Characterization of synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid
|
|
- Phoebe McDaniel
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196±202 Characterization of synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid A.M. Puziy a,*, O.I. Poddubnaya a, A. MartõÂnez-Alonso b, F. SuaÂrez-GarcõÂa b, J.M.D. TascoÂn b a Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology, Naumov St. 13, Kiev, Ukraine b Instituto Nacional del CarboÂn, CSIC, Apartado 73, Oviedo, Spain Received 13 November 2001; received in revised form 13 November 2001; accepted 28 July 2002 Abstract The structuralheterogeneity of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons has been analyzed using pore-size distributions (PSDs) obtained from nitrogen at 196 8C and carbon dioxide at 0 8C isotherms. PSDs where obtained by the BET±Kelvin method. It is shown that the BET±Kelvin method is in good agreement with DFT and provides a fast means for assessment of the porous structure of adsorbents. PSDs obtained by the BET±Kelvin method using different adsorbates give results consistent with each other. Due to the restricted pressure range for carbon dioxide adsorption isotherm the PSD gives information only about pores in the micropore range. The agreement between different methods is better for small micropores. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 81.20, methods of materials synthesis and materials processing; 81.05, porous materials, granular materials; 81.40, treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties Keywords: Synthetic carbons; Chemicalactivation; Adsorption modeling; Pore-size distribution 1. Introduction Phosphoric acid activation is widely used for the production of activated carbons. The use of various precursors including wood, nut shells, viscose rayon and coalhas been reported. It has been shown that maximum surface area is obtained at carbonization temperatures of 350 8C for white oak wood [1], 450 8C for coconut shell and subbituminous coal [2] and 500 8C for bituminous coal [1]. However, other precursors such as porous polymers have not been investigated in detail [3]. In the present communication, * Corresponding author. Fax: address: alexander.puziy@ispe.kiev.ua (A.M. Puziy). the porous structure of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons has been investigated using a modi cation of the recently proposed BET±Kelvin method [4] applied to nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 196 8C and carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms at 0 8C. The results are compared with the density functional theory (DFT) method. 2. Experimental 2.1. Samples Synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid were prepared according to a procedure described /02/$ ± see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S (02)
2 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196± elsewhere [5]. Brie y, a porous chlormethylated and then sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene [6] was impregnated with 60% phosphoric acid to the desired ratio, dried in air at about 220 8C and then carbonized in a quartz reactor at a temperature of 400± C for 30 min. The carbonization was done in a ow of argon (1 ml/min). After carbonization, the carbon was cooled down to room temperature in a ow of argon. The weight ratio of H 3 PO 4 to copolymer on dry basis was To remove the excess of H 3 PO 4, the carbons after carbonization were extensively washed with hot water in a Soxhlet extractor until neutralph. Then the samples were dried in an oven at 110 8C. Samples are designated as ``SP'' followed by their respective carbonization temperatures (in 8C) N 2 and CO 2 adsorption Information on the carbon pore structure was derived from nitrogen adsorption isotherms obtained at 196 8C on an ASAP 2010 apparatus (Micromeritics, USA) and from carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms obtained at 0 8C on a NOVA 1200 apparatus (Quantachrome, USA). Samples were outgassed at 250 8C overnight prior to all adsorption measurements. 3. The model Analysis of physical adsorption data has become a standard method for assessment of heterogeneity of solid adsorbents. The theoretical description of adsorption on heterogeneous adsorbents is almost exclusively interpreted by superposition of adsorption on independent homogeneous adsorption sites. This concept leads to a Fredholm integral equation of the rst kind: Z Y t P ˆ Y l P; w dw (1) O (local isotherm) describes the adsorption on homogeneous sites characterized by property w (pore size, energy, etc.). Since this distribution function is widely used for characterization of adsorbents, many methods have been developed for calculating the distribution function from adsorption data. Comprehensive reviews of the methods for solving the adsorption integralequation with respect to the distribution function may be found elsewhere [7±11]. Due to their potentialaccuracy and high resolving power, rigorous numericalmethods are widely used as advanced methods for assessment of the distribution function [11±14]. The major problems in application of numericalmethods involve the choice of local isotherm and solution of adsorption integral Eq. (1). A new simple method for characterization of porous materials was recently proposed [4]. In this method, local isotherms are calculated on the basis of n-bet equation [15] describing a molecular layering process followed by a pore lling mechanism represented by Kelvin equation. In the proposed method the pore-size distribution (PSD) is calculated by solving the adsorption integral Eq. (1) using non-negative least-squares method. The method provides fast means for calculating the local isotherms as compared to sophisticated methods, such as molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo or density functionaltheory (DFT). The method was claimed to be comparable with DFT method when applied to nitrogen adsorption data at 196 8C. In this research, we have used the proposed BET± Kelvin method with some modi cation for calculation of the local isotherms. The PSD was calculated by solution of adsorption integral equation using a generalpurpose constrained regularization method CON- TIN [11]. Here, we brie y outline the method. Brunauer and co-workers proposed the n-bet equation [15±17] for describing the molecular layering in pores of nite dimension: t ˆ t m Cx 1 x 1 nf =2 n=2 xn 1 nf 1 x n nf =2 n=2 x n 1 1 C 1 x Cf =2 x n Cf =2 C=2 x n 1 (2) where the desired distribution function, F(U), is to be estimated from experimentaladsorption data, Y t (P), of limited accuracy. The kernel function, Y l P; w, where x ˆ P/P 0 is the relative pressure, n ˆ 2t=w the number of layers that can be accommodated by one wall of pore, f is the capillary condensation constant
