Physical Interface of Contactless Cards : Past and future evolution of Standard 14443

Transcription

1 Physical Interface of Contactless Cards : Past and future evolution of Standard Florian D L Peters, Bundesdruckerei, Germany Project Editor of ISO / AMD9 (EMD) APTA : ITS BEST PRACTICES WORKSHOP: ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS April, 22th/23th, 2010, Nouvelle-Orléans, LA, USA presentation title, date 1

2 Overview Short presentation of Bundesdruckerei Activities : 1 st edition of proximity standards : Amendments to 1 st edition of proximity standards : 2 nd edition of proximity standards and work in progress Contactless card and objects classes Electromagnetic disturbances Multiple cards in a single operating field Very high bit rates Harmonization with NFC standards / NFC interoperability in public transport 2 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20102

3 Bundesdruckerei The only company worldwide providing an entire solution for eid Producing epassports applying ISO 14443, fully ICAO conform eid card, many applications like qualified signature Full portfolio of reader devices for border management and police services Speaker s responsibility: First ICAO / BSI epassport reader certificate Complete test vs. ICAO and ISO in house, mostly automatic 3 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20103

4 The proximity cards standards ISO/IEC 14443: Proximity cards Part 1: Cards physical characteristics Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface (A and B) Part 3: Initialization and anticollision (A and B) Part 4: Transmission protocol ISO/IEC 10373: Cards test methods Part 6: Proximity cards and coupling devices specific test methods 4 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20104

5 Proximity cards standardization process NP New Proposal 3 month ballot ISO & IEC JTC1 SC17 WG8 TF2 IS International Standard 2 month ballot WD Working Draft FDIS Final Draft International Standard Unanimity in WG8 (or 2 month ballot) CD Committee Draft 3 month ballot FCD Final Committee Draft 4 month ballot 5 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20105

6 First edition of proximity cards standards 6 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20106

7 Standardization activities after first edition publication (1/7) Optional additional communication types (initiated in 2000) Types C, D, E, F and G proposed in July 2000 (by more than 14 countries out of 31) Optional support of the proposed new types For readers: in addition to type A and type B mandatory interfaces For cards: in addition to type A or type B mandatory interface CD ballot (March to July 2001): rejection by 9 countries (31%) No technical advantage compared to types A or B Increase of products complexity and price Less compatibility and interoperability for customers No interoperability with existing implementations Special ballot (November 2001 to January 2002): rejection by 16 countries (55%) Proposed amendment of ISO/IEC definitively abandoned APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20107

8 Standardization activities after first edition publication (2/7) Improved RF test methods (initiated in 2002) Improvement of cards measurement methods Verification of cards correct operation in different conditions of field strength of signal shape (timings and modulation depth) Definition of the optional Class 1 for cards Verification of readers signal shape in different loading conditions Improvement of the readers reception test Amendment 2 of ISO/IEC published in 2003 Amendment 4 of ISO/IEC published in 2006 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20108

9 Standardization activities after first edition publication (3/7) Handling of reserved fields and values (initiated in 2003) "Proprietary" values may be freely used It is authorized to use (to send) proprietary fields and values for proprietary use No standard action may depend on received proprietary fields or values "RFU" fields and values are reserved for future use by ISO/IEC It is strictly forbidden to use (to send) RFU fields and values until their meaning is clearly defined in the standard The behavior of a card or a reader when receiving RFU fields or values is specified to improve interoperability Amendment 3 of ISO/IEC published in 2006 Amendment 1 of ISO/IEC published in 2006 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April 20109

10 Standardization activities after first edition publication (4/7) Optional high bit rates (initiated in 2003) High bit rates (212, 424 or 848 kbit/s) may be used only after card detection at 106 kbit/s Only the bit rates supported by both the card and the reader may be selected The card-to-reader bit rate need not be the same as the reader-to-card bit rate More and more products support high bit rates, with in certain conditions a reduction of their performance (operating distance, communication errors ) Amendment 1 of ISO/IEC published in 2005 Amendment 1 of ISO/IEC published in 2005 Amendment 5 of ISO/IEC published in 2007 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

11 Standardization activities after first edition publication (5/7) Protocol test methods (initiated in 2001) Test of each nominal sequence Test of many "out of limit" cases Test of reserved fields and values handling Amendment 3 of ISO/IEC published in 2006 Amendment 1 of ISO/IEC published in 2007 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

12 Standardization activities after first edition publication (6/7) Requirements for the enhancement of interoperability (initiated in 2005) Creation of a dedicated task force (WG8/TF4) to work on a new proposal: "To identify and specify a suitable test environment such that interoperability of cards between open systems can be confirmed." Most requirements to be ultimately added to the relevant parts of ISO/IEC Technical report: "Requirements for the enhancement of interoperability" ISO/IEC TR published in 2007 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

13 Standardization activities after first edition publication (7/7) Test methods for epassport (initiated in 2007) Informative text based on an ICAO Technical Report Detailed combination of test conditions to use (e.g. temperature, field strength ) Use of epassport dedicated commands, files Amendment 7 of ISO/IEC to be published in 2010 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

