A. Economic Analysis
|
|
- Melissa Gilmore
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPENDICES A. Economic Analysis When seeding is required by regulatory revegetation obligations, determining the most cost effective option is relatively straight forward. Listing total costs associated with different methods, or suppliers, to accomplish the task is sufficient. However, when seeding is an optional consideration, the economic efficiency of the project requires a more critical evaluation. A selected project should be efficient meaning that it yields positive net benefits. The challenges of applying full cost-benefit analysis to projects on Crown land was explained in Chapter 2. For projects on private land, and for some situations on Crown land, where project impacts can be clearly linked to a specific enterprise like a ranch or a community pasture, cost benefit analysis should be applied. Despite uncertainties around future revenues and other assumptions, cost benefit analysis can help to clarify management alternatives, and lead to more financially sound decision making. The purpose of this appendix is to provide a simple example of cost benefit analysis for a pasture seeding project. The principles demonstrated here can be used to evaluate other types of projects in a variety of situations. This type of analysis, however, does not evaluate the overall profitability of a livestock enterprise or ranch. The example is hypothetical, and different results can be expected if different estimates and assumptions are used. Net Present Value For the purposes of this example, the cost benefit analysis is based on the net present value (NPV) of the seeding project or project alternative. The NPV is the difference between the present value of the estimated benefits (revenues) and the present value of the costs: NPV = PV(Benefits) - PV(Costs) If only one project option is being considered and the NPV for the project is positive, then it is considered efficient and can go ahead. If more than one project alternative is being evaluated, then the project with the highest NPV should be selected. Information required In the pasture context, seeding projects are usually planned to increase and maintain forage production over a period of years. Costs associated with seeding are an investment to receive an annual return in the form of additional forage production, which increases revenues. There may also be annual costs created by the project that must be deducted from additional annual revenue. This aspect of the analysis is sometimes referred to as partial budgeting, since it considers only those parts of the enterprise s budget affected by the project. There is a general assumption with the analysis that the proposed project does not require a complete restructuring of the enterprise, and fits with the current management structure. 258 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
2 Costs Costs can be variable and specific to the enterprise and location. For example, costs for land preparation can be lower than reported custom rates if older equipment is used. Direct fixed costs would include: site preparation, seed, seed application, additional fencing or livestock water development. Indirect fixed costs would include: risk associated with a failed seeding, non-use during establishment, future renovation requirements, interest on direct costs during the non-use period. Annual use costs might include: fence maintenance or fence moving in the case of portable electric fence that is specific to the seeding alternative, water maintenance associated with the project. Benefits The expected benefits (revenues) from increased forage production can be challenging to estimate, and are dependent on site conditions, species and seasonal precipitation. NPV is especially sensitive to the forage production estimates used in the analysis. Research and local knowledge should be consulted to develop production estimates. The valuation method for the added forage production can vary as well. One approach is to consider how the forage might be valued in the local pasture rental or lease market in $/AUM. If the extra forage can be used to extend the grazing season for the livestock enterprise, it may have higher value than the general pasture lease rate. Increased forage production can also be equated to additional livestock production; however, this approach is more complex and expands the amount of partial budgeting required for the cost-benefit analysis. The example presented here will use the pasture lease rate as the method for valuing the additional forage created by the seeding project. British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 259
3 Total herbage dry matter production in kg/ha or lbs/acre can be converted to AUMs by using an appropriate utilization factor (e.g., 50 70%), and a value for the forage consumption required by one animal unit for one month. This figure can vary depending on the size of the typical animal unit. Traditionally this value has been about 364 kg (802 lbs) based on a daily consumption of 12 kgs (26 lbs) for a 454 kg (1,000 lb) cow with her suckling calf. Larger frame crossbred cows can weigh as much as kg (1,200 1,400 lbs), and these animals can consume as much as 14 27% more forage than the smaller 454 kg (1000 lbs) cow. These differences should be kept in mind when determining the value of additional forage, especially when pasture lease rates and/or other estimates or conversion factors are used. The goal is to match the grazing with an appropriate pasture lease rate and the actual increase in forage created by the seeding. In the example presented here, production estimates in AUMs per acre were derived from a combination of reported stocking rates and herbage production. Browse production should also be considered if it is expected to be an important source of forage during the grazing season. While all the investment costs of a seeding project are incurred in present values, revenues are realized annually over a period of years. These benefits received in the future are worth less than the same amounts received today, and therefore must be discounted to present value so they can be compared directly to costs (see net present value above). Choice of discount rate can have a significant effect on the determination of the present value of benefits. The pasture lease rates used in this example are projected into the future and are not adjusted for inflation. Therefore, it is appropriate to use a real rather than nominal or inflation adjusted discount rate, or loan rate. Bank loan interest rates are typically composed of a real rate of return, and an expected inflation rate. In the example presented here, a base or real discount rate of 4% is assumed. An additional 4% discount is added to reflect a real rate of risk associated with the project. It is also acceptable to account for risk associated with seeding establishment, by adding the cost of re-seeding and additional project delay to the investment cost as noted above. However, in the example developed here, risk associated with the forage production projected over the longer term is perhaps more significant than establishment failure. The 4% added to 4% discount rate accounts for both types of risk, and provides a reasonably conservative analysis. Example Pasture Development Options The project options used in this example are based in the Northeast Peace-Liard region approximately 30 km west of Dawson Creek. Recent aspen logging on 120 acres has created an opportunity to consider improving forage production with seeding. The life of each option is expected to be 15 years. The options are: A) Piling of remaining logging slash and remaining stumps, followed by double discing (with heavy breaking disc), fixed-wing aerial broadcast seeding of agronomic species and floating. The land is already perimeter fenced. A single water trough will be installed and gravity 260 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