3 198 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196±202 and t m ˆ v m =N 1=3 monolayer thickness is calculated from the liquid molar volume v m and Avogadro's number N. Adsorption in micropores is enhanced due to overlapping of potential from opposite walls. Nguyen and Do [4] suggested to account for the enhancement of adsorption in micropores by the use of BET C constant as a function of heat of adsorption, which depends on pore size: C ˆ A exp Q p l (3) RT where A is the preexponentialfactor, Q p is heat of adsorption and l is the heat of liquefaction. The heat of adsorption is calculated as the minimum of the solid± uid potential. In the present work, we used Steele's potential [18] for rigid chemically homogeneous carbon slit pores. The size of adsorbed molecule s sf and energy parameter e sf are taken from [19]. Carbon/adsorbate well depth e sf and intermolecular diameter s sf are calculated using Berthelot mixing rules. The number of layers n and adsorbed lm thickness t in Eq. (2) are treated as statisticaland may take non-integer values. As the pressure of adsorbate increases, the adsorbed layer in the pore grows according to Eq. (2). For small pores merging of two adsorbed layers from opposite walls may occur. However, for larger pores the condensation occurs before layers can meet. The capillary condensation in slit pores is described by the Kelvin equation: w c ˆ t 2gv mcos Y (4) RT ln P=P 0 where w c is the criticalpore size where condensation occurs, g the surface tension and t the adsorbed lm thickness described by the n-bet equation. Then local isotherm describing adsorption in uniform pores of width w is Y ˆ 2t=w; for w > w c or 2t < w (5) 1; for w < w c or 2t > w Parameters of adsorption systems used in our calculations are listed in Table Results and discussion Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons are presented in Figs. 1±7. PSDs were calculated by the BET±Kelvin method using adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at 196 8C and adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide at 0 8C. The results are compared with the standard DFT method supplied by Micromeritics as DFT Plus software [20]. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were measured in wide rangeðfrom pressures as low as 10 6 P/P 0 up to saturation pressure. Thus, these isotherms cover all possible mechanisms of adsorption taking place in a wide range of poresðvolume lling for small pores and capillary condensation in larger pores (5±1200 AÊ in the present study). However, carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms were measured up 1 atm, which corresponds at 0 8C to relative pressure range of ± 0.03 P/P 0. This region covers only adsorption in micropores. At this point, the question arises as to Table 1 Parameters of adsorption systems Parameter N 2 at 196 8C CO 2 at 0 8C Heat of liquefaction, l (kj/mol) Surface tension, g (N/cm) Collision diameter, s sf (AÊ ) Interaction energy, s sf (K) Molar volume, v m (cm 3 /mol) Capillary condensation constant, f 40 10,000 Fig. 1. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP400.
4 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196± Fig. 2. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP500. Fig. 4. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP700. the upper limit of micropores for carbon dioxide adsorption at 0 8C and relative pressure of Although there are some evidences that carbon dioxide lls pores up to 9±10 AÊ at such conditions [21±23], in our calculations we adopt an upper limit of micropores of 20 AÊ. This is because the CONTIN method uses all local isotherms with adsorption greater than zero to t the experimentaldata. According to BET±Kelvin modelwith parameters listed in Table 1, the largest pore size which has adsorption greater than zero at 0.03 P/P 0 is about 20 AÊ. That is why upper limit of micropores was set to 20 AÊ. This does not mean that 20 AÊ pores are completely lled with carbon dioxide, but only that adsorption at 0.03 P/P 0 is greater than adsorption on a at surface. In other words, partial lling of 20 AÊ pores at 0.03 P/P 0 is a signi cant indication of existence of such pores. For this reason it was possible to calculate PSD only in the range from 5 to 20 AÊ. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons are similar to each other indicating Fig. 3. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP600. Fig. 5. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP800.
5 200 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196±202 Table 2 Parameters of porous structure of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons obtained by the DFT method using N 2 at 196 8C adsorption isotherms a Carbon V mi S mi V tot S tot SP SP SP SP SP SP SP a Volumes in cm 3 /g; areas in m 2 /g. Fig. 6. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP900. Fig. 7. Pore-size distributions of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbon SP1000. that the porous structure is already formed at a temperature as low as 400 8C. Both PSDs obtained by the BET±Kelvin and by the DFT method using nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 196 8C show a developed micropore structure (from 5 to 20±30 AÊ ) as well as a developed mesopore structure (from 200 to 1200 AÊ ). All distributions obtained by both BET±Kelvin and DFT methods using two different adsorbates show a bimodalstructure of micropores for a lcarbons. It should be noted that the bimodal distribution of micropores with a minimum near 10 AÊ is often observed for carbon adsorbents and is probably an artifact introduced by modeling assumptions [24]. What these two models have in common is that they use the rigid, homogeneous graphite-based slit pore model described by Steele's widely used formula. Taking into account the heterogeneity of pore walls (edge effects, closed sides, etc.) would probably affect the resulting PSDs. The data presented in Figs. 1±7 show that the BET± Kelvin method is in good agreement with the DFTone. These gures also show that PSDs obtained by the BET±Kelvin method using different adsorbates (nitrogen at 196 8C and carbon dioxide at 0 8C) are in close agreement with each other. The agreement between different methods is better for small micropores. Parameters of PSDs obtained by the different methods are presented in Tables 2±4. Changes of these parameters with temperature are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. It follows from these results that a common Table 3 Parameters of porous structure of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons obtained by the BET±Kelvin method using N 2 at 196 8C adsorption isotherms a Carbon V mi S mi V tot S tot SP SP SP SP SP SP SP a Volumes in cm 3 /g; areas in m 2 /g.