14 Amendments to first edition of proximity cards standards ISO/IEC /AM1 ISO/IEC /AM1 ISO/IEC /AM3 ISO/IEC /AM1 ISO/IEC /AM2 ISO/IEC /AM4 ISO/IEC /AM3 Abandonment of optional additional types amendment ISO/IEC /AM1 ISO/IEC /AM Publication of first edition 7 WG8/TF2 meetings 6 WG8/TF4 meetings ISO/IEC TR APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

15 Revision of the proximity cards standards (1/4) Revision of ISO/IEC parts 1 and 4 (initiated in 2004) ISO/IEC Integration of contactless tickets and objects of any other dimension Suppression of general requirements already mentioned in ISO/IEC 7810 Integration of Class definitions (only Class 1 in this document) ISO/IEC Integration of published amendment 1 Clarification of one protocol rule 2 nd edition of ISO/IEC published in nd edition of ISO/IEC published in 2008 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

16 Revision of the proximity cards standards (2/4) Revision of ISO/IEC part 3 (initiated in 2006) Integration of published amendments 1 and 3 Fixed non-unique 4-byte numbers allowed in type A Addition of margins on critical timing parameters Detailed state diagram for type B cards Possibility of type B cards/tickets/objects without anticollision 2 nd edition of ISO/IEC to be published in 2010 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

17 Revision of the proximity cards standards (3/4) Revision of ISO/IEC part 2 (initiated in 2006) Integration of published amendment 1 Addition of margins on most parameters Parameter values may depend now on current situation of others Modification of the card load modulation amplitude limit 2 nd edition of ISO/IEC to be published in 2010, FDIS ready! APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

18 Revision of the proximity cards standards (4/4) Revision of ISO/IEC part 6 (initiated in 2006) Integration of published amendments 1 to 5 New reference card to improve reader testing Alignment with the 2 nd edition of ISO/IEC standards New methods for more accurate card and reader waveform measurements To conclude: Better reproducibility and comparison of results! 2 nd edition of ISO/IEC to be published in 2010/2011 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

19 Work in progress: Additional classes (1/3) Overview Work initiated in 2004 with Class 1 definition (full card size antenna) Card classes are defined to avoid interoperability problems in close coupling because of a strong loading effect A card complies with the requirements of Class N if its antenna matches a precise zone its loading effect does not exceed the one of Class N reference card Five additional classes (one mobile ) were proposed and are being balloted Impact on all physical parts of the basic and test standard Amendment 1 of ISO/IEC Amendment 4 of ISO/IEC Amendment 9 of ISO/IEC APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

20 Work in progress: Additional classes (2/3) Class Market needs Dedicated requirements (current status quo) Reader supports 1 Mass transit, banking, identity None Mandatory 2 Banking (embossed cards) New PICC operating Hmax Mandatory 3 Mobile phones New Hmax and New load modulation limit 4 Banking (small cards) New Hmax, Hmin, Mandatory Optional New load modulation limit 5 Key Fobs, etc. as above Optional 6 Key Fobs as above Optional APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

21 Work in progress: Additional classes (3/3) Antenna dimensions / Referene PICC dimensions Class 2 Class 3 Class 6 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 21 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

22 Work in progress: Electromagnetic disturbances (1/3) Overview Work initiated in 2006 after the discovery of some communication problems Proximity cards communicate by (intentional) load modulation But variations of the card power consumption also creates (unintentional) load modulation Some cards have so large variations that some readers detect false card response A limitation of card EMD was proposed and is being balloted Amendment 3 of ISO/IEC Amendment 4 of ISO/IEC Amendment 9 of ISO/IEC (see example two slides forward) APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

23 Work in progress: Electromagnetic disturbances (2/3) Proposals Unlimited EMD level is allowed after the reader command The EMD level is restricted for a short period just before the card answer A recovery algorithm is implemented in readers so that unlimited EMD is discarded until card response is properly received Bundesdruckerei : Fully implemented algorithms to avoid interruptions Reader command Unlimited EMD level Limited EMD level Card response APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

24 Work in progress: Electromagnetic disturbances (3/3) Example of EMD produced by a real card End of reader command EMD Card response 1 MHz Filtered according to new Amd9 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

25 (1/2) Example of New EMD Test in AMD9 of PCD Recovery Test (mandatory) PCD is intentionally faced with disturbances (EMD) EMD modulation level is above the limit A real PICC answer is transmitted to the reader Is the PCD able to recover from the EMD pattern? PCD PCD command Next PCD command Reference PICC transmission Test Pattern D t E, PCD PICC answer Figure Amd.9.4 Recovery Test Sequence t 25 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

26 Work in progress: Multiple cards in a single operating field (1/2) Overview To be distinguished : Only selecting (more easy) and true multiple operation Work initiated in 2006, partly because of multiple evisas in epassports Majority of holders in a few years keep at least ID and Transport Card Some solutions proposed by different suppliers : Keep the existing one card rule (payment) Select first card detected, e.g. nfc_initiator_select_tag() Collision avoidance (ISO , AFI) Reader interrogates all cards (active complex case!) APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

