References for Ethograms Chapter. Altmann, J Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49:

Transcription

1 References for Ethograms Chapter Altmann, J Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49: Lehner, P. N Handbook of Ethological Methods (second edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Martin, P., and Bateson, P Measuring Behaviour: an Introductory Guide (third edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Stamp Dawkins, M Observing Animal Behaviour: Design and Analysis of Quantitative Data. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

2 Spectacled bear ethogram Initial version Foraging Eating Climbing Resting Investigation Scent marking Social interaction Play Sniffing other bears Pacing Animal is actively searching for food. Animal is in the process of putting food in its mouth or chewing food. Animal takes more than 2 steps in any direction but not in a stereotypic pattern Animal locomotes on structures and/or trees in exhibit; not at ground level Animal is in a still position with its eyes open or closed, and not exhibiting any other behavior. Animal is actively interested in any part of its environment and is either looking at it intently or manipulating the object with its nose or paws. Animal deposits secretions from specialized glands on environmental substrates via rubbing or spraying. may include both aggressive and affiliative behaviors. includes chasing, biting, pawing at or slapping another animal with the paw. includes rough and tumble interactions. One animal takes an interest in another through nose contact or close proximity to the anogenital region. Animal is walking a repetitive manner or in a pattern with no known function.

3 Eating Spectacled bear ethogram Revised by combining, deleting or splitting specific behaviors Explanation Foraging Animal is actively searching for food or in the process of putting food in its mouth or chewing food. Climbing Resting Olfactory Visual and physical Scent marking Social interaction Play Sniffing other bears Pacing Animal takes more than 2 steps in any direction but not in a stereotypic pattern Animal locomotes on structures and/or trees in exhibit; not at ground level Animal is in a still position with its eyes open or closed, and not exhibiting any other behavior. Animal is sniffing any part of its environment Animal is actively interested in any part of its environment and is either looking at it intently or manipulating the object with its nose or paws. Animal deposits secretions from specialized glands on environmental substrates via rubbing or spraying. Contact or non contact interaction with conspecifics that may include both aggressive and affiliative behaviors. Contact or non contact interaction with conspecifics that includes chasing, biting, pawing at or slapping another animal with the paw. Contact or non contact interaction with conspecifics that includes rough and tumble interactions. One animal takes an interest in another through nose contact or close proximity to the anogenital region. Animal is walking a repetitive manner or in a pattern with no known function. Foraging and eating are combined into a single category Investigation is split into olfactory and visual/physical Social interaction is eliminated. These three different types of social interaction aggression, play, and sniffing other bears, are retained as separate behaviors on the ethogram.

4 Spectacled bear ethogram Final version Feeding Climbing Resting Olfactory Visual and physical Scent marking Play Sniffing other bears Pacing Out of view Other Animal is actively searching for food or in the process of putting food in its mouth or chewing food. Animal takes more than 2 steps in any direction but not in a stereotypic pattern Animal locomotes on structures and/or trees in exhibit; not at ground level Animal is in a still position with its eyes open or closed, and not exhibiting any other behavior. Animal is sniffing any part of its environment but not other bears. Animal is actively interested in any part of its environment and is either looking at it intently or manipulating the object with its nose or paws. Animal deposits secretions from specialized glands on environmental substrates via rubbing or spraying. includes chasing, biting, pawing at or slapping another animal with the paw. includes rough and tumble interactions. One animal takes an interest in another through nose contact or close proximity to the anogenital region. Animal is walking a repetitive manner or in a pattern with no known function. Animal is not within the observer's sight during the observation period. Any other behavior that the animal is exhibiting that is not described within the other ethogram categories.

5 Flamingo ethogram Initial version Foraging Flying Standing in water Courtship Nesting and parental behavior Bird is actively searching for food or in the process of putting food in its bill or consuming food. Bird is engaged in aerial locomotion. Bird is immobile, in the water, with one or both feet on the substrate, not moving. Bird takes more than 2 steps in any direction but not in a stereotypic pattern Birds engage in species-specific ritualized displays associated with reproductive behavior. Bird is engaged in behaviors associated with nest building, defense, incubation, or care of young. Contact or non-contact interaction that involves chasing, pecking, or slapping.

6 Flamingo ethogram Revised by combining, deleting or splitting behaviors Explanation Foraging Bird is actively searching for food or in the process of putting food in its bill or consuming food. Flying Bird is engaged in aerial locomotion. Standing in water Courtship Sitting On nest Bill tucking Egg rolling Feeding chicks Peck Wing-slap Chase Bird is immobile, in the water, with one or both feet on the substrate, not moving Bird takes more than 2 steps in any direction but not in a stereotypic pattern Birds engage in species-specific ritualized displays associated with reproductive behavior. Bird is active or inactive, with body covering nest. Eyes may be open or closed. May use beak to manipulate nesting material or nest contents. Adult bird places bill between their wing and body for more than 3 seconds. Adult bird uses its bill to move or reposition an egg in the nest Adult bird regurgitates food into the mouths of chicks One bird uses beak to contact any part of another bird that is not its mate. Beak thrusting is forceful. Bird uses wing to hit any part of the body of another bird that is not its mate. Bird rapidly follows another while flapping wings with apparent agonistic intent, as demonstrated by use of beak or wings (as described above). Maybe coincident with vocalization. Bird that initiates the event may become airborne. Nesting and parental behavior is split into 4 separate behaviors, since this is the central focus of the research is split into 3 separate behaviors, since this is the central focus of the research

7 Flamingo ethogram Final version Sitting On nest Bird is active or inactive, with body covering nest. Eyes may be open or closed. May use beak to manipulate nesting material or nest contents. Bill tucking Adult bird places bill between their wing and body for more than 3 seconds. Egg rolling Adult bird uses its bill to move or reposition an egg in the nest. Feeding chicks Adult bird regurgitates food into the mouths of chicks. Peck One bird uses beak to contact any part of another bird that is not its mate. Beak thrusting is forceful. Wing-slap Bird uses wing to hit any part of the body of another bird that is not its mate. Chase Bird rapidly follows another while flapping wings with apparent agonistic intent, as demonstrated by use of beak or wings (as described above). Maybe coincident with vocalization. Bird that initiates the event may become airborne. Out of View Bird is not within the observer's sight during the observation period. Other Any other behavior that the Bird is exhibiting that is not described within the other ethogram categories.