Missouri River Bed Degradation Study
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1 Missouri River Bed Degradation Study Greater Kansas City Post Industry Day Education & Training Workshop 28 January BUILDING STRONG
2 Presentation Contents Background Impacts Data Potential Causes 2 BUILDING STRONG
3 Bed Degradation Impacts 3
4 Examples of Degradation Impacts Power Plant Intakes Required Modification Public Water Supply Intakes Required Modification Tributary Erosion River Bank Instability Pipeline Crossings Exposed Drainage Outfall Structure Instability 4
5 Degradation Exposing Bridge Pier Footings 5
6 Tributary Head-cutting Causing Bank Failure on Tributary 6
7 Degrading River Creating a Perched Outlet 7
8 Concerns for the Future Bank Failures Continued Tributary Head Cutting Power Plant Water Intakes Problems Levees and Floodwalls Placed in Jeopardy Water Supply Intakes Continue to Require Modifications Pipeline Crossings Impacted Additional Tributary Bridge Crossings at Risk Navigation Obstructions Exposed Loss Missouri River Recovery Shallow Water Habitat Lower Groundwater Levels Damage Wetlands Water Supply Groundwater Pumping Costs Increase 8
9 Data 9
10 Existing Data Sources Aerial Photography Historical Hydrographic Surveys Low Water Profiles USGS Gathered Data from Discharge Measurements 10 BUILDING STRONG
11 September 23,
12 Current Google Earth Image 12
13 Missouri River Cross-Section RM Bed Elevation in Feet Distance From Left Bank in Feet BUILDING STRONG 13
14 Missouri River Mile Missouri River Cross-Section RM Elevation in Feet Distance from Left Bank in Feet 14
15 Lower Missouri River Low Water Profiles 1990 and 2005 (Adjusted to Common Construction Reference Plane Discharges) Water Surface Elevation in Feet Difference???? River Miles 1990 Profile 2005 Profile 15
16 Change in Low Water Profile 1990 to 2005 Change in Low Water Profile Between 1990 and Rulo St. Joseph Kansas City Waverly Boonville Hermann St. Charles (- Degradation) Change in Feet (+ Aggradation) 38,900 cfs 40,600 cfs 44,200 cfs 45,100 cfs 48,300 cfs 55,900 cfs River Miles Above Mouth BUILDING STRONG
17 USGS Discharge Measurements U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - WATER RESOURCES Long-Form Discharge Measurement Summary STATION NUMBER Missouri River at Kansas City, MO SOURCE AGENCY USGS STATE 29 COUNTY 095 LATITUDE LONGITUDE NAD83 DRAINAGE AREA CONTRIBUTING DRAINAGE AREA DATUM NGVD29 Date Processed: :08 By jloewel Meas+ACM-: 4940 STAGE: 7.12 RATED: F IND. SHIFT: RAT ANLY Q: STATUS: L DATE: 2008/01/16 DISCH: GHCH: 0.0 APP. SHIFT: 1.03 AUX. GH: TIME: 1352 CST QCODE: MEAS TIME: 0.2 BASE +ACU-DIFF: STD. SEC. AREA: PARTY: JBW/TEH RATING: BAFLOW: UNSP SHFT +ACU-DIFF: 0.0 STD. SEC VEL: MEAN INDEX VEL: CONTROL LOCATION: CONTROL CONDITION: Clear CONTROL REMARKS: MEASUREMENT REMARKS: CHANNEL 1 : NAME: Unspecified LOC: UNSP Q METH: QADCP HORIZ DIST: UNSP TYPE: UNSP DISCH: VEL. METH: VADCP VEL DESC: UNSP WIDTH: 752 AREA: 9720 MEAN VEL: ACU-MEAS: NAV METH: UNSP WATER MODE: UNSP COEFF VAR: CELL SIZE: CHANNEL CONDITION: Unspecified 17
18 Average Bed Elevation Based on Hydraulic Depth from USGS Kansas City, MO Average Bed Elevation Year 18 BUILDING STRONG
19 Mean Bed Elevation From Multiple USGS Measurements Average Bed Kansas City Missouri River Mile Bed Elevation Year 19
20 Average Bed USGS Stream Gages Missouri River Referenced to a Common Stage of 15 feet in 1950 Bed Stage in Feet (1950 bed stage = 15 ft.) Rulo 15.0 Waverly 14.0 St. Joseph Boonville 10.0 Hermann Kansas City Year Rulo St Joseph Kansas City Waverly Boonville Hermann 20 BUILDING STRONG
21 Missouri River at St. Joseph USGS Gage Measured Discharges Water Surface Elevation in Feet to to to to to to ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 Discharge in CFS BUILDING STRONG 21
22 760.0 Missouri River at Kansas City USGS Gage Measured Discharges Water Surface Elevation in Feet to to to to to to ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 Discharge in CFS BUILDING STRONG 22