4 fed from an existing dugout. After the year of establishment, the pasture will be continuously grazed for a four month period on annual basis. This scenario is considered a conventional clearing and breaking treatment, and expected to minimize aspen regrowth for the life of the project. The expected production, expressed as a stocking rate, is 2.4 AUMs/acre. B) There is no seeding after logging. Forage production is provided by the native plant community, and aspen regrowth is controlled with intensively managed grazing. To facilitate intensive stocking, a single high tensile smooth wire electric cross fence is installed. This wire is used to electrify a portable poly-wire electric fence which is moved to allow strip grazing. Water is provided by six gravity-fed troughs. The expected production is 0.6 AUMs/acre including use of aspen browse. C) Logging slash and stumps are piled and burned, and the area is aerially seeded with a fixed-wing aircraft. Livestock are turned out for a brief period after seeding to provide some disturbance and increase seed-to-soil contact. Water development and electric fence are installed as in scenario B above, to manage grazing and potential aspen regrowth. Expected production is 3 AUMs/acre. Pasture development option details and assumptions are summarized in Table A.1. Costs and benefits for each option are summarized in Table A.2. Table A.1 Summary of pasture seeding options for cost benefit analysis example. Option A Option B Option C Details Piling, discing and seeding, continuous grazing No seeding, intensively managed grazing Piling, seeding, intensively managed grazing Pasture size 120 acres 120 acres 120 acres Production 2.4 AUMs/acre.6 AUMs/acre 3.0 AUMs/acre Expected life 15 Years 15 Years 15 Years British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 261
5 Table A.2 Costs and benefits associated with pasture seeding options. Costs Rate Option A Option B Option C Piling (D7 or equivalent) 1.0 acre/hr x $175/hr x 120 ac. 21, ,000 Double disc $25/acre x 2 x 120 ac. 6, Seed $2.20/lb x 15 lbs/ac x 120 ac. 3, ,960 Aerial seeding $7.50/acre x 120 ac Floating/rolling $15.00/acre x 120 ac. 1, Electric fencing costs 0 2,500 2,500 Water - 1" poly pipe 250 1,000 1,000 Water tanks 300 1,500 1,500 Tank floats One season lost use 72 $15 each 1, ,080 Interest during non-use 8% of direct costs 2, ,469 Total Investment $38,076 $5,300 $34,709 Additional annual costs ($) Labour 40 $15/hr Additional annual revenues Total AUMs AUMs/acre x 120 ac $15/AUM Total AUMs x $15/AUM $4,320 $1,080 $5,400 Net $15/AUM Annual revenue annual cost $4,320 $480 $4,800 $20/AUM Total AUMs x $20/AUM $5,760 $1,440 $7,200 Net $20/AUM Annual revenue annual cost $5,760 $840 $6,600 Annual labor costs are incurred for options B and C to support increased water development maintenance and movement of portable electric fence for intensively managed grazing. This decreases net revenues for those options. Net annual revenues are converted to present value for the 15 year period using a discount rate of 8% which includes a real discount rate of 4% and a risk allowance of 4%. Net present values can be calculated using the NPV financial function in Microsoft Excel. The present value of benefits and the NPV for each pasture development option is presented in Table A.3. Table A.3 Summary of present value costs, annual net revenues, present value of benefits over 15 years, and NPV for pasture development options. Option A Option B Option C Present value (Costs) $38, $5, $34, Net $15/AUM $4, $ $4, Present value (Benefits) a $36, $4, $41, Net $20/AUM $5, $ $6, Present value (Benefits) a $49, $7, $56, NPV ($15/AUM) -$1, $1, $6, NPV ($20/AUM) $11, $1, $21, a Expected over the life of the project. 262 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
6 When forage production is valued at $15/AUM, only option C, which involves partial development, seeding and intensively managed grazing, results in a positive NPV. This suggests option C should proceed over all others under the assumptions used in the analysis. Both options A and B have negative NPV values suggesting neither should be implemented. When forage is valued at $20/AUM all options have positive NPV, but again option C should be pursued over the other options as it has the highest overall NPV. Option B provides an interesting point for discussion, as it might be considered the lowest cost option of the three. However, forage production remains low under this alternative and thus the present value of benefits (revenues) is also low. Additional annual labor costs for the intensively managed grazing under this alternative also have a negative effect on NPV. If this option were changed to continuous grazing, eliminating electric fencing, additional water troughs, and the annual labor, the expected life would be shortened to seven years because of expected aspen regrowth. With these adjustments, option B would almost rival option C when a forage value of $15/AUM is used (NPV = $5,023, not in table). However, at the higher forage value rate of $20/AUM, option C far surpasses the modified option B. To make modified option B fully comparable, the future cost of a rejuvenation treatment to control aspen regrowth at year seven should be incorporated to extend the life of the alternative to 15 years (see footnote). The important message here is that increased forage production is the key to increased revenues, and if increased production can be achieved at a lower cost, net benefits (revenues) will be maximized. The main value of the cost-benefit analysis is that it allows full exploration of alternatives. Once the cost and revenue structure is set up in an Excel spreadsheet, any number of alternatives can be explored, and the most economically efficient alternative selected. 2 Options should be evaluated over the same discounting period so they have the same opportunity to accumulate costs and benefits. Alternatives with different time periods can be compared by converting the NPVs to an equivalent annual net benefit. This is accomplished by dividing the NPV of each alternative by an annuity factor that has the same term and discount rate as the project itself (i.e., the present value of an annuity of $1 per year for the life of the project discounted at the rate used to calculate the NPV). In the example above, modified option B (with continuous grazing, a seven year life, an 8% discount rate and $15/ AUM forage value) has a NPV of $5,023. Its annuity factor (taken from a standard annuity table) is Therefore the equivalent annual net benefit is $965 ($5, ). The equivalent annual net benefit for alternative C ($15/AUM and 8% discount rate) is $745 ($6, ). This assumes that modified option B could be rejuvenated at very low cost at the end of year seven, and this is an unrealistic assumption. To properly compare modified option B to other alternatives, the future cost of a rejuvenation to extend the pasture life to 15 years should be incorporated into the analysis. British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 263
