secton 3.3 of our
More informationIDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF A COMMON ERROR IN GENERAL ANNUITY CALCULATIONS
IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECTION OF A COMMON ERROR IN GENERAL ANNUITY CALCULATIONS Chrs Deeley* Last revsed: September 22, 200 * Chrs Deeley s a Senor Lecturer n the School of Accountng, Charles Sturt Unversty,
More informationAnalysis of Premium Liabilities for Australian Lines of Business
Summary of Analyss of Premum Labltes for Australan Lnes of Busness Emly Tao Honours Research Paper, The Unversty of Melbourne Emly Tao Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Australan Prudental Regulaton
More informationOverview of monitoring and evaluation
540 Toolkt to Combat Traffckng n Persons Tool 10.1 Overvew of montorng and evaluaton Overvew Ths tool brefly descrbes both montorng and evaluaton, and the dstncton between the two. What s montorng? Montorng
More informationTrade Adjustment and Productivity in Large Crises. Online Appendix May 2013. Appendix A: Derivation of Equations for Productivity
Trade Adjustment Productvty n Large Crses Gta Gopnath Department of Economcs Harvard Unversty NBER Brent Neman Booth School of Busness Unversty of Chcago NBER Onlne Appendx May 2013 Appendx A: Dervaton
More informationReturns to Experience in Mozambique: A Nonparametric Regression Approach
Returns to Experence n Mozambque: A Nonparametrc Regresson Approach Joel Muzma Conference Paper nº 27 Conferênca Inaugural do IESE Desafos para a nvestgação socal e económca em Moçambque 19 de Setembro
More informationLocation Factors for Non-Ferrous Exploration Investments
Locaton Factors for Non-Ferrous Exploraton Investments Irna Khndanova Unversty of Denver Ths paper analyzes the relatve mportance of geologcal potental and nvestment clmate for nonferrous mnerals exploraton
More informationUK Letter Mail Demand: a Content Based Time Series Analysis using Overlapping Market Survey Statistical Techniques
10-170 Research Group: Econometrcs and Statstcs 2010 UK Letter Mal Demand: a Content Based Tme Seres nalyss usng Overlappng Market Survey Statstcal Technques CTHERINE CZLS, JEN-PIERRE FLORENS, LETICI VERUETE-MCKY,
More informationProject Networks With Mixed-Time Constraints
Project Networs Wth Mxed-Tme Constrants L Caccetta and B Wattananon Western Australan Centre of Excellence n Industral Optmsaton (WACEIO) Curtn Unversty of Technology GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australa
More informationStaff Paper. Farm Savings Accounts: Examining Income Variability, Eligibility, and Benefits. Brent Gloy, Eddy LaDue, and Charles Cuykendall
SP 2005-02 August 2005 Staff Paper Department of Appled Economcs and Management Cornell Unversty, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801 USA Farm Savngs Accounts: Examnng Income Varablty, Elgblty, and Benefts Brent
More informationTraffic State Estimation in the Traffic Management Center of Berlin
Traffc State Estmaton n the Traffc Management Center of Berln Authors: Peter Vortsch, PTV AG, Stumpfstrasse, D-763 Karlsruhe, Germany phone ++49/72/965/35, emal peter.vortsch@ptv.de Peter Möhl, PTV AG,
More informationForecasting the Direction and Strength of Stock Market Movement
Forecastng the Drecton and Strength of Stock Market Movement Jngwe Chen Mng Chen Nan Ye cjngwe@stanford.edu mchen5@stanford.edu nanye@stanford.edu Abstract - Stock market s one of the most complcated systems
More informationThis study examines whether the framing mode (narrow versus broad) influences the stock investment decisions