23 Missouri River at Waverly USGS Gage Measured Discharges Water Surface Elevation in Feet to to to to to to ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 Discharge in CFS 23 BUILDING STRONG
24 24
25 Water Surface Elevation 25
26 Potential Causes 26
27 Potential Causes of Degradation (listed in general historical sequence) Land Use Changes Dikes and Revetment Construction (Navigation) River Cut-Offs Major Flood Events Missouri River and Tributaries Dam Construction Flow Modification by Reservoir Regulation Commercial Sand/Aggregate Dredging 27
28 Dikes and Revetment Construction (Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project) 28 BUILDING STRONG
29 Dikes and Revetment Construction (Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project) The dikes and revetments were designed primarily to maintain an open navigatable channel during times of low flow. This results in sediments that would ordinarily be deposited for a given discharge being transported downstream. The lack of stream bed recovery is consistent with the design and function of the dikes and revetments. 29
30 Dikes and Revetments Kansas City Reach Kansas City reach has required additional dikes and the accompanying flow restrictions to support navigation. Resulted in a very constrictive dike system to maintain a navigation channel. River that is very efficient at cleaning and maintaining the low-flow channel. Modifications lowering the channel bed either natural or man induced are unlikely to return to pre-event levels. 30
31 New Dikes Miles of Revetment Dike Extensions Year Number % of Total Length % of Total Number % of Total NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31
32 Dike Installation History (Dikes are rocks structures generally perpendicular to river flow.) Dike Installation Over Time % % Number Completed % 60% 40% 20% % Date 32 BUILDING STRONG
33 Summary (Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project Impacts) Drastically changed the Missouri River channel Degraded low flow channel Inhibits deposition in degraded reaches Essentially complete in 1980s 33 BUILDING STRONG
34 River Cut-Offs 34
35 35
36 Name River Cut-off Locations and Extents Pre Cut- Off Slope ft/mi ~ River Mile Miles Cut-Off Date of Cut-Off Napoleon Bend Blue River Bend Liberty Bend Jackass Bend ~ ~ ~ ~ St. Joseph ~ Total Miles ~
37 River Mile before Cut-Off BUILDING STRONG 37 Average Invert Elevation Cut-off
38 Potential erosion Average Invert Elevation Cut-off ΔB Slope before cut-off River Mile after Cut-Off 38
39 39
40 Missouri River Change in River Mile River Mile BUILDING STRONG 1890 to to to Change in River Mile Kansas City, Hannibal Bridge Atchison St. Waverly Napoleon Bend Jack -Ass Bend Liberty Bend Bends above Atchison Belmont Bend
41 Cut Offs Above River Mile
42 Napoleon Bend Cut Off (RM 324) 42
43 Napoleon Bend (natural cut-off in 1915) 43
44 Jackass Bend Cut Off (RM 337) 44
45 Jackass Bend Cut-Off (RM 337) 45
46 Liberty Bend Cut Off (RM 352) 46
47 Liberty Bend Cut-Off (RM 352) 47
48 Big Blue Bend Cut Off (RM 357) 48
49 St. Joseph Cut Off (RM 450) 49
50 St. Joseph Bend Cut Off (RM 450) St. Joseph, MO 50
51 Summary (Cut-Offs) Cut-offs have contributed to degradation in certain reaches of the river. These reaches have also been altered in character by the construction of dikes and revetments. This constraining of the river placed additional stresses on the stream bed. Detailed data not available/analyzed to fully quantify. 51
52 Major Flood Events 52
53 Average Bed Elevation Based on Hydraulic Depth from USGS Kansas City, MO Average Bed Elevation Year 53 BUILDING STRONG
54 Major Flood Events at KC Average Bed Elevation Based on USGS Flow Measurements (out of bank flows yield erroneously high average bed elevation values) Average Bed El. (based on hydraulic depth) Flood 2007 Flood Flood Discharge above 200,000 cfs Date of Measurement Ave. Bed Daily Discharge Poly. (Ave. Bed) 0 54
