ACS-3921/ Computer Security And Privacy. Lecture Note 5 October 7 th 2015 Chapter 5 Database and Cloud Security

Transcription

1 ACS-3921/ Computer Security And Privacy Lecture Note 5 October 7 th 2015 Chapter 5 Database and Cloud Security

2 ACS-3921/ Slides Used In The Course A note on the use of these slides: These slides has been adopted and/or modified from the original for the use in this course. The author of the text have make these slides available to all (faculty, students, readers) and they obviously represent a lot of work on their part. In return for use, please: If slides are being used (e.g., in a class) that the source be mentioned (after all, the author like people to use our book!) If any slides are being posted on a www site, note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) the author original slides, and note their copyright of this material. All material copyright 2008, 2012, 2015 William Stalling and Lawrie Brown, All Rights Reserved

3 ACS-3921/ Recap What are the four password selection strategies? What are the three proactive password checking technics? Wat is the difference between a memory card and a smart card? In a generic biometric system, what three things has to be complete before you can start using it for authentication? What are some of the authentication security issues? What are the four access control policies? What are the three things in an access control system?

4 ACS-3921/ Cloud Security NIST SP defines cloud computing as: A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, ondemand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

5 ACS-3921/ Cloud Computing Elements

6 ACS-3921/ Cloud Service Models

7 ACS-3921/ NIST Deployment Models Public cloud The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services The cloud provider is responsible both for the cloud infrastructure and for the control of data and operations within the cloud Community cloud The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise Private cloud The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise The cloud provider is responsible only for the infrastructure and not for the control Hybrid cloud The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability

8 ACS-3921/ Cloud Computing Cloud Computing Context

9 ACS-3921/ Cloud Computing Reference Architecture NIST SP establishes a reference architecture described as follows: The NIST cloud computing reference architecture focuses on the requirements of what cloud services provide, not a how to design solution and implementation. The reference architecture is intended to facilitate the understanding of the operational intricacies in cloud computing. It does not represent the system architecture of a specific cloud computing system; instead it is a tool for describing, discussing, and developing a system-specific architecture using a common framework of reference.

10 ACS-3921/ Cloud Computing Reference Architecture Objectives NIST developed the reference architecture with the following objectives in mind: To illustrate and understand the various cloud services in the context of an overall cloud computing conceptual model To provide a technical reference for consumers to understand, discuss, categorize, and compare cloud services To facilitate the analysis of candidate standards for security, interoperability, and portability and reference implementations

11 ACS-3921/ NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

12 ACS-3921/ Cloud Security Risks The Cloud Security Alliance lists the following as the top cloud specific security threats: Abuse and nefarious use of cloud computing Insecure interfaces and APIs Malicious insiders Shared technology issues Data loss or leakage Account or service hijacking Unknown risk profile

13 ACS-3921/ NIST Guidelines on Cloud Security and Privacy Issues and Recommendations Governance Extend organizational practices pertaining to the policies, procedures, and standards used for application development and service provisioning in the cloud, as well as the design, implementation, testing, use, and monitoring of deployed or engaged services. Put in place audit mechanisms and tools to ensure organizational practices are followed throughout the system lifecycle. Compliance Understand the various types of laws and regulations that impose security and privacy obligations on the organization and potentially impact cloud computing initiatives, particularly those involving data location, privacy and security controls, records management, and electronic discovery requirements. Review and assess the cloud provider s offerings with respect to the organizational requirements to be met and ensure that the contract terms adequately meet the requirements. Ensure that the cloud provider s electronic discovery capabilities and processes do not compromise the privacy or security of data and applications. Trust Ensure that service arrangements have sufficient means to allow visibility into the security and privacy controls and processes employed by the cloud provider, and their performance over time. Establish clear, exclusive ownership rights over data. Institute a risk management program that is flexible enough to adapt to the constantly evolving and shifting risk landscape for the lifecycle of the system. Continuously monitor the security state of the information system to support ongoing risk management decisions. Architecture Understand the underlying technologies that the cloud provider uses to provision services, including the implications that the technical controls involved have on the security and privacy of the system, over the full system lifecycle and across all system components. Identity and access management Ensure that adequate safeguards are in place to secure authentication, authorization, and other identity and access management functions, and are suitable for the organization.

