RECONSTRUCTION & THE NEW SOUTH
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1 RECONSTRUCTION & THE NEW SOUTH A15QW
2 Guiding Questions How did the Civil War & Reconstruction change the United States politically, socially and economically? Some historians have called Reconstruction a Glorious Failure? How accurate is this description?
3 Key Questions 1. How to bring the South back into the Union? 2. How to rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How to integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?
4 Stages of Reconstruction 1. Presidential Reconstruction ( ) 2. Congressional (or Radical) Reconstruction ( ) 3. Redemption ( ) (creation of the New South )
5 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
6 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln s 10% Plan: TN, LA, AR Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens (Rep.- PA) Charles Sumner (Sen.- Mass) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) 13 th Amendment (1865) Freedmen s Bureau 14 th Amendment (1868) Lincoln s Assassination Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner
7 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION: Assisting Former Slaves Thirteenth Amendment (Ratified Dec. 1865) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
8 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln s Assassination (April 14, 1865) John Wilkes Booth Ford s Theatre, April 1865 John Wilkes Booth (1862)
9 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Andrew Johnson Johnson s Reconstruction Plan: 1) Amnesty upon simple oath Exceptions: Confederate government officials, military officers & those with property over $20,000. Pardons 2) New state constitutions - repudiate Slavery, Secession, and Confederate debts. Process: Provisional governors, elections for constitutional conventions.
10 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Issues: Pardons (over 13,500). Former Confederates elected to state positions and Congress (Stephens) Black Codes Race riots Memphis (May 1866), New Orleans (August 1866) 14th Amendment Public Reaction in North? Election of 1866: Republicans 3-1 majorities in both houses and control of every northern state. Backlash against Johnson & new southern state gov ts
11 Congress Ends Presidential Reconstruction Why do the Radicals in Congress take control? How? Dec Congress bars Southern Senators and Congressmen elected under Johnson s plan Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. March 1866 Congress passes the Freedmen s Bureau renewal bill and the 1866 Civil Rights Act over Johnson s vetoes (1st veto overrides in U. S. history) Nov After Johnson made a disastrous tour around the north pushing his plan, voters give Republicans 3-1 majorities in both houses and control of every northern state. Backlash against Johnson & new southern state governments
12 CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
13 Radical Plan for Readmission What is the Radical Plan? Reconstruction Acts of 1867: Constitutions and governments set up under Johnson thrown out Ironclad oath New state constitutions - with black suffrage Ratification of Thirteenth & Fourteenth Amendments Military supervision: voter registration, constitution making, governments
14 Reconstruction Acts of 1867
15 Fourteenth Amendment Ratified in July, 1868 Defines U.S. citizenship for the first time Guarantees equal protection under the laws and the right to due process First amendment to explicitly apply to state governments Purposes? guarantee rights and security of freedpeople. prevent return of Confederate power. Enshrined the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.
16 Impeachment Impeachment Tenure of Office Act Edwin Stanton Impeachment of President Johnson Trial in Senate
17 CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION in the South 40 acres and a mule tenants Sharecroppers crop lien system Sharecropper s cabin, North Carolina, 1914 Freedmen in Richmond, Virginia, 1865
18 Tenancy & the Crop Lien System FURNISHING MERCHANT TENANT FARMER LANDOWNER Loans tools & up to 60% interest to farmer to plant spring crop Also provides food, clothing, etc. on credit until the harvest. Holds lien on part of future crops Plants crop, harvests in fall. Turns over up to ½ of crop to owner as rent. Gives remainder of crop to merchant to pay debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer s future crop.
19 Sharecropping and the Cycle of Debt SHARECROPPING & THE CYCLE OF DEBT Poor whites & freedmen have no jobs, homes, or $ to buy land Sharecropper cannot leave farm as long as he is in debt to landlord. At harvest, sharecropper owes more to landlord than his share of the crop is worth. Poor whites & freedmen sign contracts to work landlord s acreage for part of the crop. Landlord keeps track of the $$ that sharecroppers owe for housing and food.
20 Congressional Reconstruction Reconstruction Governments carpetbaggers scalawags freedmen myth of black rule Accomplishments?
21 First Black U.S. Senators & Congressmen, 1872
22 Ratified in th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women s rights groups furious - they were not granted the vote!
23 Racial Violence & Intimidation How does the South regain control? Knights of the White Camellia White Leagues Ku Klux Klan Mississippi Klansman, 1871 (Courtesy of Mr. Herbert Peck, Jr.)
24 The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [KKK Acts] Civil Rights Act of 1875 Rise of the Bourbons Redeemers
25 END OF RECONSTRUCTION 1877
26 Northern Support Wanes: Grant Administration Why? President U.S. Grant ( ) Grantism & corruption Credit Mobilier Panic of 1873 (6 yr. depression) Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars Why else?
27 END OF RECONSTRUCTION Why? Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes
28 REDEMPTION AND THE NEW SOUTH
29 Redemption & the New South Percentage of Farms Sharecropped, by Southern county Redeemers New South Agriculture Industry Lost Cause Pig iron, Birmingham, 1877 (Harper's Weekly, March 26, 1877)
30 Jim Crow and Segregation Jim Crow When? Poll Tax literacy test grandfather laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) effects lynchings Ida B. Wells
31 Jim Crow and Segregation 1860s Reconstruction begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1870s Reconstruction ends.
32 African-American Response Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute Atlanta Compromise Booker T. Washington
33 Results? How did the Civil War & Reconstruction change the United States politically, socially & economically?
34 Results CW and Reconstruction Slavery ended 13th Amendment Northern industrial economy triumphed South economically depressed 14th and 15th Amendments Free public schools in South Some African Americans served in state and federal govt Ultimately unsuccessful in South
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