6 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196± Table 4 Parameters of porous structure of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons obtained by the BET±Kelvin method using CO 2 at 0 8C adsorption isotherms a Carbon V mi S mi SP SP SP SP SP SP SP a Volumes in cm 3 /g; areas in m 2 /g. trend is observed with some deviationsðpore volumes (V mi, V tot ) and surface areas (S mi, S tot ) increase with the increase in heat treatment temperature. Deviations from the generaltrend are observed for data obtained from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. This may be due to restricted diffusion of nitrogen at low temperature. The total pore volume obtained by BET±Kelvin from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is systematically higher than that obtained by the DFT method (see Fig. 8) because the molar volume of nitrogen is variable in DFT while in BET±Kelvin it is constant. The contribution of micropores to the totalporosity increases with the increase of temperature treatment up to 800 8C and then decreases. Fig. 9. Temperature dependence of totalsurface area of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons. The temperature dependence of surface area and micropore volume is different from other carbonaceous precursors where maximum development of surface area was observed at 450 8C for coconut shell [1] and subbituminous coal [2], 350±500 8C for white oak [2], and 500 8C for bituminous coal [2]. This is probably due to lower reactivity of polymer precursor than lignocellulosic materials or coals. Although the total pore volume steadily increases with the increase of heat treatment temperature the contribution of the micropore volume to the total porosity increases up to 800 8C and then decreases (see Fig. 8. Temperature dependence of totalpore volume of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons. Fig. 10. Temperature dependence of micropore share of synthetic phosphoric acid activated carbons.
7 202 A.M. Puziy et al. / Applied Surface Science 200 (2002) 196±202 Fig. 10). This offers some possibilities of altering the micro/mesoporous structure of the carbon adsorbent. 5. Conclusions Results demonstrate that the BET±Kelvin method is in good agreement with DFTand provides a fast means for assessment of porous structure of adsorbents. PSDs obtained by the BET±Kelvin method using different adsorbates give results consistent with each other. Due to the restricted pressure range for carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms the PSD gives information only about micropores in the range from 5 to 20 AÊ. The agreement between different methods is better for small micropores. Acknowledgements This research was made possible in part by NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant EST.CLG and by support from CICYT (project 1FD ) and Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (project 2M/ ). References [1] M. Jagtoyen, F. Derbyshire, Carbon 31 (1993) [2] J. Laine, A. Calafat, M. Labady, Carbon 27 (1989) 191. [3] A.M. Puziy, O.I. Poddubnaya, A. MartõÂnez-Alonso, F. SuaÂrez- GarcõÂa, J.M.D. TascoÂn, Carbon'2000, Berlin, Germany, 2000, pp. 657±658 (extended abstracts). [4] C. Nguyen, D.D. Do, Langmuir 15 (1999) [5] O.M. Puziy, O.I. Piddubna, M.T. Kartel, Phosphorus containing carbonaceous cation exchanger and process for production thereof, Ukrainian patent 42910A, 1998, bulletin 10. [6] N.T. Kartel, A.M. Puziy, Carbon'96, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, 1996, pp. 525±526. [7] M. Jaroniec, R. Madey, PhysicalAdsorption on Heterogeneous Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, [8] M.M. Nederlof, W.H. Van Riemsdijk, L.K. Koopal, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 135 (1990) 410. [9] W. Rudzinski, D.H. Everett. Adsorption of Gases on Heterogeneous Surfaces, Academic Press, New York, [10] G.F. Cerofolini, N. Re, Riv. Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. 16 (1993) 1. [11] A.M. Puziy, T. Matynia, B. Gawdzik, O.I. Poddubnaya, Langmuir 15 (1999) [12] M. Von Szombathely, P. BrauÈer, M. Jaroniec, J. Comput. Chem. 13 (1992) 17. [13] L.K. Koopal, C.H.W. Vos, Langmuir 9 (1993) [14] J. Jagiello, Langmuir 10 (1994) [15] S. Brunauer, The Adsorption of Gases and Vapours, Oxford University Press, London, [16] S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309. [17] S. Brunauer, L.S. Deming, W.E. Deming, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (1940) [18] W.A. Steele, The Interaction of Gases with Solid Surfaces, Pergamon Press, Oxford, [19] R.C. Reid, J.M. Prausnitz, B.E. Polling. The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York, [20] J.P. Olivier, J. Porous Mater. 2 (1995) 217. [21] D. Cazorla-AmoroÂs, J. AlcanÄiz-Monge, A. Linares-Solano, Langmuir 12 (1996) [22] D. Cazorla-AmoroÂs, J. AlcanÄiz-Monge, M.A. de la Casa- Lillo, A. Linares-Solano, Langmuir 14 (1998) 4589±4596. [23] P.I. Ravikovich, A. Vishnyakov, R. Russo, A.V. Neimark, Langmuir 16 (2000) [24] J.P. Olivier, Carbon 36 (1998) 1469.