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE Vol. 54, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 1052 1064 ssn 0025-1909 essn 1526-5501 08 5406 1052 nforms do 10.1287/mnsc.1070.0845 2008 INFORMS How Do Decson Frames Influence the Stock Investment Choces
More informationEvaluating the Effects of FUNDEF on Wages and Test Scores in Brazil *
Evaluatng the Effects of FUNDEF on Wages and Test Scores n Brazl * Naérco Menezes-Flho Elane Pazello Unversty of São Paulo Abstract In ths paper we nvestgate the effects of the 1998 reform n the fundng
More informationHOUSEHOLDS DEBT BURDEN: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON MICROECONOMIC DATA*
HOUSEHOLDS DEBT BURDEN: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON MICROECONOMIC DATA* Luísa Farnha** 1. INTRODUCTION The rapd growth n Portuguese households ndebtedness n the past few years ncreased the concerns that debt
More informationModelling the Cocaine and Heroin Markets in the Era of Globalization and Drug Reduction Policies Claudia Costa Storti and Paul De Grauwe
Modellng the Cocane and Heron Markets n the Era of Globalzaton and Drug Reducton Polces Clauda Costa Stort and Paul De Grauwe Modellng the Cocane and Heron Markets n the Era of Globalzaton and Drug Reducton
More informationMultiple-Period Attribution: Residuals and Compounding
Multple-Perod Attrbuton: Resduals and Compoundng Our revewer gave these authors full marks for dealng wth an ssue that performance measurers and vendors often regard as propretary nformaton. In 1994, Dens
More informationManagement Quality, Financial and Investment Policies, and. Asymmetric Information
Management Qualty, Fnancal and Investment Polces, and Asymmetrc Informaton Thomas J. Chemmanur * Imants Paegls ** and Karen Smonyan *** Current verson: December 2007 * Professor of Fnance, Carroll School
More informationKiel Institute for World Economics Duesternbrooker Weg 120 24105 Kiel (Germany) Kiel Working Paper No. 1119
Kel Insttute for World Economcs Duesternbrooker Weg 120 24105 Kel (Germany) Kel Workng Paper No. 1119 Under What Condtons Do Venture Captal Markets Emerge? by Andrea Schertler July 2002 The responsblty
More informationWhy Do Cities Matter? Local Growth and Aggregate Growth
Why Do Ctes Matter? Local Growth and Aggregate Growth Chang-Ta Hseh Unversty of Chcago Enrco Morett Unversty of Calforna, Berkeley Aprl 2015 Abstract. We study how growth of ctes determnes the growth of
More informationSIMPLE LINEAR CORRELATION
SIMPLE LINEAR CORRELATION Smple lnear correlaton s a measure of the degree to whch two varables vary together, or a measure of the ntensty of the assocaton between two varables. Correlaton often s abused.
More informationHigh Correlation between Net Promoter Score and the Development of Consumers' Willingness to Pay (Empirical Evidence from European Mobile Markets)
Hgh Correlaton between et Promoter Score and the Development of Consumers' Wllngness to Pay (Emprcal Evdence from European Moble Marets Ths paper shows that the correlaton between the et Promoter Score
More informationStructural Estimation of Variety Gains from Trade Integration in a Heterogeneous Firms Framework
Journal of Economcs and Econometrcs Vol. 55, No.2, 202 pp. 78-93 SSN 2032-9652 E-SSN 2032-9660 Structural Estmaton of Varety Gans from Trade ntegraton n a Heterogeneous Frms Framework VCTOR RVAS ABSTRACT
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CARBON MOTIVATED REGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS: ANALYTICS AND SIMULATIONS. Yan Dong John Whalley
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CARBON MOTIVATED REGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS: ANALYTICS AND SIMULATIONS Yan Dong John Whalley Workng Paper 14880 http://www.nber.org/papers/w14880 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC
More informationCalculation of Sampling Weights
Perre Foy Statstcs Canada 4 Calculaton of Samplng Weghts 4.1 OVERVIEW The basc sample desgn used n TIMSS Populatons 1 and 2 was a two-stage stratfed cluster desgn. 1 The frst stage conssted of a sample
More informationHow Large are the Gains from Economic Integration? Theory and Evidence from U.S. Agriculture, 1880-2002
How Large are the Gans from Economc Integraton? Theory and Evdence from U.S. Agrculture, 1880-2002 Arnaud Costnot MIT and NBER Dave Donaldson MIT, NBER and CIFAR PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE August 15, 2011
More informationMacro Factors and Volatility of Treasury Bond Returns
Macro Factors and Volatlty of Treasury Bond Returns Jngzh Huang Department of Fnance Smeal Colleage of Busness Pennsylvana State Unversty Unversty Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. Le Lu School of Fnance Shangha
More informationHow To Know If A Fscal Insurance Mechansm Shocks On An Eccu Member Country
WP/12/17 The Eastern Carbbean Currency Unon: Would a Fscal Insurance Mechansm Mtgate Natonal Income Shocks? Antono Lemus and Paul Cashn 2012 Internatonal Monetary Fund WP/12/17 IMF Workng Paper Mddle East
More informationInternational Commodity Prices and the Australian Stock Market
Internatonal Commodty Prces and the Australan Stock Market Chrs Heaton, George Mlunovch and Anthony Passé-de Slva Abstract We propose a method for estmatng the earlest tme durng the tradng day when overnght
More informationStatistical Methods to Develop Rating Models
Statstcal Methods to Develop Ratng Models [Evelyn Hayden and Danel Porath, Österrechsche Natonalbank and Unversty of Appled Scences at Manz] Source: The Basel II Rsk Parameters Estmaton, Valdaton, and
More informationMEASURING OPERATION EFFICIENCY OF THAI HOTELS INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE FROM META-FRONTIER ANALYSIS. Abstract
Internatonal Conference On Appled Economcs ICOAE 2011 315 MEASURING OPERATION EFFICIENCY OF THAI HOTELS INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE FROM METAFRONTIER ANALYSIS PHANIN KHRUEATHAI 1, AKARAPONG UNTONG 2, MINGSARN KAOSAARD
More informationDO LOSS FIRMS MANAGE EARNINGS AROUND SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS?
DO LOSS FIRMS MANAGE EARNINGS AROUND SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS? Fernando Comran, Unversty of San Francsco, School of Management, 2130 Fulton Street, CA 94117, Unted States, fcomran@usfca.edu Tatana Fedyk,
More informationCHOLESTEROL REFERENCE METHOD LABORATORY NETWORK. Sample Stability Protocol
CHOLESTEROL REFERENCE METHOD LABORATORY NETWORK Sample Stablty Protocol Background The Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network (CRMLN) developed certfcaton protocols for total cholesterol, HDL
More informationThe Impact of Residential Density on Vehicle Usage and Energy Consumption *
The Impact of Resdental Densty on Vehcle Usage and Energy Consumpton * September 26, 2008 Forthcomng n the Journal of Urban Economcs Davd Brownstone (correspondng author) Department of Economcs 3151 Socal
More informationADVERSE SELECTION IN INSURANCE MARKETS: POLICYHOLDER EVIDENCE FROM THE U.K. ANNUITY MARKET *
ADVERSE SELECTION IN INSURANCE MARKETS: POLICYHOLDER EVIDENCE FROM THE U.K. ANNUITY MARKET * Amy Fnkelsten Harvard Unversty and NBER James Poterba MIT and NBER * We are grateful to Jeffrey Brown, Perre-Andre
More informationTIME AND INCOME IN TRAVEL DEMAND Towards a microeconomic activity framework.