27 Multiple Cards in Field (2/3) Active case very complex subject because of many reader and cards parameters Antennas dimensions Relative distances Resonance frequencies Cards power consumptions Main effects of the multiple interactions on card powering and communication Reduction of each card resonance frequency Uneven share of the power in the field between the cards Distortion of the reader signals Technical report to be prepared : MasterCard s, et. al. activities! 27 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

28 Work in progress:multiple cards in a single operating field (3/3) Example of the reduction of card resonance frequency with 3 cards APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

29 Work in progress: Very high bit rates (1/2) Overview Work initiated in 2003 together with the high bit rates (212 to 848 kbit/s) Very high bit rates are from 1.6 Mbit/s to 6.8 Mbit/s or more Useful in applications exchanging very large amounts of data Very slow progress on this subject since 2003 Very few contributions and demonstrations New modulation techniques (in contactless) necessary for these bit rates Difficulties to meet spectrum regulations in reader to card direction Difficulties to keep a good operating distance with low bit error rate No working draft expected in 2009 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

30 Work in progress: Very high bit rates (2/2) Communication quality vs. bit rate and communication volume APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

31 Work in progress: Harmonization with NFC standards (1/4) History of NFC standards 2001: Creation of an ETSI working group for a "Peer-to-peer contactless standard" 2002: Definitive rejection of "Optional Type C" proposal in ISO/IEC Publication of ETSI ES based on the rejected RF interface Creation of an ECMA working group (TC47) for Near Field Communications Publication of ECMA 340 (~ES ISO/IEC Type A) 2003: ECMA 340 adopted as ISO/IEC with a "fast track procedure" Publication of ECMA 352 (~ECMA ISO/IEC and reader modes) 2004: 2 nd edition of ECMA 340 (identical to ISO/IEC 18092) 2005: ETSI endorsed ECMA nd edition as EN ECMA 352 adopted as ISO/IEC with a "fast track procedure" + other NFC standards not in conflict with ISO/IEC APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

32 Work in progress: Harmonization with NFC standards (2/4) Overview Harmonization Work initiated in 2007 because NFC standards were not fully compliant with ISO/IEC NFC standards prepared and maintained by ECMA and transferred to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC6 Difficulties to set up the collaboration between the two ISO committees Ad hoc joint meeting in September 2008 output: task list Vocabulary and terms: to build a cross-reference table for better mutual understanding Similarities: to deal with inconsistencies, duplications, missing items Tests methods for interoperability: to be identified, evaluated and maybe modified or developed First study group meeting in March 2009 Second study group meeting in September 2009 List of recommendations to harmonize standards expected in 2010 APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

33 Work in progress: Harmonization with NFC standards (3/4) Technical points addressed by the study group Harmonization of terms, definitions and common requirements and if possible use references rather than copying text Technology mode detection and switching RF test methods for NFC devices, cards and readers Consideration of technical points related to battery powered devices Antenna size Field strength Power-saving Mechanisms to enhance the capability exchange of ISO/IEC to support services offered by ISO/IEC 18092/21481, and vice versa Study commonalities and differences between the NFC-SEC and the ISO/IEC 7816 security models APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

34 Work in progress: Harmonization with NFC standards (4/4) Summary of main differences between NFC and proximity cards standards NFC devices must support "initiator" and "target" roles "passive" and "active" modes ISO/IEC defines cards (always passive, A or B) readers (always active, A and B) Any NFC-2 devices can start a communication with any ISO/IEC card (A or B) Any ISO/IEC reader can start a communication with any NFC device (at 106 kbit/s) NFC higher bit rates (212 and 424 kbit/s) are not compliant with ISO/IEC NFC protocol is different from ISO/IEC APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

35 Revision of proximity cards standards and work in progress APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

36 14443 / NFC interoperability in public transport Recommendations Until successful completion of harmonization process, NFC devices should comply with ISO/IEC standards (in addition to NFC ones) mainly in card emulation mode to be accepted by ISO/IEC readers optionally in reader mode if they are to read ISO/IEC cards This should not be a major problem for RF interface and anticollision layers, as NFC standards are (quasi?) identical to ISO/IEC (at 106 kbit/s) The ISO/IEC protocol should be supported by these devices, as well as upper layers for perfect card emulations These devices should comply with the ISO/IEC Class 3 requirements, with or preferably without the new load modulation limit ISO/IEC readers should be tested against Class 3 requirements (in particular the new load modulation limit) APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

37 Conclusion The ISO/IEC standard has been continuously improving since its first publication in This improvement process will continue in the coming years to standardize The objects of any dimensions, by the classes concept The electromagnetic disturbances produced by the cards The multiple cards in a single operating field The very high bit rates The harmonization with NFC standards and to study any other subject which improves performance or interoperability, while keeping maximum compatibility with the original edition. Websites: APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April

38 Thank you for your attention! Merci pour votre attention! Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit! APTA: FDL. Peters, 23. April