Some generalization of Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Internet Journal of Chemistry, 2000, 3, 14 [ISSN: 1099-8292]. Article 14 Some generalization of Langmuir adsorption isotherm Leszek Czepirski, Mieczyslaw R. Balys, Ewa Komorowska-Czepirska University of
More informationBET Surface Area Analysis of Nanoparticles
OpenStax-CNX module: m38278 1 BET Surface Area Analysis of Nanoparticles Nina Hwang Andrew R. Barron This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0
More informationpresented by Neal Leddy CMA Analytical Workshop 2012 SURFACE AREA AND POROSITY
presented by Neal Leddy CMA Analytical Workshop 2012 SURFACE AREA AND POROSITY Adsorption When a gas or vapour phase is brought into contact with a solid, part of it is taken up and remains on the outside
More informationHeterogeneous Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Prof. K. K. Pant Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Heterogeneous Catalysis and Catalytic Processes Prof. K. K. Pant Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Module - 03 Lecture 10 Good morning. In my last lecture, I was
More informationEXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN COLLOIDS AND SURFACES
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN COLLOIDS AND SURFACES PARTICLE SURFACE AREA FROM GAS ADSORPTION TYPES OF ADSORPTION Physical adsorption: rapid, depends on adsorbate bulk concentration, multiple molecular layers
More informationSurface Area and Porosity
Surface Area and Porosity 1 Background Techniques Surface area Outline Total - physical adsorption External Porosity meso micro 2 Length 1 Å 1 nm 1 µm 1 1 1 1 1 mm macro meso micro metal crystallite 1-1
More informationTexture characteristic of membrane materials ASAP, BET
Texture characteristic of membrane materials ASAP, BET Theory Specific surface (surface area) is used for the characterization of many materials. There are various techniques how measure the specific surface
More informationThe use of nitrogen adsorption for the characterisation of porous materials
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 187 188 (2001) 3 9 www.elsevier.nl/locate/colsurfa Review The use of nitrogen adsorption for the characterisation of porous materials Kenneth
More informationISO 12800 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12800 First edition 2003-12-01 Nuclear fuel technology Guide to the measurement of the specific surface area of uranium oxide powders by the BET method Technologie du combustible
More informationAdsorption. December 2014
Adsorption December 2014 1 Nanosized objects have a large surface area Dividing the size of an object by 2... doubles the accessible surface 2 Adsorption Absorption Absorption is a phenomenon that occurs
More informationA SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION THROUGH SUPERCRITICAL CO 2 ADSORPTION
MAKARA, TEKNOLOGI, VOL. 14, NO. 1, APRIL 2010: 1-6 A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION THROUGH SUPERCRITICAL CO 2 ADSORPTION Mahmud Sudibandriyo Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik,
More informationTextural Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Oil Palm Shells Activated with ZnCl 2 and Pyrolysis Under Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 19(2), 93 104, 2008 93 Textural Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Oil Palm Shells Activated with ZnCl 2 and Pyrolysis Under Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
More informationSurface Parameters of Stannic Oxide in Powder, Ceramic and Gel Forms by Nitrogen Adsorption Techniques l
PHYSICAL SCIENCES 137 Surface Parameters of Stannic Oxide in Powder, Ceramic and Gel Forms by Nitrogen Adsorption Techniques l JAMES L. RUTLEDGE, Department of Physics OIdahoma State University, StlUwater
More informationMotivation Physisorption Chemisorption Outlook
Surface area determination - physisorption and chemisorption Literature: Motivation Physisorption Chemisorption Outlook 1. DIN ISO 9277: BET method 2. DIN 66136: Dispersion measurement of metals 3. DIN
More informationPhysical Chemistry Practical Course, Oxford University. Determination of the Surface Area of Alumina by Nitrogen Adsorption at 77K (4 points)
Physical Chemistry Practical Course, Oxford University 1.06 Determination of the Surface Area of Alumina by Nitrogen Adsorption at 77K (4 points) What you will do In this experiment you will study the
More informationPHYSISORPTION DETERMINATIONS
G A S S O R P T I O N A N A L Y S I S PHYSISORPTION DETERMINATIONS Most atoms that make up a solid are bound on all sides by other atoms in the bulk of the solid. The atoms on the surface of the solid,
More informationRus Mahayuni Abdul Rahman, Mohamad Deraman, Mohd Hafizuddin Jumali, Ramli Omar, Masliana Muslimin, Mazliza Mohtar and Astimar Abdul Aziz