7 References: Alberta Agriculture and Food, Using the Animal Unit Month (AUM) Effectively, Available at: deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1201/$file/420_16-1.pdf [Accessed March 25, 2012]. Boardman, A. et al., Cost-benefit analysis: concepts and practice 4th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Bork, E.W., Gabruck, D. & Klein, B., Trembling Aspen: Comparitive strategies to manage aspen in Canada s Parkland Greencover Canada Program. Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development, Custom Rates Survey Summary Available at: ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/inf13379 [Accessed March 24, 2012]. Krzic, M. et al., Aspen regeneration, forage production, and soil compaction on harvested and grazed boreal aspen stands. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management, 5(2), pp LaRade, S., Long-term agronomic and environmental impact of aspen control strategies in the Aspen Parkland. University of Alberta. Available at: Robinson, J. & Burton, S., Increased Forage by Intensively Managed Controlled Grazing of Logged Lands, Peace River Forage Association of BC. Available at: forage_facts_pdfs/ff_12_intensive_grazing.pdf. Ruyle, G. and Ogden, P., What is an AUM? In R. Tronstad and George Ruyle, eds. Arizona Ranchers Management Guide. Arizona Cooperative Extension. Available at: rangelandmanagement/01%20rangeland%20managementsect.pdf [Accessed March 25, 2012]. Vallentine, J., Range development and improvement,s 2d ed., Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. Wikeem, B. et al., An overview of the forage resource and beef production on Crown land in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 73(4), pp Workman, J.P. & Tanaka, J.A., Economic feasibility and management considerations in range revegetation. Journal of Range Management, pp British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
8 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 265
9 B. Soil Erosion Assessment Key Climatic Precipitation Factors Table B.1 Cariboo forest region: Precipitation factors all BG PPxh IDFxm IDFxw IDFdk MSxk Low Moderate High Very high IDFmw MSxc SBSdw SBSmc* SBPSxc SBPSdc ESSFxv ICHdk SBSmh SBSmc* SBSmw SBSwk SBPSmc SBPSmk ESSFwk* ICHmk ICHwk* ESSFwc ESSFwk ICHwk* *These subzones/variants encompass two precipitation factor ranges. Use local experience in deciding the appropriate precipitationfactor to apply in the keys. Table B.2 Kamloops forest region: Precipitation factors all BG PPxh IDFxh IDFxw IDFdk IDFdm MSxk SBSdh SBSdw SBPSmk Low Moderate High Very high IDFmw IDFww MSdc MSdm MSmm SBSmm ESSFxc ESSFdc ESSFdv ESSFwc ESSFmw ESSFvc ESSFvv ICHmk ICHmw ICHwk ICHvk CWHds CWHms 266 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
10 Table B.3 Nelson forest region: Precipitation factors PPdh1 PPdh2 IDFdm1 IDFdm2 IDFun IDFxh1 Low Moderate High Very high MSdk MSdm1 ESSFdc1 ESSFdk ICHdw ICHmk1 ICHmw1 ICHmw2 ICHmw3 ICHxw ESSFwc1 ESSFwc2 ESSFwc4 ESSFwm ICHwk1 ESSFvc ICHvk1 Table B.4 Prince George forest region: Precipitation factors SBSdh SBSdk SBSdw SBSmk1 SBSmc* BWBSdk BWBSmw2 BWBSwc3 Low Moderate High Very high SBSmh SBSwk SBSmw SBSmk2 SBSmc* BWBSmw1 BWBSwc1&2 ESSFmm ESSFmv ESSFwk* All SWB SBSvk ESSFwc ESSFwk* ESSFvc ICHmc ICHmm ICHwk* ICHvk ICHwk* * These subzones/variants encompass two precipitation factor ranges. Use local experience in deciding the appropriate precipitation factor to apply in the keys British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 267
11 268 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
12 C. Seeding Rate Calculations 3 Seeding recommendations often provide weight-based application rates, especially designed for growing agronomic or native species in field situations. They are frequently provided for broadcast methods as well, often with advice to double the rate normally suggested for drilled or direct seeding to compensate for sub-optimal seedbed conditions. Weight-based recommendations are fairly straight forward when species are seeded as a monoculture in a field, but are more complex for seed mixtures and when site conditions are less than ideal. Seeding rates for agronomic species in ideal seedbed conditions are based on years of research and field trials. In situations that demand broadcast methods, site and seedbed conditions are highly variable and seeding rates are somewhat subjective. The number of suitable microsites for seed germination should also be a factor when developing broadcast seeding rates. Appropriate seeding rates for a wide variety of seeding methods, seed mixtures and conditions can be developed independently using: a target plant density, the number of seeds per unit weight for the species, pure live seed (PLS) for the species in the seed lot, a percent establishment factor. Determining seeding rate using target plant density The target plant density is the number of plants of each species desired at the establishment stage when the plants are no longer reliant on food reserves in the seed and have sufficient root development to survive on the site. This is usually the number of plants established after the first growing season following seeding. In native plant communities, the target plant density will allow for the fact that many seedlings do not reach maturity, and that plant densities will be much lower at maturity (20 40% of established seedlings). For example, the target plant density for a native bunchgrass community may be 10 to 20 plants if a mature plant density of 4 plants/m 2 is desired. Adjustments to this approach are required for species that spread quickly by rhizomes or other means. Target plant densities for seeding native species can be estimated using reference plant communities. Table C.1 provides target plant densities for forage (pasture) seeding in the prairie soil climatic zones as a reference. The Gray Wooded zone has application to the Northeast Peace-Liard region, and parts of the north central interior (Bulkley- Nechako and Cariboo-Fraser Fort George). The seedling density for the brown zone may have some application for drier southern interior locations, but local experience and knowledge should be consulted. 3 Seeding rate calculation using target plant density adapted from A. Smreciu et al., Establishing Native Plant Communities (Edmonton, AB: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 2002). Seeding rate formula attributed to D. Walker. British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 269