14 ACS-3921/ NIST Guidelines on Cloud Security and Privacy Issues and Recommendations (2) Software isolation Understand virtualization and other logical isolation techniques that the cloud provider employs in its multi-tenant software architecture, and assess the risks involved for the organization. Data protection Evaluate the suitability of the cloud provider s data management solutions for the organizational data concerned and the ability to control access to data, to secure data while at rest, in transit, and in use, and to sanitize data. Take into consideration the risk of collating organizational data with those of other organizations whose threat profiles are high or whose data collectively represent significant concentrated value. Fully understand and weigh the risks involved in cryptographic key management with the facilities available in the cloud environment and the processes established by the cloud provider. Availability Understand the contract provisions and procedures for availability, data backup and recovery, and disaster recovery, and ensure that they meet the organization s continuity and contingency planning requirements. Ensure that during an intermediate or prolonged disruption or a serious disaster, critical operations can be immediately resumed, and that all operations can be eventually reinstituted in a timely and organized manner. Incident response Understand the contract provisions and procedures for incident response and ensure that they meet the requirements of the organization. Ensure that the cloud provider has a transparent response process in place and sufficient mechanisms to share information during and after an incident. Ensure that the organization can respond to incidents in a coordinated fashion with the cloud provider in accordance with their respective roles and responsibilities for the computing environment.

15 ACS-3921/ Data Protection in the Cloud The threat of data compromise increases in the cloud Risks and challenges that are unique to the cloud Multi-instance model Provides a unique DBMS running on a virtual machine instance for each cloud subscriber Multi-tenant model Architectural or operational characteristics of the cloud environment Gives the subscriber complete control over administrative tasks related to security Provides a predefined environment for the cloud subscriber that is shared with other tenants typically through tagging data with a subscriber identifier Gives the appearance of exclusive use of the instance but relies on the cloud provider to establish and maintain a secure database environment

16 ACS-3921/ Cloud Security As A Service SecaaS Security as a Service Is a segment of the SaaS offering of a CP Defined by The Cloud Security Alliance as the provision of security applications and services via the cloud either to cloud-based infrastructure and software or from the cloud to the customers on premise systems

17 ACS-3921/ Security as a Service (SecaaS) Elements of Security as a Service

18 ACS-3921/ Summary Cloud computing Cloud computing elements Cloud computing reference architecture Cloud security risks and countermeasures Data protection in the cloud Cloud security as a service

19 ACS-3921/ Computer Security And Privacy Chapter 6 Malicious Software

20 ACS-3921/ Malware [SOUP13] defines malware as: a program that is inserted into a system, usually covertly, with the intent of compromising the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the victim s data, applications, or operating system or otherwise annoying or disrupting the victim.

21 ACS-3921/ Malware Terminology Name Advanced persistent threat Adware Attack Kit Auto-rooter Backdoor (trapdoor) Downloaders Drive-by download Exploits Flooders (DoS client) Keyloggers Logic bomb Macro Virus Mobile Code Description Cybercrime directed at business and political targets, using a wide variety of intrusion technologies and malware, applied persistently and effectively to specific targets over an extended period, often attributed to state-sponsored organizations. Advertising that is integrated into software. It can result in pop-up ads or redirection of a browser to a commercial site. Set of tools for generating new malware automatically using a variety of supplied propagation and payload mechanisms. Malicious hacker tools used to break into new machines remotely. Any mechanisms that bypasses a normal security check; it may allow unauthorized access to functionality in a program, or onto a compromised system. Code that installs other items on a machine that is under attack. It is normally included in the malware code first inserted on to a compromised system to then import a larger malware package. An attack using code in a compromised web site that exploits a browser vulnerability to attack a client system when the site is viewed. Code specific to a single vulnerability or set of vulnerabilities. Used to generate a large volume of data to attack networked computer systems, by carrying out some form of denial-of-service (DoS) attack. Captures keystrokes on a compromised system. Code inserted into malware by an intruder. A logic bomb lies dormant until a predefined condition is met; the code then triggers an unauthorized act. A type of virus that uses macro or scripting code, typically embedded in a document, and triggered when the document is viewed or edited, to run and replicate itself into other such documents. Software (e.g., script, macro, or other portable instruction) that can be shipped unchanged to a heterogeneous collection of platforms and execute with identical semantics.