POROUS CARBON PELLETS FROM KOH TREATED SELF-ADHESIVE CARBON GRAINS FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH: EFFECT OF KOH WEIGHT PERCENTAGES AND PELLETIZING COMPRESSION FORCE Rus Mahayuni Abdul Rahman, Mohamad
More informationLow Temperature Adsorption Versus Pore Size in Activated Carbons
Low Temperature Adsorption Versus Pore Size in Activated Carbons D. Martins 1, I. Catarino 1, D. Lopes 1, I. Esteves 2, J.P. Mota 2, G. Bonfait 1 1 CEFITEC Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências
More informationDerivation of the BET and Langmuir Isotherms
Derivation of the BET and Langmuir Isotherms October 5, 2011 1 Langmuir Isotherm Assumptions used for the Langmuir isotherm 1. Gaseous molecules behave ideally 2. Only one monolayer forms 3. All sites
More informationSORPTION ISOTHERM STUDY ON TWO POLYAMIDE NANOFIBEROUS MEMBRANES. Yan WANG, Jakub WIENER, Guocheng ZHU
SORPTION ISOTHERM STUDY ON TWO POLYAMIDE NANOFIBEROUS MEMBRANES Yan WANG, Jakub WIENER, Guocheng ZHU Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Department of Textile Materials, Liberec,
More informationNano-pore structure characterization of shales using gas adsorption and mercury intrusion techniques
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(4):850-857 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Nano-pore structure characterization of shales using
More informationA NOVEL APPROACH FOR CHARACTERIZING CARBON CATALYSTS BY TAP EXPERIMENTS
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR CHARACTERIZING CARBON CATALYSTS BY TAP EXPERIMENTS V. Fierro a, M.T. Izquierdo b, Y. Schuurman a, B. Rubio b and C. Mirodatos a a Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, CNRS, avenue
More informationProduction and Characterisation of Activated Carbons made from Coffee Industry Residues
Production and Characterisation of Activated Carbons made from Coffee Industry Residues João Valente Nabais *1, Peter Carrott 1, M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott 1, Vânia Luz 1, Angel Ortiz 2 1 Universidade de Évora,
More informationExperimental Study of Micropore Size Distribution in Coals
2012 International Conference on Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics Technologies (FDTT 2012) IPCSIT vol.33(2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Experimental Study of Micropore Size Distribution in Coals
More informationRemoval of Sulfate from Waste Water by Activated Carbon. Mohammed Sadeq Salman Computer Centre/ University of Baghdad
Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, PP 72-76 (29) Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal Removal of Sulfate from Waste Water by Activated Carbon Mohammed Sadeq Salman Computer Centre/ University
More informationArgon adsorption studies of porous structure of nongraphitized carbon blacks
A N N A L E S U N I V E R S I T A T I S M A R I A E C U R I E - S K Ł O D O W S K A L U B L I N P O L O N I A VOL. LXIV, 4 SECTIO AA 29 Argon adsorption studies of porous structure of nongraphitized carbon
More informationHydrogen Adsorption on Nanoporous Biocarbon
Hydrogen Adsorption on Nanoporous Biocarbon Mikael Wood, Jacob Burress, Cintia Lapilli, Peter Pfeifer, Parag Shah, Galen Suppes University of Missouri-Columbia Phillip Parilla, Anne Dillon National Renewable
More informationPharmaceutical Physical Characterization: Surface Area and Porosity
Whitepaper Authors: Dr John M. Zielinski Intertek Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, Allentown, USA Dr Lorna Kettle Intertek Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, Manchester, UK Date: April 2013 Pharmaceutical Physical
More information= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
More informationAnalytical Services. Part number Measurement Description. Single-Point BET with Nitrogen 06000-1N. Multi-Point BET With Nitrogen 06000-3N
06000-1N 06000-3N Single-Point BET with Nitrogen Multi-Point BET With Nitrogen Single-point BET specific surface area (P/Po = 0.3) by nitrogen adsorption at 77K. Dynamic flow method unless otherwise requested.
More informationCharacteriza*on of Lignocellulosics by Using Separa*on of Fibre Surface Layers and Nitrogen Sorp*on
Characteriza*on of Lignocellulosics by Using Separa*on of Fibre Surface Layers and Nitrogen Sorp*on Latvian State Ins,tute of Wood Chemistry COST FP1105 in Stockholm Fibres surface layers separa,on procedure
More informationAnalysis of nitrogen and carbon tetrachloride adsorption isotherms and pore size distribution for siliceous MCM-41 synthesized from rice husk silica
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Analysis of nitrogen and carbon tetrachloride adsorption isotherms and pore size distribution for siliceous MCM-41 synthesized from rice husk silica Siriluk Chiarakorn 1, Nurak Grisdanurak
More informationLecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).