TIME AND INCOME IN TRAVEL DEMAND Towards a mcroeconomc actvty framework. Sergo R. Jara-Díaz Unversdad de Chle, Caslla 228-3, Santago, Chle Fax (56-2) 6712799 e-mal: aradaz@tamarugo.cec.uchle.cl Abstract
More informationTHE DETERMINANTS OF THE TUNISIAN BANKING INDUSTRY PROFITABILITY: PANEL EVIDENCE
THE DETERMINANTS OF THE TUNISIAN BANKING INDUSTRY PROFITABILITY: PANEL EVIDENCE Samy Ben Naceur ERF Research Fellow Department of Fnance Unversté Lbre de Tuns Avenue Khéreddne Pacha, 002 Tuns Emal : sbennaceur@eudoramal.com
More informationKiel Institute for World Economics Duesternbrooker Weg 120 24105 Kiel (Germany) Kiel Working Paper No. 1120
Kel Insttute for World Economcs Duesternbrooker Weg 45 Kel (Germany) Kel Workng Paper No. Path Dependences n enture Captal Markets by Andrea Schertler July The responsblty for the contents of the workng
More informationManagement Quality and Equity Issue Characteristics: A Comparison of SEOs and IPOs
Management Qualty and Equty Issue Characterstcs: A Comparson of SEOs and IPOs Thomas J. Chemmanur * Imants Paegls ** and Karen Smonyan *** Current verson: November 2009 (Accepted, Fnancal Management, February
More informationHow To Study The Nfluence Of Health Insurance On Swtchng
Workng Paper n 07-02 The nfluence of supplementary health nsurance on swtchng behavour: evdence on Swss data Brgtte Dormont, Perre- Yves Geoffard, Karne Lamraud The nfluence of supplementary health nsurance
More information1. Measuring association using correlation and regression
How to measure assocaton I: Correlaton. 1. Measurng assocaton usng correlaton and regresson We often would lke to know how one varable, such as a mother's weght, s related to another varable, such as a
More information1. Fundamentals of probability theory 2. Emergence of communication traffic 3. Stochastic & Markovian Processes (SP & MP)
6.3 / -- Communcaton Networks II (Görg) SS20 -- www.comnets.un-bremen.de Communcaton Networks II Contents. Fundamentals of probablty theory 2. Emergence of communcaton traffc 3. Stochastc & Markovan Processes
More informationCovariate-based pricing of automobile insurance
Insurance Markets and Companes: Analyses and Actuaral Computatons, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010 José Antono Ordaz (Span), María del Carmen Melgar (Span) Covarate-based prcng of automoble nsurance Abstract Ths
More informationThe timing ability of hybrid funds of funds
The tmng ablty of hybrd funds of funds Javer Rodríguez* Graduate School of Busness Admnstraton Unversty of Puerto Rco PO 23332 San Juan, PR 00931 Abstract Hybrd mutual funds are funds that nvest n a combnaton
More informationRisk Model of Long-Term Production Scheduling in Open Pit Gold Mining
Rsk Model of Long-Term Producton Schedulng n Open Pt Gold Mnng R Halatchev 1 and P Lever 2 ABSTRACT Open pt gold mnng s an mportant sector of the Australan mnng ndustry. It uses large amounts of nvestments,
More informationThe Economic Impacts of Cigarette Tax Reductions on Youth Smoking in Canada
The Economc Impacts of Cgarette Tax Reductons on Youth Smokng n Canada Dane P. Dupont and Anthony J. Ward Economcs, Brock Unversty December 2002 Abstract Cgarettes are the most commonly consumed recreatonal
More informationFeasibility of Using Discriminate Pricing Schemes for Energy Trading in Smart Grid
Feasblty of Usng Dscrmnate Prcng Schemes for Energy Tradng n Smart Grd Wayes Tushar, Chau Yuen, Bo Cha, Davd B. Smth, and H. Vncent Poor Sngapore Unversty of Technology and Desgn, Sngapore 138682. Emal:
More informationCHAPTER 5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
CHAPTER 5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES In ths chapter, we wll learn how to descrbe the relatonshp between two quanttatve varables. Remember (from Chapter 2) that the terms quanttatve varable
More information17 Capital tax competition
17 Captal tax competton 17.1 Introducton Governments would lke to tax a varety of transactons that ncreasngly appear to be moble across jursdctonal boundares. Ths creates one obvous problem: tax base flght.