22 ACS-3921/ Malware Terminology (2) Name Description Rootkit Spammer Programs Spyware Trojan horse Virus Worm Zombie, bot Set of hacker tools used after attacker has broken into a computer system and gained root-level access. Used to send large volumes of unwanted . Software that collects information from a computer and transmits it to another system by monitoring keystrokes, screen data and/or network traffic; or by scanning files on the system for sensitive information. A computer program that appears to have a useful function, but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate authorizations of a system entity that invokes the Trojan horse program. Malware that, when executed, tries to replicate itself into other executable machine or script code; when it succeeds the code is said to be infected. When the infected code is executed, the virus also executes. A computer program that can run independently and can propagate a complete working version of itself onto other hosts on a network, usually by exploiting software vulnerabilities in the target system. Program activated on an infected machine that is activated to launch attacks on other machines.

23 ACS-3921/ Classification of Malware Classified into two broad categories: Also classified by: Based first on how it spreads or propagates to reach the desired targets Those that need a host program (parasitic code such as viruses) Then on the actions or payloads it performs once a target is reached Those that are independent, selfcontained programs (worms, trojans, and bots) Malware that does not replicate (trojans and spam ) Malware that does replicate (viruses and worms)

24 ACS-3921/ Types of Malicious Software (Malware) Propagation mechanisms include: Infection of existing content by viruses that is subsequently spread to other systems Exploit of software vulnerabilities by worms or drive-bydownloads to allow the malware to replicate Social engineering attacks that convince users to bypass security mechanisms to install Trojans or to respond to phishing attacks Payload actions performed by malware once it reaches a target system can include: Corruption of system or data files Theft of service/make the system a zombie agent of attack as part of a botnet Theft of information from the system/keylogging Stealthing/hiding its presence on the system

25 ACS-3921/ Attack Kits Initially the development and deployment of malware required considerable technical skill by software authors The development of virus-creation toolkits in the early 1990s and then more general attack kits in the 2000s greatly assisted in the development and deployment of malware Toolkits are often known as crimeware Include a variety of propagation mechanisms and payload modules that even novices can deploy Variants that can be generated by attackers using these toolkits creates a significant problem for those defending systems against them Widely used toolkits include: Zeus Blackhole Sakura Phoenix

26 ACS-3921/ Attack Sources Another significant malware development is the change from attackers being individuals often motivated to demonstrate their technical competence to their peers to more organized and dangerous attack sources such as: Politically motivated attackers Criminals Organized crime Organizations that sell their services to companies and nations National government agencies This has significantly changed the resources available and motivation behind the rise of malware and has led to development of a large underground economy involving the sale of attack kits, access to compromised hosts, and to stolen information

27 ACS-3921/ Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) Well-resourced, persistent application of a wide variety of intrusion technologies and malware to selected targets (usually business or political) Typically attributed to state-sponsored organizations and criminal enterprises Differ from other types of attack by their careful target selection and stealthy intrusion efforts over extended periods High profile attacks include Aurora, RSA, APT1, and Stuxnet

28 ACS-3921/ APT Characteristics Advanced Used by the attackers of a wide variety of intrusion technologies and malware including the development of custom malware if required The individual components may not necessarily be technically advanced but are carefully selected to suit the chosen target Persistent Determined application of the attacks over an extended period against the chosen target in order to maximize the chance of success A variety of attacks may be progressively applied until the target is compromised Threats Threats to the selected targets as a result of the organized, capable, and well-funded attackers intent to compromise the specifically chosen targets The active involvement of people in the process greatly raises the threat level from that due to automated attacks tools, and also the likelihood of successful attacks

29 ACS-3921/ APT Attacks Aim: Varies from theft of intellectual property or security and infrastructure related data to the physical disruption of infrastructure Techniques used: Social engineering Spear-phishing Drive-by-downloads from selected compromised websites likely to be visited by personnel in the target organization Intent: To infect the target with sophisticated malware with multiple propagation mechanisms and payloads Once they have gained initial access to systems in the target organization a further range of attack tools are used to maintain and extend their access

30 ACS-3921/ Viruses Piece of software that infects programs Modifies them to include a copy of the virus Replicates and goes on to infect other content Easily spread through network environments When attached to an executable program a virus can do anything that the program is permitted to do Executes secretly when the host program is run Specific to operating system and hardware Takes advantage of their details and weaknesses

31 ACS-3921/ Virus Components Infection mechanism Means by which a virus spreads or propagates Also referred to as the infection vector Trigger Event or condition that determines when the payload is activated or delivered Sometimes known as a logic bomb Payload What the virus does (besides spreading) May involve damage or benign but noticeable activity

32 ACS-3921/ Virus Phases Virus is idle Dormant phase Will eventually be activated by some event Not all viruses have this stage Virus is activated to perform the function for which it was intended Triggering phase Can be caused by a variety of system events Propagation phase Virus places a copy of itself into other programs or into certain system areas on the disk May not be identical to the propagating version Each infected program will now contain a clone of the virus which will itself enter a propagation phase Execution phase Function is performed May be harmless or damaging