CHEM110 Week 9 Notes (Gas Laws) Page 1 of 7 Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Gases Are mostly empty space Occupy containers uniformly and completely Expand infinitely Diffuse
More informationDevelopment of porous materials for hydrogen storage
Development of porous materials for hydrogen storage Shinji Oshima, Osamu Kato, Takeshi Kataoka, Yoshihiro Kobori, Michiaki Adachi Hydrogen & New Energy Research Laboratory Nippon Oil Corporation 8, Chidoricho,
More informationCharacterization of Porous Glasses by Adsorption: Models, Simulations and Data Inversion
Characterization of Porous Glasses by Adsorption: Models, Simulations and Data Inversion Lev D. Gelb and K. E. Gubbins North Carolina State University Department of Chemical Engineering Raleigh, NC 27695-7905,
More informationEffect of surface area, pore volume and particle size of P25 titania on the phase transformation of anatase to rutile
Indian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 48A, October 2009, pp. 1378-1382 Notes Effect of surface area, pore volume and particle size of P25 titania on the phase transformation of anatase to rutile K Joseph Antony
More informationCarbon 41 (2003) 1113 1125
Carbon 41 (2003) 1113 1125 Estimation of the pore-size distribution function from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm. Comparison of density functional theory and the method of Do and co-workers * Ewa Szmechtig-Gauden,
More informationCharacterization of micro- and mesoporous solids by physisorption methods and pore-size analysis
Applied Catalysis A: General 174 (1998) 137±146 Characterization of micro- and mesoporous solids by physisorption methods and pore-size analysis Sebastian Storck, Helmut Bretinger, Wilhelm F. Maier * Max-Planck-Institut
More informationCharacterization of Gas Shale Pore Systems by Analyzing Low Pressure Nitrogen Adsorption
Characterization of Gas Shale Pore Systems by Analyzing Low Pressure Nitrogen Adsorption Presented by: Mehdi Labani PhD student in Petroleum Engineering Supervisor: Reza Rezaee September 212 Objective
More informationA New Technique Provides Faster Particle Size Analysis at a Lower Cost Compared to Conventional Methods
A New Technique Provides Faster Particle Size Analysis at a Lower Cost Compared to Conventional Methods Howard Sanders and Akshaya Jena Porous Material Inc. Ithaca, NY The technique described here calculates
More informationADSORPTION OF WATER ON THE FINE FRACTIONS OF FINNISH TILLS
ADSORPTION OF WATER ON THE FINE FRACTIONS OF FINNISH TILLS AARRE KELLOMÄKI and PERTTI NIEMINEN KELLOMÄKI, AARRE and NIEMINEN, PERTTI, 1986: Adsorption of water on the fine fractions of Finnish tills. Bull.
More informationPOROSITY OF THE FINE FRACTIONS OF FINNISH TILLS
POROSITY OF THE FINE FRACTIONS OF FINNISH TILLS PERTTI NIEMINEN and AARRE KELLOMÄKI NIEMINEN, PERTTI and KELLOMÄKI, AARRE, 1984: Porosity of the fine fractions of Finnish tills. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland
More information10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory
The first scheduled quiz will be given next Tuesday during Lecture. It will last 5 minutes. Bring pencil, calculator, and your book. The coverage will be pp 364-44, i.e. Sections 0.0 through.4. 0.7 Theory
More informationADSORPTION OF N2 ON SILICA GEL
Chapter 6. Adsorption of N 2 41 6 ADSORPTION OF N2 ON SILICA GEL The purpose of this experiment is to study the adsorption of gases on solid surfaces and to introduce you to some aspects of vacuum technique
More informationPhysical Adsorption Characterization of Nanoporous Materials
DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000064 Characterization of nanoporous materials 1059 Physical Adsorption Characterization of Nanoporous Materials Matthias Thommes During recent years, major progress has been made
More informationSynthesis, characterization and application of a novel mercapto- and new kind of
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Synthesis, characterization and application of a novel mercapto- and new kind of polyaminophenol-bifunctionalized MCM-41 for dispersive micro solid phase extraction of Ni(II) prior
More informationFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR THE GAS ADSORPTION BAM-PM-101 Material: SiO 2 with specific surface area (BET) of 0.177 0.004 m² g -1 Mean of means
More informationCHAPTER 12. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
CHAPTER 12 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 1 Gases vs. Liquids & Solids Gases Weak interactions between molecules Molecules move rapidly Fast diffusion rates Low densities Easy to compress Liquids
More informationStudies on Pore Systems in Catalysts
JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 4, 319323 (1965) Studies on Pore Systems in Catalysts V. The t Method B. C. LIPPENS* AND J. H. DE BOER From the Department of Chemical Technology, Technological University of Delft,
More informationThe literature pertaining to the sorption of gases by solids is now so vast that it is
13 Chapter 2 Physical Adsorption The literature pertaining to the sorption of gases by solids is now so vast that it is impossible for any, except those who are specialists in the experimental technique,
More informationPore size and BET surface area. analysis at your fingertips. SA 3100. Gas Adsorption Analyzer
Pore size and BET surface area analysis at your fingertips. SA 3100 Gas Adsorption Analyzer The History of Beckman Coulter Particle Characterization Introducing The SA 3100 Surface Area and Pore Size Analyzer
More informationAdsorption from theory to practice
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science Ž. 93 2001 135 224 Adsorption from theory to practice A. Dąbrowski Faculty of Chemistry, M.Curie-Skłodowska Uni ersity, 20031 Lublin, Poland Abstract Adsorption
More informationAdsorption of Ammonia on Coal Fly Ash
Adsorption of Ammonia on Coal Fly Ash Indrek Külaots, Yu-Ming Gao, Robert H. Hurt and Eric M. Suuberg Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 KEYWORDS: Coal fly ash, ammonia, adsorption,
More informationREMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW-COST ADSORBENTS
International Journal of Engineering Inventions ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com Volume 1, Issue 7 (October2012) PP: 44-50 REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW-COST ADSORBENTS Dr. C.R.Ramakrishnaiah
More informationPOLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES
POLLUTED EMISSION TREATMENTS FROM INCINERATOR GASES Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu 35700 Rennes, France Tel 33 (0)2 23 23 80 02 Fax 33 (0)2 23 23 81
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, 2013 A Study of Commercial Nanoparticulate g-al 2 O 3 Catalyst Supports Yahaya Rozita, [a] Rik Brydson,* [a] Tim P. Comyn,
More information7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.
CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,
More informationNitrogen Sorption Evaluation of the Porous Carbon Made from Cow Gelatin
J. Chem. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2014, pp. 101-109 Received: June 5, 2014; Published: August 25, 2014 Journal of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Research Nitrogen Sorption Evaluation of the Porous
More informationGases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline
Gases and Kinetic-Molecular heory: Chapter Chapter Outline Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases Pressure Boyle s Law: he Volume-Pressure
More informationANALYSIS OF SILVER S ADSORPTION ON CALCINED VERDE- LODO CLAY
ANALYSIS OF SILVER S ADSORPTION ON CALCINED VERDE- LODO CLAY M. L. CANTUARIA 1, A. F. ALMEIDA NETO 1, E. S. NASCIMENTO 1, O. A. A. DOS SANTOS 2 and M. G. A. VIEIRA 1 1 University of Campinas, Chemical
More informationSpecific surface area of Lublin Polesie mucks determined from water vapour and nitrogen adsorption data
Int. Agrophysics, 00, 18, -8 INTERNATIONAL Agrophysics www.ipan.lublin.pl/int-agrophysics Specific surface area of Lublin Polesie mucks determined from water vapour and nitrogen adsorption data Z. Soko³owska,
More informationDURABILITY AND NARROW PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PSD)
Chemical and Process Engineering 2011, 32 (3), 195-201 DOI: 10.2478/v10176-011-0015-5 DURABILITY AND NARROW PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PSD) OF CARBONS FABRICATED FROM SALIX VIMINALIS WOOD Jerzy P. Łukaszewicz
More informationvii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK
vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES ii iii
More informationThermodynamics of Adsorption
CTI_CHAPTER_21.qxd 6/7/24 3:31 PM Page 243 CHAPTER 21 Thermodynamics of Adsorption ALAN L. MYERS 1 Introduction The attachment of molecules to the surface of a solid by adsorption is a broad subject. This
More informationTriStar II Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer
TriStar II Plus TriStar II Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer Analytical Versatility/ High Throughput/ Small Footprint Surface area and porosity are important physical properties that influence the quality
More informationFacts About. Industrial gases for better injection molding. This article appeared in the trade journal Kunststoffe plast europe, issue 12/2004.
Facts About. Industrial gases for better injection molding. This article appeared in the trade journal Kunststoffe plast europe, issue 12/2004. 2 Industrial gases for better injection molding Gas injection
More information(S&G 5th ed. Expt 27, 6th, 7th & 8th eds. Expt 26)
Chem 367-2/ Physical Adsorption 63 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION (S&G 5th ed. Expt 27, 6th, 7th & 8th eds. Expt 26) The sample used in this experiment needs to be conditioned for at least two hours before the experiment;
More informationASAP 2460. Accelerated Surface Area and
ASAP 2460 Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry System Analytical Versatility with Superior Throughput ASAP 2460 Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry System The ASAP 2460 Surface Area and Porosimetry
More informationSULFUR IMPREGNATION ON ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS BY H 2 S OXIDATION FOR Hg REMOVAL
SULFUR IMPREGNATION ON ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS BY H 2 S OXIDATION FOR Hg REMOVAL Wenguo Feng 1, Seokjoon Kwon 2, Xue Feng 1, 3, Eric Borguet 3, and Radisav Vidic 1 * 1 Department of Civil and Environmental
More informationThe assessment of surface areas in porous carbons by two modelindependent. techniques, the DR equation and DFT
1 The assessment of surface areas in porous carbons by two modelindependent techniques, the DR equation and DFT T.A. Centeno a, F. Stoeckli b, * a Instituto Nacional del Carbon-CSIC, Apartado 73, E-33080
More informationCharacterization and Quantification of Lyophilized Product Appearance and Structure
Characterization and Quantification of Lyophilized Product Appearance and Structure Dr Kevin R. Ward B.Sc. Ph.D. MRSC Director of Research & Development Biopharma Technology Ltd. Winchester SO23 0LD, UK
More informationESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
Test 1 General Chemistry CH116 Summer, 2012 University of Massachusetts, Boston Name ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 1) Sodium hydride reacts with excess
More informationReference potentials for adsorption of helium, argon, methane, and krypton in high-silica zeolites
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 187 188 (2001) 83 93 www.elsevier.nl/locate/colsurfa Reference potentials for adsorption of helium, argon, methane, and krypton in high-silica
More informationAS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1
Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (L) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.023 x 10 23 mol -1. Example
More informationStandard Test Methods for Carbon Black Surface Area by Multipoint B.E.T. Nitrogen Adsorption 1
Designation: D 4820 99 Standard Test Methods for Carbon Black Surface Area by Multipoint B.E.T. Nitrogen Adsorption 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4820; the number immediately
More informationFINESORB-3020. Surface Area. as or more than 0.1-2000m 2 /g. Distribution of Pore 0.35-500nm. Degas & Analysis Up to 12 Degas & 6 Analysis Station
1 FINESORB-3020 Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer Finesorb-3020 is Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer based on vacuum system from fintec instrument company.you could do the Surface Area analysis,aperture
More information3. Results. surface area calculated from the BET equation is 13 m /g 2
Carbon 40 (2002) 781 786 Copper and strontium adsorption by a novel carbon material manufactured from pecan shells Reyad A. Shawabkeh *, David A. Rockstraw, Ron K. Bhada a, b b a Department of Chemical
More informationUnderstanding Plastics Engineering Calculations
Natti S. Rao Nick R. Schott Understanding Plastics Engineering Calculations Hands-on Examples and Case Studies Sample Pages from Chapters 4 and 6 ISBNs 978--56990-509-8-56990-509-6 HANSER Hanser Publishers,
More informationF321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7.
Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance (mol) the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (N A ) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1.
More informationTHE USE OF ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS FOR MEASURING THE SURFACE AREAS OF CATALYSTS AND OTHER FINELY DIVIDED MATERIALS.' ABSTRACT.
A paper presented at the Seventy-first General Meeting, held at Philadelphia, Pa., May 1, 1937, Dr. E. L. Kropa presiding. THE USE OF ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS FOR MEASURING THE SURFACE AREAS OF CATALYSTS AND
More informationPresentation Title: Analytical Options for Biochar Adsorption and Surface Area
Presentation Title: Analytical Options for Biochar Adsorption and Surface Area Authors: Hugh McLaughlin (Alterna Biocarbon Inc.), Frank Shields (Control Laboratories Inc.), Jacek Jagiello & Greg Thiele
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationFlow characteristics of microchannel melts during injection molding of microstructure medical components
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(5):112-117 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Flow characteristics of microchannel melts during
More informationStatistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004
Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Old & Fundamental Understanding of Heat (I.e. Steam) Engines Part of Physics Einstein
More informationOxygen Enrichment of Air on Zeolites Modified By Li + and Zn 2+
Research Paper Oxygen Enrichment of Air on Zeolites Modified By Li + and Zn 2+ Hüseyin Karaca and Murat Teker Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey Tel.: +90 264 2956049; Fax:
More informationBoyles Law. At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 P = P
Boyles Law At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 or k 1 Boyles Law Example ressure olume Initial 2.00 atm 100 cm 3
More informationAppendix A. Fig. 1 Nitrogen adsorption for Activated Carbon from Norit
Appendix A Summary Report Surface Area BET Surface Area: 1555.9551 m²/g Langmuir Surface Area: 1992.1415 m²/g Pore Volume Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores 0.619747 cm³/g t-plot micropore
More informationTDS. Dirk Rosenthal Department of Inorganic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG Faradayweg 4-6, DE 14195 Berlin dirkrose@fhi-berlin.mpg.
Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research TDS Dirk Rosenthal Department of Inorganic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG Faradayweg 4-6, DE 14195 Berlin dirkrose@fhi-berlin.mpg.de TDS = TPD
More information10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Week lectures--tentative 0.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory 40 Application to the Gas Laws 0.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion 43 Graham's Law of Effusion Diffusion and Mean Free Path 0.9 Real Gases: Deviations
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular
More informationAPPLICATION OF MODIFIED CALCIUM SORBENTS IN CARBONATE LOOPING
Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 50(1), 2014, 217 224 www.minproc.pwr.wroc.pl/journal/ Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing ISSN 1643-1049 (print) ISSN 2084-4735 (online) Received May 30,
More informationTITLE: Kinetic models comparison for steam gasification of different nature fuel chars
TITLE: Kinetic models comparison for steam gasification of different nature fuel chars AUTHORS: J. Fermoso, B. Arias, C. Pevida, M.G. Plaza, F. Rubiera*, J.J. Pis ADDRESS: Instituto Nacional del Carbón,
More informationThe PMI Advanced. BET SORPTOMETER BET-201-AELC-2OS Not just products...solutions!
The PMI Advanced BET SORPTOMETER BET-201-AELC-2OS Not just products...solutions! DESCRIPTION The Fully automated equipment is intended for measurement of adsorption characteristics of various gases on
More information1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature
1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws Heat and Temperature Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are incorrectly thought to be the same is because
More informationPore development of thermosetting phenol resin derived mesoporous carbon through a commercially nanosized template
Materials Science and Engineering A 473 (2008) 153 157 Pore development of thermosetting phenol resin derived mesoporous carbon through a commercially nanosized template Zhihong Tang a,b, Yan Song a,,
More informationThis chapter gives a brief outline of the experimental techniques used for the
CHAPTER II Experimental Techniques This chapter gives a brief outline of the experimental techniques used for the characterization of catalysts and the test of catalyst activity in this study. 2.1 Thermo-gravimetric
More informationTwo-step competition process leads to quasi power-law income distributions Application to scientic publication and citation distributions
Physica A 298 (21) 53 536 www.elsevier.com/locate/physa Two-step competition process leads to quasi power-law income distributions Application to scientic publication and citation distributions Anthony
More informationGases. Macroscopic Properties. Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6
Gases Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6 CHEM 1000A 3.0 Gases 1 We will be looking at Macroscopic and Microscopic properties: Macroscopic Properties of bulk gases Observable Pressure, volume, mass,
More informationCLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8
CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8 Kinetic Theory Information concerning the initial motions of each of the atoms of macroscopic systems is not accessible, nor do we have the computational capability even with
More information