Managing wastewater in the city of the future. Decentralized wastewater and rainwater reclamation and use in Urban Agriculture
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1 Managing wastewater in the city of the future Decentralized wastewater and rainwater reclamation and use in Urban Agriculture
2 Decentralized wastewater and rainwater reclamation and use in Urban Agriculture Session 3. Technological options for sustainable sanitation systems Dr. Claudia Pabon Pereira With contributions from: Dr. Adriaan Mels, Dr.Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, Dr. Grietje Zeeman
3 Sanitation Urine Faeces Flushwater, dry cleasing material, Anal cleansing water Grey water Rain water
4 Sanitation flows and combinations Urine Faeces Dry cleansing material Anal cleansing water Excreta Brownwater Blackwater Flushwater Grey water Rainwater
5 Sanitation System Components User interface for excreta collection Collection and storage(treatment) Conveyance Treatment Sludge handling Use and Disposal
6 User interface for excreta collection Dry toilet Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) Urinal Urine Diverting Flush Toilet Pour flush toilet Cistern flush toilet
7 DryToilet /Urine diverting toilet + Does not require water connection + Saves pure drinking water (5-15 l per flush) + Makes waste water management easier + Can be installed and maintained locally + Works regardless of weather conditions through electricity block outs, droughts and frozen water pipes + Collects the nutrients protects water system -UDT - If a pit is used odors and visibility can be a problem DT - Training required UDT - Salts in urine can cause clogging -UDT
8 User interface Dry toilet Pour flush toilet Urine diverting dry toilet
9 Urine sorting toilets Anno 1900 Anno 2005
10 No Mix toilet (Roediger)
11 Waterless urinals
12 Collection and storage (treatment) 1 Urine storage tank/container Single pit Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Fossa Alterna Twin Pits for Pour Flush
13 Collection and storage (1) + Low costs + Can be built locally + No water requirement VIP - Not suitable for high GWT or areas prone to flooding - Flies and odors - Empty required - Sludge needs treatment
14 Collection and storage (1) Fossa alterna Twin pits + Continuous use + Compost material + No water requirement - Cover material required + Continuous use + Potential for reuse of sludge (2yrs) - Sludge needs removal manually - Groundwater pollution
15 Collection and storage (treatment) 2 Dehydration vaults Composting chamber Septic Tank Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) Anaerobic Filter (*) Anaerobic Reactor(*)
16 Collection and storage (2) Dehydration vault Composting chamber + No constant source of water + Locally built and repaired + Reduce volume + Long life + Pathogen reduction + no odor, flies, etc - Carbon source required - Manual removal - Expert design and construction supervision - Specialized parts - Long start up - Leachate collection
17 Collection and storage (2) Septic tank + Long service life + Local materials + Small area + Low capital - Sludge removal - Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics (ST) - Requires constant water - Expert design + More organics removal ABR
18 Conveyance Jerry can/tank Human-powered emptying and transport Motorized emptying and transport Simplified sewers Solids free sewer Conventional gravity sewer Transfer station (underground holding tank) Sewer discharge station
19 Conveyance Simplified sewer Solids free sewer Conventional sewer + Long service life + High capital + Grey water and stormwater - High capital costs - Sludge removal and treatment - Expert design - Maintenance
20 Conveyance Motorized emptying and transport + Fast and efficient + Income generation - High capital costs - Maintenance - Limited sucking capacity - Accessibility - Blockage, sludge treatment Sewer discharge station Transfer station + Community solutions for faecal sludge
21 Natural treatment systems a) Constructed wetlands (free-water surface, Horizontal subsurface, vertical) b) Ponds (anaerobic,facultative,aerobic) Reactor treatment systems (biological) a) Aerobic reactor b) Anaerobic reactor Treatment Polishing treatment systems
22 Grey water reuse Grey water (2/3 of total wastewater) is relatively clean and can be treated locally Treated water can be used for ground water recharge, local water systems (attractive urban environment) or irrigation Several treatment options: e.g. constructed wetlands, biorotors, membrane bioreactors
23 Wetland systems Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland
24 Vertical flow constructed wetland
25 Constructed wetland for office building
26 Treatment results of constructed wetlands Groningen, Netherlands Luebeck, Germany (horizontal system) (vertical system) Influent Effluent Influent Effluent COD (mg O 2 /l) BOD (mg O 2 /l) N-total (mg N/l) NH 4 -N (mg N/l) P-total (mg P/l) PO 4 -P
27 Wetland systems + Aesthetically pleasant + High reduction organics and solids + No energy + Locally repairable + Greywater + Nutrient, particle and pathogens removal - Moderate capital cost - Large land area - Expert design - Good operation and maintenance - Health risks Mosquito breeding Evaporation Area Clogging Mechanical parts
28 Waste stabilization ponds Anaerobic Facultative Aerobic Aerated + Low cost + Pathogens + No energy (-AP) + Combined with aquaculture - Large area - Effluent/sludge needs more treatment or appropriate discharge
29 Anaerobic reactor systems Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Anaerobic Filter UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
30 Anaerobic reactor systems Anaerobic filter + Higher BOD removal due to biomass retention + Small Q sludge + Biogas + Compact UASB - Moderate capital cost - Expert design
31 Trickling filters Aerobic reactor systems Activated sludge + Better effluent quality (BOD, pathogens) + Small area + Variable design - Expert design - Constant aeration (energy) - High capital cost - Flies and odors (TF) - Dosing system-complexity (TF) - Sludge treatment (AS)
32 Sludge handling Sedimentation/thickening ponds Unplanted drying beds Planted drying beds Co-composting Anaerobic reactor
33 Resources EAWAG- Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies ngen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_hig h.pdf Akvopedia:
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