13 Table C.1 Suggested seedling density for forage seeding (plants/m 2 ) Soil zones Legumes Grass/Legume (50:50) Grass Black Dark Brown Brown Gray Wooded Irrigation Source: Perennial Forage Establishment in Alberta (Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 2005), The number of seeds per unit weight for a species in a seed lot can be taken from book values (see species summaries Chapter 8), it can be obtained from a seed analysis lab or it can be determined from weighing actual seed counts. There can be wide variation depending on the variety or ecotype, and this can influence actual seeding rates. The actual value for the seed being applied should be used whenever possible. The pure live seed for the species in the seed lot can be obtained from the seed analysis certificate (Figure 7.2). The estimate of establishment after the first growing season is used to develop an establishment factor in percent. This factor recognizes that under field conditions only a certain number of seeds and seedlings will make it through the germination and establishment stages and survive the first growing season (see Figure 6.1). Potential establishment also depends on individual species response to competition from seedlings of the same species, and seedlings of other species included in the mix. This can be an important factor for native species. Early successional species can be tolerant of high plant densities, while mid- to latesuccessional species may not grow as well in high density situations. Table C.2 Typical estimates of seedling establishment (% seedlings per pure live seed after one season) Establishment Species or type 25 50% 15 25% 5 15% % crested wheatgrass smooth bromegrass timothy perennial ryegrass cereal grains western wheatgrass northern wheatgrass slender wheatgrass Canada wildrye green needlegrass alpine fescues red fescue cultivars sheep/hard fescues alfalfa clovers tufted hairgrass junegrass Canada bluegrass many harvested native seeds Seeding rate formula Seeding rates for each species in a mix can be calculated with the formula below (see Example 1). If using target plant densities from Table C.1, the total suggested density should be apportioned to each species in the mix. Target Plant Density No. seeds per gram Pure live seed % Establishment % Conversion g/m 2 to Kg/ha plants m 2 1 gram kg 10,000 m x x x x x 2 no. of seeds PLS % Estab. % 1000 g 1 ha 270 British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual
14 Example 1: Seeding rate calculation for Rocky Mountain fescue using target plant density Target plant density chosen for species = 20 plants/m 2 Seeds per gram = 1,042 (from species summary pg. 112) PLS % = 88 Establishment % = plants kg x x x x x m 2 1, ,000 g 10,000 m 2 = 2.2 kg/ha 1 ha Each species in the mix can be calculated in this way. Increases in calculated rates may be required for broadcast applications, particularly when post seeding disturbance such as rolling, harrowing, or packing is not planned or is impractical. Determining seeding rate using seed density The seeding rate calculation and development of a seeding mix can be simplified by using recommended seeding densities in PLS/m 2. These recommendations are widely available for agronomic species seeded as monocultures, and are intended to achieve target plant densities that result in productive stands. These densities can be converted to kg/ha using the number of seeds per gram for the species and the same conversion factors used in the seeding rate formula above (see Example 2). For example, the recommended seeding density for wheatgrasses is PLS/m 2. Smaller seeded species generally have higher seed density rates, to compensate for establishment factors (i.e., less food reserves than larger seeds; the recommended seeding rate for orchardgrass is PLS/m 2, and white clover 750 PLS/m 2 ). 4 When combined in a seed mixture, recommendations can typically range from 300 1,500 PLS/m 2 depending on the species in the mixture, seeding method and context. Example 2: Seeding rate calculation for slender wheatgrass as a single species using recommended seed density in PLS/m 2 Recommended density = PLS/m 2 (200 PLS/m 2 chosen for this example) Seeds per gram = 320 (from species summary page 112) PLS = 88% 200 PLS kg 10,000 m 2 x x x x = 7.1 kg/ha m ,000 g 1 ha A seeding rate calculator, drill seeding rates for various row spacing, and additional seeding rate information for commonly used agronomic species is available at on line: forageseedintro.jsp 4 Perennial Forage Establishment in Alberta (Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 2005), www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex9682. British Columbia Rangeland Seeding Manual 271
PUTTING FORAGES TOGETHER FOR YEAR ROUND GRAZING
PUTTING FORAGES TOGETHER FOR YEAR ROUND GRAZING Jimmy C. Henning A good rotational grazing system begins with a forage system that allows the maximum number of grazing days per year with forages that are
More informationIrrigated Pastures for Grass-Fed Beef Managing Irrigation for a Quality Product. Robert M. (Bob) Scriven 1 Grazing Consultant Kearney, Nebraska
45 Irrigated Pastures for Grass-Fed Beef Managing Irrigation for a Quality Product Robert M. (Bob) Scriven 1 Grazing Consultant Kearney, Nebraska Irrigating pastures for grazing livestock is rapidly becoming
More informationDETERMINING YOUR STOCKING RATE
DETERMINING YOUR STOCKING RATE Mindy Pratt and G. Allen Rasmussen Range Management Fact Sheet May 2001 NR/RM/04 To determine how many animals your land will support (stocking rate), you need to know two
More informationSagebrush steppe post-fire rehabilitation projects: Using the past to guide the future
Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Sagebrush steppe post-fire rehabilitation projects: Using the past to guide the future David A. Pyke, U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
More informationEstimating Cash Rental Rates for Farmland
Estimating Cash Rental Rates for Farmland Tenant operators farm more than half of the crop land in Iowa. Moreover, nearly 70 percent of the rented crop land is operated under a cash lease. Cash leases
More informationennessee is one of the top livestock producing states in the country. Much of the livestock in Tennessee is raised by smaller-scale, parttime
T ennessee is one of the top livestock producing states in the country. Much of the livestock in Tennessee is raised by smaller-scale, parttime producers. No matter what size operation, good pasture management
More informationPasture, Rangeland, and Forage Insurance: A Risk Management Tool for Hay and Livestock Producers
October 2012 Pasture, Rangeland, and Forage Insurance: A Risk Management Tool for Hay and Livestock Producers Monte Vandeveer, Otoe County Extension Educator University of Nebraska-Lincoln Institute of
More informationPost-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices
Post-Wildfire Clean-Up and Response in Houston Toad Habitat Best Management Practices Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and recommendations for minimizing potential impacts to
More informationGrass Legume Mixtures:
Mid Atlantic Dairy Grazing Conference Grass Legume Mixtures: Dairy grazing is high value grazing. Persistence (seedbank or root system), Quality (digestibility) Productivity per acre and per animal Perennials
More informationEffects of Climate Change on Grasslands. Jeff Thorpe Saskatchewan Research Council June 27, 2012
Effects of Climate Change on Grasslands Jeff Thorpe Saskatchewan Research Council June 27, 2012 Grassland work under the Prairies Regional Adaptation Collaborative Two components: How vulnerable are prairie
More informationThe estimated costs of corn, corn silage,
Estimated Costs of Crop Ag Decision Maker Production in Iowa - 2015 File A1-20 The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, soybeans, alfalfa, and pasture maintenance in this report are based on data from
More informationAppendix C. Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan
Appendix C Re-vegetation and Rehabilitation Sub-Plan DRENNAN SOLAR ENERGY FACILITY REVEGETATION & REHABILITATION PLAN PRODUCED FOR ERM ON BEHALF OF SOLAIREDIRECT BY Simon.Todd@3foxes.co.za JUNE 2013 BACKGROUND
More informationSan Jacinto County Appraisal District PO Box 1170 Coldspring, Texas 77331 936-653-1450 936-653-5271 (Fax)
San Jacinto County Appraisal District PO Box 1170 Coldspring, Texas 77331 936-653-1450 936-653-5271 (Fax) (Referenced) Property Tax Code Section 23.51 Guidelines to Qualify for 1-d-1 Open Space Land Appraisal
More informationHOW AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY
HOW AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY IS VALUED IN COLORADO We have prepared this brochure to explain how agricultural properties are valued for property tax purposes. For further information please visit our website
More informationBusiness Planning for the Allocation of Milk Quota to New Entrants
Business Planning for the Allocation of Milk Quota to New Entrants The business plan should start with a comment on where the farm is currently, what is planned over the next number of years and how it
More informationSection 6: Cow-Calf Cash Flow Enterprise Budget Analysis 101
Section 6: Cow-Calf Cash Flow Enterprise Budget Analysis 101 Lets get started with some basics the Cow Calf Profit Equation The Cow Calf Profit Equation There is no single goal that will satisfy every
More informationFORESTED VEGETATION. forests by restoring forests at lower. Prevent invasive plants from establishing after disturbances
FORESTED VEGETATION Type of strategy Protect General cold adaptation upland and approach subalpine forests by restoring forests at lower Specific adaptation action Thin dry forests to densities low enough
More informationImpRovIng and SuStaInIng FoRage production In pastures S RC n
Improving and Sustaining Forage Production in Pastures nrcs Improving and Sustaining Forage Production in PAStures June 2010 Prepared by Minnesota Department of Agriculture Written by Howard Moechnig,
More informationFayette County Appraisal District
Fayette County Appraisal District Agricultural Guidelines July 7, 2010 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATE OF TEXAS PROPERTY TAX MANUAL FOR THE APPRAISAL OF AGRICULTUAL LAND AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND
More informationTechniques and Mechanical Processes for Interseeding Alfalfa into Grasslands
Techniques and Mechanical Processes for Interseeding Alfalfa into Grasslands Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Range Scientist North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center Interseeding alfalfa
More informationBioDrill for many. Calibration takes a few minutes. The test bag is pushed up under the Fenix housing through a springloaded
With Väderstad s flexible BioDrill hopper for small seed on a Rexius- /Rollex roller or Carrier, leys, catch crops, oilseed crops and other small-seeded crops can be drilled while the soil is being tilled.
More informationForage Economics, page2. Production Costs
Forage Economics Geoffrey A. Benson, Professor Emeritus, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, and James T. Green, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Department of Crop Science, NC State University
More informationAnnual Winter Pastures for East Texas
Forages SCS-2006-05 Annual Winter Pastures for East Texas J. Vendramini, G.W. Evers, and L. Redmon Soil and Crop Sciences Department Warm-season perennial grasses dominate most of the pastures in East
More informationEconomic and environmental analysis of the introduction of legumes in livestock farming systems
Aspects of Applied Biology 79, 2006 What will organic farming deliver? COR 2006 Economic and environmental analysis of the introduction of legumes in livestock farming systems By C REVEREDO GIHA, C F E
More informationWestern Farm & Ranch Transition Strategies
Western Farm & Ranch Transition Strategies Western Extension Marketing Committee Contributing Authors Kynda Curtis, Utah State University Cole Ehmke, University of Wyoming Bridger Feuz, University of Wyoming
More informationEnterprise Budgeting. By: Rod Sharp and Dennis Kaan Colorado State University
Enterprise Budgeting By: Rod Sharp and Dennis Kaan Colorado State University One of the most basic and important production decisions is choosing the combination of products or enterprises to produce.
More informationLivestock Budget Estimates for Kentucky - 2000
Livestock Budget Estimates for Kentucky - 2000 Agricultural Economics Extension No. 2000-17 October 2000 By: RICHARD L. TRIMBLE, STEVE ISAACS, LAURA POWERS, AND A. LEE MEYER University of Kentucky Department
More informationprimefacts Yield and digestibility of legume and oat forages Dr Brian Dear Principal Research Scientist
N S W D P I primefacts P R O F I T A B L E & S U S T A I N A B L E P R I M A R Y I N D U S T R I E S w w w. d p i. n s w. g o v. a u N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 5 P R I M E F A C T 5 2 Yield and digestibility
More informationCan You Make Money With Sheep? David L. Thomas Department of Animal Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison dlthomas@wisc.edu
Can You Make Money With Sheep? David L. Thomas Department of Animal Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison dlthomas@wisc.edu Before entering into sheep production, you should be aware of the capital
More informationChapter 11 Site Rehabilitation and Stabilization
Chapter 11 Site Rehabilitation and Stabilization Chapter 11 Layout: Part 1 - Page 131 Planning Site Rehab Part 2 - Page 132 Controlling Runoff and Capturing Sediment Part 3 - Page 133 Rehab for Crossings
More informationEstimated Costs of Crop. Production in Iowa - 2016 File A1-20 The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, Ag Decision Maker
Estimated Costs of Crop Ag Decision Maker Production in Iowa - 2016 File A1-20 The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, soybeans, alfalfa, and pasture maintenance in this report are based on data from
More information4.0 Discuss some effects of disturbances on the forest.