More informationIncome Distribution, Product Quality, and International Trade
Income Dstrbuton, Product Qualty, and Internatonal Trade Pablo Fajgelbaum Prnceton Unversty Gene M. Grossman Prnceton Unversty June 2009 Elhanan elpman arvard Unversty Abstract We develop a framework for
More informationGeorge S. Ford, PhD Thomas M. Koutsky, Esq. Lawrence J. Spiwak, Esq. (July 2007)
PHOENIX CENTER POLICY PAPER SERIES Phoenx Center Polcy Paper Number 29: The Broadband Performance Index: A Polcy-Relevant Method of Comparng Broadband Adopton Among Countres George S. Ford, PhD Thomas
More informationEthnic Chinese Networking in Cross-border Investment: The Impact of Economic and Institutional Development. Abstract:
Ethnc Chnese Networkng n Cross-border Investment: The Impact of Economc and Insttutonal Development Sarah Y. Tong * Hong Kong Insttute of Economcs and Busness Strateges The Unversty of Hong Kong Aprl 2003
More informationFinancial Instability and Life Insurance Demand + Mahito Okura *
Fnancal Instablty and Lfe Insurance Demand + Mahto Okura * Norhro Kasuga ** Abstract Ths paper estmates prvate lfe nsurance and Kampo demand functons usng household-level data provded by the Postal Servces
More informationWhen Talk is Free : The Effect of Tariff Structure on Usage under Two- and Three-Part Tariffs
0 When Talk s Free : The Effect of Tarff Structure on Usage under Two- and Three-Part Tarffs Eva Ascarza Ana Lambrecht Naufel Vlcassm July 2012 (Forthcomng at Journal of Marketng Research) Eva Ascarza
More informationIMPACT ANALYSIS OF A CELLULAR PHONE
4 th ASA & μeta Internatonal Conference IMPACT AALYSIS OF A CELLULAR PHOE We Lu, 2 Hongy L Bejng FEAonlne Engneerng Co.,Ltd. Bejng, Chna ABSTRACT Drop test smulaton plays an mportant role n nvestgatng
More informationForecasting the Demand of Emergency Supplies: Based on the CBR Theory and BP Neural Network
700 Proceedngs of the 8th Internatonal Conference on Innovaton & Management Forecastng the Demand of Emergency Supples: Based on the CBR Theory and BP Neural Network Fu Deqang, Lu Yun, L Changbng School
More informationIs Thailand s Fiscal System Pro-Poor?: Looking from Income and Expenditure Components. Hyun Hwa Son
Is Thaland s Fscal System Pro-Poor?: Loong from Income and Expendture Components Hyun Hwa Son The World Ban 88 H Street, NW Washngton, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Emal: hson@worldban.org Abstract: Ths paper develops
More informationWorld Economic Vulnerability Monitor (WEVUM) Trade shock analysis
World Economc Vulnerablty Montor (WEVUM) Trade shock analyss Measurng the mpact of the global shocks on trade balances va prce and demand effects Alex Izureta and Rob Vos UN DESA 1. Non-techncal descrpton
More informationtématické články Measuring the Value of Urban Forest using the Hedonic Price Approach regionální studia
Measurng the Value of Urban Forest usng the Hedonc Prce Approach Odhad hodnoty městských lesů metodou hedoncké ceny Jan Melchar 1 jan.melchar@czp.cun.cz Charles Unversty Envronment Center Ondřej Vojáček
More informationMarginal Benefit Incidence Analysis Using a Single Cross-section of Data. Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad and Quentin Wodon 1. World Bank.
