Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards
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1 Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards Submitted to Prof. Dr. Eduard Heindl By Mostafa Mansy
2 AGENDA Introduction Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids Smart Grid Communications Requirements Smart Grid Standards Conclusion Smart Grid Technologies 2
3 Introduction
4 Authors 2011 Vehbi C. Gungor Dilan Sahin Taskin Kocak Salih Ergüt Concettina Buccella Carlo Cecati Gerhard P. Hancke Smart Grid Technologies 4
5 Energy Infrastructure 100 Years 2.5% annually over the past 20 years Smart Grid Technologies 5
6 Challenges with Current Networks Lack of automated analysis. Poor visibility. Mechanical switches causing slow response times. Lack of situational awareness. Growing population and demand for energy. Global climate change. Equipment failures. Energy storage problems. Capacity limitations of electricity generation. One-way communication. Grid Infrastructure Decrease in fossil fuels and resilience problems. The greenhouse gas emissions on Earth have been a significant threat that is caused by the electricity and transportation industries Smart Grid Technologies 6
7 Smart Grids The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for improved efficiency, reliability and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources, through automated control and modern communications technologies. Smart grid enables new network management strategies provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Generation (DG) for Demand Side Management and energy storage for DG load balancing Smart Grid Technologies 7
8 Smart Grids The existing grid is lack of communication capabilities, while a smart power grid infrastructure is full of enhanced sensing and advanced communication and computing abilities. Different components of the system are linked together with communication paths and sensor nodes to provide interoperability between them Smart Grid Technologies 8
9 Countries Focus Largest power grid modernization investment in the U.S. history - $ 3.4 billion Smart Grid Technologies 9
10 AGENDA Introduction Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids Smart Grid Communications Requirements Smart Grid Standards Conclusion Smart Grid Technologies 10
11 Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
12 Communication Importance Data Real time pricing. Reliable, secure and cost effective service. Analyse & Control Customer participation for efficient electricity usage. Outages after disasters Smart Grid Technologies 12
13 Communications Media Smart Meter & Electric Utilities low cost infrastructure. Ease of connection to unreachable areas. No interference problems. No dependency on batteries. Weak Signal Problems Smart Grid Technologies 13
14 Information Flow Infrasctructure Electrical Appliances Smart Meter Time of deployment. Operational costs. Availability of the technology. Rural/urban or indoor/outdoor environments. Consider Internet Cellular Technologies The technology choice that fits one environment may not be suitable for the other. Utility s Data Centres Smart Grid Technologies 14
15 ZigBee Relatively Low Data Rate Wireless Communication Power Usage Cost of Deployment Smart lightning. Energy monitoring. Home automation. Automatic meter reading. Ideal For: Complexity Smart Grid Technologies 15
16 ZigBee Pros & Cons Gas, water and electricity utilities 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz band Low processing capabilities Load control and reduction, demand response, real-time pricing programs, realtime system Simplicity & Mobility & Robustness Standardized based on the IEEE Pros Low bandwidth requirements Interference avoidance schemes and energy-efficient routing protocols, should be implemented Cons Small memory size Easy network implementation Low cost of deployment Subject to interference with other appliances, which share the same transmission medium Smart Grid Technologies 16
17 Wireless Mesh Flexible network. Consisting of a group of nodes. New nodes can join the group. Each node can act as an independent router. Self-healing enables the communication signals to find another route via the active nodes Smart Grid Technologies 17
18 Wireless Mesh Pros & Cons Cost effective Fading and interference Meters act as signal repeaters. Pros Dynamic selforganization Un-needed loops causing additional overheads and reducing bandwidth. Cons Reliable and flexible routing needs sufficient number of smart nodes and cost Good coverage with the ability of multi-hop routing Improving the network performance and balancing the load Self-healing & self configuration Encryption techniques required for security Third party company to manage the network Smart Grid Technologies 18