4.0 Discuss some effects of disturbances on the forest. 4.1 Describe common disturbances that occur in the Boreal forest. Disturbances are normal to the life of the forest. Forests are very resilient (able
More informationLong Term Recovery of Native Prairie from Industrial Disturbance
Long Term Recovery of Native Prairie from Industrial Disturbance Express Pipeline Revegetation Monitoring Project 2010 Abridged Version November 2011 Prepared For: Kinder Morgan Canada TransCanada PipeLines
More informationManaging of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas
r r r rr EDUCATION RESEARCH EXTENSION The Texas A&M University System Soil & Crop Sciences Managing of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas Mr Charles Stichler Assocaite Professor and Extension Agronomist
More informationPenn State University Equine Environmental Stewardship Program
Penn State University Equine Environmental Stewardship Program In partnership with the Northeast Region Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program Penn State Equine Stewardship Program Promoting
More informationMANAGEMENT OF MEADOW FESCUE PASTURE FOR HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS IN NORTHERN JAPAN
ID #22-25 MANAGEMENT OF MEADOW FESCUE PASTURE FOR HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS IN NORTHERN JAPAN K. Sudo 1, K. Ochiai 2 and T. Ikeda 3 1 Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira,
More informationThe ABCs of Pasture Grazing
L P E S Small Farms Fact Sheet series Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship < L P E S > Curriculum By Ben Bartlett, Michigan State University Summary Well-managed pastures are Always the Best
More informationTHE SCIENCE THE FUTURE OF CANADIAN CANOLA: APPLY THE SCIENCE OF AGRONOMICS TO MAXIMIZE GENETIC POTENTIAL.
THE SCIENCE THE FUTURE OF CANADIAN CANOLA: APPLY THE SCIENCE OF AGRONOMICS TO MAXIMIZE GENETIC POTENTIAL. WHERE WE HAVE BEEN CANOLA PRODUCTION HAS SURPASSED THE INDUSTRY TARGET OF 15 MMT. This was achieved
More informationSTANDARDS FOR RANGELAND HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR SAGEHEN ALLOTMENT #0208
STANDARDS FOR RANGELAND HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR SAGEHEN ALLOTMENT #0208 RANGELAND HEALTH STANDARDS - ASSESSMENT SAGEHEN ALLOTMENT #0208 STANDARD 1 - UPLAND WATERSHED This standard is being met on the allotment.
More information170 W 600 N Shelbyville, IN 46176 (317) 398-4636 or (317) 398-7973 FAX (317) 398-2107
OWNERS MANUAL The VALU-DRILL Model # - KVD-48,KVD-72,KVD-96 Serial # - - 170 W 600 N Shelbyville, IN 46176 (317) 398-4636 or (317) 398-7973 FAX (317) 398-2107 Limited Warranty Kasco Mfg. Co., Inc., hereinafter
More informationManagement Strategies for Rangeland and Introduced Pastures
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Management Strategies for Rangeland and Introduced Pastures NREM-2869 T. G. Bidwell Professor and Extension Specialist, Rangeland Ecology and Management Bob Woods
More informationFlower and Native Plant Seed Production. Thomas G Chastain CSS 460/560 Seed Production
Flower and Native Plant Seed Production Thomas G Chastain CSS 460/560 Seed Production Flower seed production is a small component of the seed production industry. Seed is often blended and used in wildflower
More informationsuscon Green One application. 3 years control against grass grub. Grass grub damaged pasture
suscon Green One application. 3 years control against grass grub. Grass grub damaged pasture suscon Green is a dust free, controlled release granule that controls Grass Grub in newly established pasture
More informationREPORT TO REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION MEETING OF WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2013 LEECH WATER SUPPLY AREA RESTORATION UPDATE
Making a difference... together Agenda Item #9 REPORT #RWSC 2013-17 REPORT TO REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION MEETING OF WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2013 SUBJECT LEECH WATER SUPPLY AREA RESTORATION UPDATE
More informationBCAP Project Area 10: New York Willow. Mike Buckley ReEnergy Holdings. Tim Volk Justin Heavey SUNY-ESF
BCAP Project Area 10: New York Willow Mike Buckley ReEnergy Holdings Tim Volk Justin Heavey SUNY-ESF Fast Facts: ReEnergy Holdings ~300 MWs of renewable energy generation ~ 300 employees; 5 states Renewable
More informationUGIP Technical Committee Key Principles of Grazing Management
UGIP Technical Committee Key Principles of Grazing Management Why Grazing Management? Sustain land health and productivity Demonstrate good land stewardship Ensure a future for livestock grazing Monitoring
More informationIncreasing water availability through juniper control.
Tim Deboodt, OSU Crook County Extension Agent 498 SE Lynn Blvd. Prineville, OR 97754 541-447-6228 Tim.deboodt@oregonstate.edu Increasing water availability through juniper control. Throughout the region
More informationEcological Restoration Strategies for Cattle Ranching Landscapes of the Azuero
COURSE REPORT Ecological Restoration Strategies for Cattle Ranching Landscapes of the Azuero District of Pedasi, Province of Los Santos July 27-31, 2015 A field course organized by: The Environmental Leadership
More informationDISASTER RECOVERY PROGRAM HANDBOOK AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
DISASTER RECOVERY PROGRAM HANDBOOK AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS 2 3 About this hand book This handbook explains the disaster recovery programs offered by the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Emergency
More informationAn Appraisal Tool for Valuing Forest Lands
An Appraisal Tool for Valuing Forest Lands By Thomas J. Straka and Steven H. Bullard Abstract Forest and natural resources valuation can present challenging analysis and appraisal problems. Calculations
More informationThe Costs of Raising Replacement Heifers and the Value of a Purchased Versus Raised Replacement
Managing for Today s Cattle Market and Beyond March 2002 The Costs of Raising Replacement Heifers and the Value of a Purchased Versus Raised Replacement By Dillon M. Feuz, University of Nebraska Numerous
More informationManaging Fire Dependent Wildlife Habitat without Fire. A Land Management Practice That: 100 Years of Fire Suppression in Ponderosa pine ecosystems
Managing Fire Dependent Wildlife Habitat without Fire Dale Swedberg Chairman North Central Washington Prescribed Fire Council Land Management Practices used to Manage Wildlife Habitat A Land Management
More informationCORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP.
CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP. Planted acreage reached a high in 1981 with 14.4 million acres planted for all purposes and has hovered near 12.5 million acres since the early
More informationPreliminary Estimates of Potential Economic Losses to Stock Growers due to the Presence of Wolves in North Eastern Oregon
Preliminary Estimates of Potential Economic Losses to Stock Growers due to the Presence of Wolves in North Eastern Oregon By John Williams OSU Extension Service Wallowa County, OR September 2010 Abstract
More information2014 Flax Weed Control Trial
2014 Flax Weed Control Trial Dr. Heather Darby, UVM Extension Agronomist Susan Monahan, Erica Cummings, Julian Post, and Sara Ziegler UVM Extension Crops and Soils Technicians 802-524-6501 Visit us on
More informationCOVER CROPS FOR RASPBERRY PLANTINGS
COVER CROPS FOR RASPBERRY PLANTINGS Dr. Marvin Pritts, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853 (For more information visit www.fruit.cornell.edu)
More informationSAMPLE COSTS FOR FINISHING BEEF CATTLE ON GRASS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION 12 SAMPLE COSTS FOR FINISHING BEEF CATTLE ON GRASS SACRAMENTO VALLEY (Northern Sacramento Valley) Larry C. Forero Roger S. Ingram Glenn A. Nader Karen M.
More informationSOIL HEALTH COVER CROPS RELAY CROPPING
SOIL HEALTH COVER CROPS RELAY CROPPING Sustainable Agriculture in North Dakota Tim Semler Extension Agent Farm Business Management 1 As a crop producer only Why grow a cover crop (CC)? CC pros: Prevented
More informationANSWERS TO COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE IN KANSAS
ANSWERS TO COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE IN KANSAS By The Ag Use Section Property Valuation Division (PVD) March 26 th 2013 General Questions: Who establishes the appraised value
More informationMARK NELSON USU EXTENSION AGENT Beaver County, Utah
MARK NELSON USU EXTENSION AGENT Beaver County, Utah Utah Beaver County Currently there are nearly 50 million acres of Pinyon/Juniper woodlands across the west and more acres are being invaded each year.
More informationENERGY IN FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USE
Farm Energy IQ Conserving Energy in Nutrient Use and Pest Control INTRODUCTION Fertilizers and pesticides are the most widely used sources of nutrients and pest control, respectively. Fertilizer and pesticides
More informationColorado Natural Heritage Program
CNHP s mission is to preserve the natural diversity of life by contributing the essential scientific foundation that leads to lasting conservation of Colorado's biological wealth. Colorado Natural Heritage
More informationAngora Fire Restoration Activities June 24, 2007. Presented by: Judy Clot Forest Health Enhancement Program
Angora Fire Restoration Activities June 24, 2007 Presented by: Judy Clot Forest Health Enhancement Program California Tahoe Conservancy Independent California State Agency within the Resources Agency Governed
More informationFireline Rehabilitation on Donnelly Flats fire (B222) Summary: 7/1/99 R.R. Jandt
Fireline Rehabilitation on Donnelly Flats fire (B222) Summary: 7/1/99 R.R. Jandt Assessment- During the suppression effort approximately 20-25 miles of bladed fireline was built using D-8-equivalent dozers.
More informationLake Manitoba Financial Assistance Program (LMFAP)
Lake Manitoba Financial Assistance Program (LMFAP) Part B Agricultural Infrastructure, Transportation and Crop/Forage Loss Component Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the purpose of Part B? The Province
More informationFire, Forest History, and Ecological Restoration of Ponderosa Pine Forests at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota
Fire, Forest History, and Ecological Restoration of Ponderosa Pine Forests at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota Restoration uses the past not as a goal but as a reference point for the future...it is not to
More informationAgriculture and Forestry
Agriculture and Forestry BUSINESS PLAN 2015 18 ACCOUNTABILITY STATEMENT This business plan was prepared under my direction, taking into consideration the government s policy decisions as of October 15,
More informationPasture Lease Agreements
ExEx5071 C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e & B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s / U S D A Pasture Lease Agreements Burton Pflueger, Extension economist Any lease is basically an agreement that gives
More informationAgricultural Production and Research in Heilongjiang Province, China. Jiang Enchen. Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Northeast
1 Agricultural Production and Research in Heilongjiang Province, China Jiang Enchen Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. Post code: 150030
More informationPonds- Planning, Design, Construction
United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Agriculture Handbook Number 590 Ponds- Planning, Design, Construction This handbook describes the requirements for building a pond. It
More informationDROUGHT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS AND TAX IMPLICATIONS OF DROUGHT INDUCED LIVESTOCK SALES
DROUGHT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS AND TAX IMPLICATIONS OF DROUGHT INDUCED LIVESTOCK SALES Russell Tronstad 1 Government payment assistance during or after a drought is a very real possibility. Drought assistance
More informationDivision of Forestry
Guidelines for Managing Sites with Ash To Address the Threat of Emerald Ash Borer On Forestry-Administered Lands BACKGROUND The ash genus (Fraxinus) in Minnesota comprises some 900 million trees and is
More informationUnderstanding the. Soil Test Report. Client and Sample Identification
Understanding the Soil Test Report Page 1 of 7 Crops absorb the nutrients required from soil in order to grow, so ensuring that your soil is meeting the crops needs is critical. Having the proper level
More informationWhat Is Rehabilitation?
Location of Aggregate Operations Ready Mix Plant Locations Aggregate Locations Cement Terminal Locations What Is Rehabilitation? Rehabilitation is the treatment of land from which aggregate has been excavated
More informationAgriculture & Business Management Notes...
Agriculture & Business Management Notes... Preparing and Analyzing a Cash Flow Statement Quick Notes... Cash Flow Statements summarize cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time. Uses of a Cash
More informationFinding a Farm to Buy or Lease Resource Kit for Nova Scotia Farmers
1 Finding a Farm to Buy or Lease Resource Kit for Nova Scotia Farmers Helpful Contacts for Buying a Farm Your local Agricultural Resource Coordinator (ARC) may know of farms for sale or rent in your area.