33 ACS-3921/ Compression Virus

34 ACS-3921/ Virus Classifications Classification by target Boot sector infector Infects a master boot record or boot record and spreads when a system is booted from the disk containing the virus File infector Infects files that the operating system or shell considers to be executable Macro virus Infects files with macro or scripting code that is interpreted by an application Multipartite virus Infects files in multiple ways Classification by concealment strategy Encrypted virus A portion of the virus creates a random encryption key and encrypts the remainder of the virus Stealth virus A form of virus explicitly designed to hide itself from detection by anti-virus software Polymorphic virus A virus that mutates with every infection Metamorphic virus A virus that mutates and rewrites itself completely at each iteration and may change behavior as well as appearance

35 ACS-3921/ Macro and Scripting Viruses Very common in mid-1990s Platform independent Infect documents (not executable portions of code) Easily spread Exploit macro capability of MS Office applications More recent releases of products include protection Various anti-virus programs have been developed so these are no longer the predominant virus threat

36 ACS-3921/ Worms Program that actively seeks out more machines to infect and each infected machine serves as an automated launching pad for attacks on other machines Exploits software vulnerabilities in client or server programs Can use network connections to spread from system to system Spreads through shared media (USB drives, CD, DVD data disks) worms spread in macro or script code included in attachments and instant messenger file transfers Upon activation the worm may replicate and propagate again Usually carries some form of payload First known implementation was done in Xerox Palo Alto Labs in the early 1980s

37 ACS-3921/ Worm Replication Electronic mail or instant messenger facility Worm s a copy of itself to other systems Sends itself as an attachment via an instant message service File sharing Creates a copy of itself or infects a file as a virus on removable media Remote execution capability Worm executes a copy of itself on another system Remote file access or transfer capability Worm uses a remote file access or transfer service to copy itself from one system to the other Remote login capability Worm logs onto a remote system as a user and then uses commands to copy itself from one system to the other

38 ACS-3921/ Target Discovery Scanning (or fingerprinting) First function in the propagation phase for a network worm Searches for other systems to infect Scanning strategies that a worm can use: Random Each compromised host probes random addresses in the IP address space using a different seed This produces a high volume of Internet traffic which may cause generalized disruption even before the actual attack is launched Hit-list The attacker first compiles a long list of potential vulnerable machines Once the list is compiled the attacker begins infecting machines on the list Each infected machine is provided with a portion of the list to scan This results in a very short scanning period which may make it difficult to detect that infection is taking place Topological This method uses information contained on an infected victim machine to find more hosts to scan Local subnet If a host can be infected behind a firewall that host then looks for targets in its own local network The host uses the subnet address structure to find other hosts that would otherwise be protected by the firewall

39 ACS-3921/ Worm Propagation Model

40 ACS-3921/ Morris Worm Earliest significant worm infection Released by Robert Morris in 1988 Designed to spread on UNIX systems Attempted to crack local password file to use login/password to logon to other systems Exploited a bug in the finger protocol which reports the whereabouts of a remote user Exploited a trapdoor in the debug option of the remote process that receives and sends mail Successful attacks achieved communication with the operating system command interpreter Sent interpreter a bootstrap program to copy worm over

41 ACS-3921/ Recent Worm Attacks Melissa worm first to include virus, worm and Trojan in one package Code Red July 2001 exploited Microsoft IIS bug probes random IP addresses consumes significant Internet capacity when active Code Red II August 2001 also targeted Microsoft IIS installs a backdoor for access Nimda September 2001 had worm, virus and mobile code characteristics spread using , Windows shares, Web servers, Web clients, backdoors SQL Slammer Early 2003 exploited a buffer overflow vulnerability in SQL server compact and spread rapidly Sobig.F Late 2003 exploited open proxy servers to turn infected machines into spam engines Mydoom 2004 mass-mailing worm installed a backdoor in infected machines Warezov 2006 creates executables in system directories sends itself as an attachment can disable security related products Conficker (Downadup) November 2008 exploits a Windows buffer overflow vulnerability most widespread infection since SQL Slammer Stuxnet 2010 restricted rate of spread to reduce chance of detection targeted industrial control systems

42 ACS-3921/ Worm Technology Multiplatform Metamorphic Worm Technology Multi-exploit Polymorphic Ultrafast spreading

43 ACS-3921/ Questions?