55 Major Flood Events at KC Average Bed Elevation Based on USGS Flow Measurements (out of bank flows yield erroneously high average bed elevation values) Average Bed El. (based on hydraulic depth) Flood 1952 Flood Flood Discharge above 200,000 cfs Date of Measurement Ave. Bed Daily Discharge Linear (Ave. Bed) BUILDING STRONG 0 55
56 Major Flood Events 18 Missouri River at Kansas City Stage Trends Before and After the 1993 Flood Fitted Linear Functions Stage (feet) ,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Discharge (cfs) BUILDING STRONG 56
57 12 Missouri River at Kansas City Stage Trends Before and After May 2007 Flood (Q<48,000 CFS) R 2 = R 2 = Stage in Feet R 2 = 0.97 After May 2007 Flood May 2006 through Apr 2007 May 2005 through Apr ,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 Measured Discharge in CFS 57 BUILDING STRONG
58 Average Bed Elevation Based on Hydraulic Depth for USGS Kansas City, MO Flow Less Than 200,000 CFS , Flood 500,000 Pre-Flood Fit Average Bed Elevation Post-Flood Fit 400, , ,000 Flow(cfs) , Year BUILDING STRONG 0 58
59 Major Flood Events Average Bed Elevation Based on Hydraulic Depth for USGS Kansas City, MO Flood Elevation 708 Pre-Flood Fit Post-Flood Fit Flow (cfs) Year 59 BUILDING STRONG
60 Bed Stage in Feet (1950 bed stage = 15 ft.) Average Bed USGS Stream Gages Missouri River Referenced to a Common Stage of 15 feet in Rulo Waverly St. Joseph Boonville Hermann Kansas City Year Rulo St Joseph Kansas City Waverly Boonville Hermann 60 BUILDING STRONG
61 Major Flood Events Summary Short Term Degradation (~ 2 yrs.) Long Term Degradation Evident at Waverly, Kansas City and St. Joseph Gaging Stations Not Clearly Evident at Other Gaging Stations Major Flood Events Contribute to Long Term Degradation in Some River Reaches 61
62 Dams 62
63 Missouri River and Tributaries Dam Construction Main-Stem Dams ( ) 6 Dams in Series Gavins Point at Downstream (1955) Kansas River Basin ( ) 18 Dams Throughout the Basin 7 at Downstream Locations Osage River Basin Bagnell Dam Most Downstream Other Smaller Tributaries 63
64 Missouri River and Tributaries Dam Construction Sediment Starvation Peak Flow and Flow Duration 64
65 Sediment Starvation Dam Construction 65
66 Change in Low Water Profile 1990 to 2005 Change in Low Water Profile Between 1990 and Rulo St. Joseph Kansas City Waverly Boonville Hermann St. Charles (- Degradation) Change in Feet (+ Aggradation) 38,900 cfs 40,600 cfs 44,200 cfs 45,100 cfs 48,300 cfs 55,900 cfs River Miles Above Mouth BUILDING STRONG
67 30 Missouri River Stage and Average Bed Trends at Omaha, Nebraska (River Mile 615.9) Stage (feet) Elevation (feet) ,000 cfs 60,000 cfs 40,000 cfs 20,000 cfs Average Bed 67 BUILDING STRONG
68 Missouri River Stage and Average Bed Trends at Nebraska City, Nebraska (River Mile 562.9) Stage (feet) Elevation (feet) Year 100,000 cfs 70,000 cfs 40,000 cfs 20,000 cfs Average Bed 68 BUILDING STRONG
69 Missouri River Average Bed at Rulo, Nebraska (River Mile 498.1) Elevation (feet) Year Average Bed 69 BUILDING STRONG
70 Mean Daily flows on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers Water Year Kansas River Desoto Mean Daily Flow (cfs) Kansas City Mean Daily Flow (cfs) Kansas River Contribution % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 70 BUILDING STRONG
71 Mean Daily flows on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers (continued) Water Year Desoto Mean Daily Flow (cfs) Kansas City Mean Daily Flow (cfs) Kansas River Contribution % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Average = 13% 71
72 Summary of Sediment Trap Impacts Mainstem dam impacts have not extended below Rulo, NE. Impacts on the Missouri River resulting from trapped sediment above Kansas Basin dams are consider minimal based on: earlier work (Simons, Li and Associates, 1984), mean daily flow records the dams are on tributaries considerably removed from the mouth of the river. none of the dams are the main stem of the Kansas River The impact of the structures on the Osage River have not been evaluated. The remaining structures on tributaries to the Missouri River represent small drainage areas some distance from the Missouri River and are considered to have little or no impact. Open to further evaluation. 72