19 Cellular Network Communication Save time of building new dedicated communication infrastructure. Avoid spending operational costs. Using existing cellular networks: Using 2G, 2.5G, 3G, WiMAX and LTE to spread in wide area environments. Huge data could be transferred between meter and utility in 15 minutes which requires high data connection. GSM technology performs up to 14.4 Kbps, GPRS performs up to 170 Kbps and they both support AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure), Demand Response, Home Area Network (HAN) applications Smart Grid Technologies 19
20 Cellular Network Communication Pros & Cons Using existing networks Sharing with customer market which could result in reduced performance in emergencies Fast installations Wide-spread and cost-effective. Pros Cons Lower maintenance costs Strong security control already exists Small data intervas leads to huge amount of data transfer and suffecient bandwidth provided Service is not garanteed in abnormal situations wind storm Smart Grid Technologies 20
21 Power Line Communication (PLC) Using existing power lines to transmit high speed (2-3 Mbps) data signals from one device to the other. Direct connection with the meter and successful implementations of AMI in urban areas. Smart meters are connected to the data concentrator through power lines and data is transferred to the data centre via cellular network technologies. France: PLC technology is chosen for data communication between smart meters and the data concentrator, while GPRS technology is used for transferring the data from the data concentrator to the utility s data centre Italy: PLC technology to transfer smart meter data to the nearest data concentrator and GSM technology to send the data to data centres Smart Grid Technologies 21
22 Power Line Communication (PLC) Pros & Cons Standardization s of PLC Harsh and noisy environment Very suitable for urban areas as infrastructure is already there. Pros Cost effective Cons Widely available Hybrid solutions in which PLC technology is combined with other technologies (GPRS or GSM). Wiring distance between transmitter and receiver Smart Grid Technologies 22
23 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) High speed digital data transmission. Uses the wires of the voice telephone network. Frequencies greater than 1 MHz through an ADSL enabled telephone line Already existing infrastructure of DSL lines Smart Grid Technologies 23
24 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) Pros & Cons Widespread availability Reliability and potential down time Pros Wird DSL require communication cables Cost Cons Distance dependances High bandwidth transmisions Low cost Lack of standardization Smart Grid Technologies 24
25 Communication Wired technologies, such as DSL, PLC, optical fiber, are costly for wide area deployments but they have the ability to increase the communications capacity, reliability and security. On the other hand, wireless technologies can reduce the installation costs, but provide constrained bandwidth and security options Smart Grid Technologies 25
26 AGENDA Introduction Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids Smart Grid Communications Requirements Smart Grid Standards Conclusion Smart Grid Technologies 26
27 Smart Grid Communications Requirements
28 Communication Requirements - Performance Issues like delay or outage may compromise stability. - How to Define Qos Requirements? - How to ensure it? Quality of Service (QoS) Security - Secure Information Storage. - Secure Information Transportation. - Using advanced web services protocols with advanced functionalities (self-configuration) to facilitate the operations between smart meters, smart sensor nodes, smart data collectors, and renewable energy resources. Scalability System Reliability, Robustness and Availability - Embedded intelligent devices (IEDs). - Hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions Smart Grid Technologies 28
29 AGENDA Introduction Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids Smart Grid Communications Requirements Smart Grid Standards Conclusion Smart Grid Technologies 29
30 Smart Grid Standards
31 Revenue Metering Information Model Building Automation Substation Automation Power line Networking Home Area Network Device Communication Measurement and Control Application-Level Energy Management Systems Inter-control and Inter-operability Center Communications Smart Grid Standards Smart Grid Technologies 31
32 AGENDA Introduction Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids Smart Grid Communications Requirements Smart Grid Standards Conclusion Smart Grid Technologies 32
33 Conclusion
34 Conclusion Smart grid is the evolution of electric power systems. Renewable sources has huge effect of developing the new smart grids. Smart grids developed to enhance efficiency, reliability and safety of the existing power grid. Ensuring proactive and real-time and reliable diagnosis of possible failures Smart Grid Technologies 34
35 Q&A? Thank You
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