Margnal Beneft Incdence Analyss Usng a Sngle Cross-secton of Data Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad and uentn Wodon World Bank August 200 Abstract In a recent paper, Lanjouw and Ravallon proposed an attractve and smple
More informationOffshoring and Immigrant Employment: Firm-level theory and evidence
Offshorng and Immgrant Employment: Frm-level theory and evdence Gorgo Barba Navarett () Guseppe Bertola () Alessandro Sembenell () December 2008 Abstract: In an Italan dataset wth frm-level nformaton on
More informationMicro-Demand Systems Analysis of Non-Alcoholic Beverages in the United States: An Application of Econometric Techniques Dealing With Censoring
Mcro-Demand Systems Analyss of Non-Alcoholc Beverages n the Unted States: An Applcaton of Econometrc Technques Dealng Wth Censorng by Pedro A. Alvola IV Program Assocate Department of Agrcultural Economcs
More informationTraditional versus Online Courses, Efforts, and Learning Performance
Tradtonal versus Onlne Courses, Efforts, and Learnng Performance Kuang-Cheng Tseng, Department of Internatonal Trade, Chung-Yuan Chrstan Unversty, Tawan Shan-Yng Chu, Department of Internatonal Trade,
More informationSearching and Switching: Empirical estimates of consumer behaviour in regulated markets
Searchng and Swtchng: Emprcal estmates of consumer behavour n regulated markets Catherne Waddams Prce Centre for Competton Polcy, Unversty of East Angla Catherne Webster Centre for Competton Polcy, Unversty
More informationCahiers de la Chaire Santé
Cahers de la Chare Santé The nfluence of supplementary health nsurance on swtchng behavour: evdence from Swss data Auteurs : Brgtte Dormont, Perre-Yves Geoffard, Karne Lamraud N 4 - Janver 2010 1 The nfluence
More informationNumber of Levels Cumulative Annual operating Income per year construction costs costs ($) ($) ($) 1 600,000 35,000 100,000 2 2,200,000 60,000 350,000
Problem Set 5 Solutons 1 MIT s consderng buldng a new car park near Kendall Square. o unversty funds are avalable (overhead rates are under pressure and the new faclty would have to pay for tself from
More information2008/8. An integrated model for warehouse and inventory planning. Géraldine Strack and Yves Pochet
2008/8 An ntegrated model for warehouse and nventory plannng Géraldne Strack and Yves Pochet CORE Voe du Roman Pays 34 B-1348 Louvan-la-Neuve, Belgum. Tel (32 10) 47 43 04 Fax (32 10) 47 43 01 E-mal: corestat-lbrary@uclouvan.be
More informationTwo Faces of Intra-Industry Information Transfers: Evidence from Management Earnings and Revenue Forecasts
Two Faces of Intra-Industry Informaton Transfers: Evdence from Management Earnngs and Revenue Forecasts Yongtae Km Leavey School of Busness Santa Clara Unversty Santa Clara, CA 95053-0380 TEL: (408) 554-4667,
More information! ## % & ( ) + & ) ) ),. / 0 ## #1#
! ## % & ( ) + & ) ) ),. / 0 12 345 4 ## #1# 6 Sheffeld Economc Research Paper Seres SERP Number: 2006010 ISSN 1749-8368 Pamela Lenton* The Cost Structure of Hgher Educaton n Further Educaton Colleges
More informationActivity Scheduling for Cost-Time Investment Optimization in Project Management
PROJECT MANAGEMENT 4 th Internatonal Conference on Industral Engneerng and Industral Management XIV Congreso de Ingenería de Organzacón Donosta- San Sebastán, September 8 th -10 th 010 Actvty Schedulng
More informationMODELING DYNAMICS OF POST-DISASTER RECOVERY. Technology, Texas Tech University, Box 43107, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3107, Email: ali.nejat@ttu.
2200 MODELING DYNAMICS OF POST-DISASTER RECOVERY Al NEJAT 1 and Ivan DAMNJANOVIC 2 1 Assstant Professor, Department of Constructon Engneerng and Engneerng Technology, Texas Tech Unversty, Box 43107, Lubbock,
More informationTesting the Infrequent Purchases Model Using Direct Measurement of Hidden Consumption from Food Stocks
Testng the Infrequent Purchases Model Usng Drect Measurement of Hdden Consumpton from Food Stocks John Gbson and Bonggeun Km Abstract Reports of zero expendture on ndvdual commodtes durng the reference
More information