73 Flow Modification by Reservoir Regulation 73
74 Flow Duration Curve St. Joseph Gage FLOW in cfs Percent of Time At or Above 74 BUILDING STRONG
75 Flow Duration Curve Kansas City USGS Gage RM , ,000 Flow in cfs 100,000 80,000 60, ,000 20, Percent of Time At or Above 75
76 Flow Duration Curve Waverly Gage FLOW in cfs Percent of Time At or Above 76 BUILDING STRONG
77 Stage Duration Curve St. Joseph Gage Elevation (ft msl) Percent of Time At or Above 77 BUILDING STRONG
78 Stage Duration Curve Waverly Gage Elevation (ft msl) Percent of Time At or Above 78
79 Stage Duration Curve Kansas City Gage Elevation (ft m sl) Percent of Time At or Above 79
80 Construction Reference Plane The sloping plane along the river defined by the elevation/stage associated with the river flow that is exceeded 75% of the time during the navigation season (1 April -1 December). This plane is used as a reference for structure maintenance and new construction. BUILDING STRONG 80
81 Flow Modification by Regulation Summary: Flow regulation has at least a twofold impact: Changes the CRP design and maintenance criteria Potentially lessens the severity of degradation caused by flood events. The combined effects of these have not been quantified to date in this study BUILDING STRONG 81
82 Dredging 82
83 Dredging Dredging Material Removed from the River Primarily Commercial Dredging for Aggregate Dredging for Out of Channel Fill 83 BUILDING STRONG
84 Annual Sand Extraction from Missouri River Annual Sand Extractions from the Missouri River Main Channel ,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 Sand Removed (tons) 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,
85 Commercial Dredging In the Kansas City Reach of the Missouri River by Year BUILDING STRONG Year Dredging Tons in Millions
86 Kansas River Commercial Sand Dredging Sand on the and Kansas River Gravel Dredging Data Gap Sand Dredging (millions of tons) Years BUILDING STRONG 86
87 0 Dredging Quantity Per Mile and Change in Low Water Profile Between 1990 and Dredging in 100,000 of Tons/River Mile Rulo St. Joseph Dredging Kansas City Waverly Bed Change Boonville Dredging Hermann St. Charles (- Degradation) Change in Feet (+ Aggradation) River Miles Above Mouth 87
88 Average Change in Low Water Profiles From 1990 to 2005 vs. Dredging In Reach RM 0-51 R 2 = RM Change in Low Stage (ft.) RM RM RM RM RM ,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000 45,000,000 50,000,000 Tons Dredged 88
89 1.8 Degradation (Stage 40k CFS) vs. Dredging Tons 2000 thru 2005 Change in Stage in ft, (+ = dropping) Boonville Gage Waverly Gage Hermann Gage R 2 = 0.87 Kansas City Gage 0.2 St. Joseph Gage 0 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 Dreding in Tons 89
90 Average Bed Blevation at Kansas City USGS Gage Bed Elevevation in Feet ' 1.3' 2.2' 2.3' Date 90 BUILDING STRONG
91 Degradation between breaks in rate of degradation vs. total dredged quantities during the same KC Gage 3 R 2 = CY KC Gage CY CY CY ,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 Dredging Totals in Tons 91
92 Summary of Dredging Data evaluated shows a link between bed degradation and dredging. This link is exhibited to some extent at a variety of locations along the lower 498 miles of the Missouri River. BUILDING STRONG 92
93 Dike Installation Over Time % % Number Completed % 60% 40% 20% Date BUILDING STRONG 0% 93
94 Summary of Degradation Causes Primary Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project and Cutoffs Major Flood Events Dredging (extraction) Secondary Kansas River Basin Sedimentation 94
95 Questions and Comments? Kansas City District Allen Tool 95 BUILDING STRONG
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