More informationCALCULATING AVAILABLE FORAGE
CALCULATING AVAILABLE FORAGE Mindy Pratt and G. Allen Rasmussen Range Management Fact Sheet May 2001 NR/RM/03 An important part of calculating Stocking Rate is knowing the amount of available forage you
More informationagricultural economy agriculture CALIFORNIA EDUCATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT INITIATIVE I Unit 4.2.6. I Cultivating California I Word Wall Cards 426WWC
agricultural economy agriculture An economy based on farming or ranching. The practice of growing crops and raising animals for food, fiber, or other uses by humans. archaeological site archaeology A place
More informationCRP Mid-Contract Management Option: Integrated Wildlife Management (645)
CRP Mid-Contract Management Option: Integrated Wildlife Management (645) Conservation Practice Job Sheet ID - CRP, JS-20 Revised August 2013 The purpose of mid-contract management activities is to enhance
More informationSoil Sampling for Nutrient Management
Soil Sampling for Nutrient Management Nutrient Management Factsheet No. 2 in Series Revised September 2010 Order Reference No. 631-500-1 For nutrient management, soil sampling is done to collect a soil
More informationBSc in Environmental and Conservation Sciences Wildlife and Rangeland Resources Management Major
Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences Undergraduate Student Services 2-31 General Services Building www.ales.ualberta.ca Tel: 780.492.4933 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1 new2ales@ualberta.ca
More informationManaging Cow-Calf Production Costs: What To Do Before The Money Runs Out By J. Walter Prevatt, Auburn University
Managing for Today s Cattle Market and Beyond Managing Cow-Calf Production Costs: What To Do Before The Money Runs Out By J. Walter Prevatt, Auburn University Cow-calf producers are a lot like jet pilots.
More informationAssessing the Value of Pecan Trees
Assessing the Value of Pecan Trees by Dan Childs, Job Springer, Charles Rohla and Steve Upson It is the intent of this publication to provide methodology that appraisers, tax preparers and other interested
More informationRange plants respond with vigor following post-fire rehabilitation efforts by the BLM, Forest Service
Range plants respond with vigor following post-fire rehabilitation efforts by the BLM, Forest Service By Steve Stuebner The Pony and Elk complex wildfires near Mountain Home had a big impact on the landscape,
More informationIncreasing Profitability Through an Accelerated Heifer Replacement Program
Increasing Profitability Through an Accelerated Heifer Replacement Program Robert B. Corbett, D.V.M Dairy Health Consultation Accelerating heifer growth has been a very controversial subject in recent
More informationForage Options and Drought Risk: A South Dakota Case Study
Forage Options and Drought Risk: A South Dakota Case Study ABSTRACT In the Northern Great Plains region, crop and livestock producers view forage crop production as an important component of their farm
More informationR E S T R I C T E D B R E E D I N G A N D R O T A T I O N A L G R A Z I N G
R E S T R I C T E D B R E E D I N G A N D R O T A T I O N A L G R A Z I N G J O R G E L U I S S A N C H E Z B R I C E Ñ O H E R M O S I L L O S O N O R A M E X I C O The problem that is always faced in
More informationEvaluating the Effects and Effectiveness of Post-fire Seeding Treatments in Western Forests
Hillslope seeded with wheatgrass species, a grass commonly used for post-fire seeding treatments. Credit: USDA Forest Service. Evaluating the Effects and Effectiveness of Post-fire Seeding Treatments in
More informationWhy manage for both? Forest Thinning
Rural/Conservation Forestry (Reviewed May 2012) NR/FF/016 Forest Grazing: Managing Your Land for Trees, Forage, and Livestock Olivia Salmon, Forestry Extension Assistant; Chad Reid, Extension Agent; and
More informationEnterprise Budget: Thomas Foulke BISON. Steven J. Torok. Cow-Calf Short Grass Prairie, Eastern Wyoming. Tex Taylor. Edward Bradley
Enterprise Budget: BISON Cow-Calf Short Grass Prairie, Eastern Wyoming Thomas Foulke Steven J. Torok Tex Taylor Edward Bradley B-1092 January 2001 Authors: Thomas Foulke, Information Specialist, University
More informationFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Biomass Harvest Guidelines
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Biomass Harvest Guidelines What do Biomass Harvest Guidelines offer? They offer recommendations to manage forest-, brush- and open- land with the intent to protect water, timber,
More informationINCORPORATING ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS INTO RANGELAND TREATMENT AND RESTORATION DECISIONS
INCORPORATING ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS INTO RANGELAND TREATMENT AND RESTORATION DECISIONS Kimberly Rollins, Environment Canada Visi ng Scholar (2014-15) Professor, University of Nevada Department of Economics
More informationCollege of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension
Start Farming Introduction to Soils Fact 4 Determining Nutrient Applications for Small Farms Basic Calculations Conventional Generally production systems in Pennsylvania use a mixture of nutrient sources.
More informationIntermountain Pasture and Hay Meadow Handbook: Pasture, Hay and Profit
Intermountain Pasture and Hay Meadow Handbook: Pasture, Hay and Profit EB-00-02 Intermountain Pasture and Hay Meadow Handbook: Pasture, Hay and Profit Table of Contents Preface Dr. Hudson Glimp Why Irrigated
More informationGovernment of Saskatchewan - Agriculture Market Trends http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/markettrends
PULSE CROP INFORMATION RESOURCES To Discuss More, Contact: Chad Lee Business Development Officer Montana Department of Agriculture chlee@mt.gov 406.444.0132 Related Webpages http://agr.mt.gov/agr/producer/croptools/
More informationGuidelines for Estimating. Beef Cow-Calf Production Costs 2015. in Manitoba
Guidelines for Estimating Beef Cow-Calf Production Costs 2015 in Manitoba ................................................. Guidelines For Estimating Beef Cow-Calf Production Costs Based on a 150 Head
More informationYour Defensible Space Slideshow
Your Defensible Space Slideshow Red = Trees to Remove Your Defensible Space Slideshow This slideshow was created to highlight actions you can take to dramatically improve the chances of your home surviving
More informationFORAGE NEEDS, GRAZING MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING PROGRAM FOR MEAT GOATS AND SHEEP IN THE HUMID SOUTHEAST
Chapter 20. In: D. S. Chamblee (Ed.) Production and Utilization of Pastures and Forages in North Carolina. pp 105-111. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 305. (1995). FORAGE
More informationLIFE CYCLE COST CALCULATIONS
LIFE CYCLE COST CALCULATIONS Fundamental Concepts Time Value of Money The value of money today and money that will be spent in the future are not equal. This concept is referred to as the time value of
More informationBusiness Plan: How to Best Stock Leased Land. Presented by: Jordan Steele
Business Plan: How to Best Stock Leased Land Presented by: Jordan Steele Introduction Zach Steele leases ranch Near Sundance, WY Single man operation Research compare best way to stock Compare two different
More information