Agenda. At the end of this session, you will understand: The three basic piping systems. Low DeltaT Syndrome causes, effects, and solutions
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1 Roy Hubbard
2 Agenda At the end of this session, you will understand: The three basic piping systems Low DeltaT Syndrome causes, effects, and solutions Design & Control Considerations (VPF) 2
3 Chilled Water Piping System Types (typical) Configuration Load Valves Installed Cost Pumping Cost Constant Primary Flow 3-way Lowest Highest Primary / Secondary 2-way Highest Medium Variable Primary Flow 2-way Medium Lowest 3
4 Waterside Load Equation Secondary Pumps Load = Flow X DeltaT 4
5 Constant Primary Flow (CPF) Secondary Pumps 5
6 Constant Primary Flow (CPF) Dedicated Pumping Load = Flow X DeltaT Secondary Pumps 6
7 Constant Primary Flow at Design Load Per Chiller 500 Tons (1760kW) System 1500 Tons (5280kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) Secondary Pumps ( ºC) (1760 kw) (63 l/s) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) ( ºC) 7
8 Constant Primary Flow at 75% Load Load Per Chiller 375 Tons (1320kW) System 1125 Tons (3960kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 75% Delta T 9 o F (5.6 o C) Secondary Pumps 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) ( ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) (1760 kw) (63 l/s) 53 ºF ( ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 8
9 Constant Primary Flow at 50% Load All Pumps & Chillers On Load Per Chiller 250 Tons (880kW) System 750 Tons (2640kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 50 ºF (10 ºC) 50% Delta T 6 o F (3.3 o C) Secondary Pumps 50 ºF (10 ºC) ( ºC) 50 ºF (10 ºC) (1760 kw) (63 l/s) 50 ºF ( ºC) 50 ºF (10 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 9
10 Constant Primary Flow at 50% Load All pumps on, 2 chillers on Load Per Chiller 375 Tons (1320kW) System 750 Tons (2640kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 50% Delta T 6 o F (3.3 o C) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) Secondary Pumps 48 ºF) ( ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) (1760 kw) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) (63 l/s) 53 ºF ( ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 48 ºF (8.8 ºC) 10
11 Constant Primary Flow at 50% Load All pumps on, 2 chillers on with CHW reset Load Per Chiller 375 Tons 1320kW) System 750 Tons (2640kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 50 ºF (11.7 ºC) 50 ºF (11.7 ºC) 50 ºF (11.7 ºC) 41 ºF (6.7 ºC) Secondary Pumps 44 ºF) ( ºC) 50% Delta T 6 o F (3.3 o C) Need an automation System 50 ºF (11.7 ºC) (1760 kw) 41 ºF (6.7 ºC) (63 l/s) 50 ºF ( ºC) 50 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 11
12 Constant Primary Flow at 25% Load Load Per Chiller 125 Tons (440kW) System 375Tons (1320kW) Primary Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 47 ºF (8.3 ºC) 25% Delta T 3 o F (1.7 o C) Secondary Pumps 47 ºF (8.3 ºC) ( ºC) 47 ºF (8.3ºC) (1760 kw) (63 l/s) 47 ºF ( ºC) 47 ºF (8.3 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 12
13 Constant Flow Primary Advantages Lowest installed cost Less plant space than P/S Easy to Control & Operate Easy to Commission Disadvantages Highest Plant Energy Cost (all pumps on always, possibly chillers as well) 13
14 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) 14
15 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) SLoad = Flow X DeltaT Secondary Pumps PLoad = Flow X DeltaT 15
16 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) Headered Pumping Secondary Pumps 16
17 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) Dedicated Pumping Secondary Pumps 17
18 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) Rule of Flow Primary flow must always be equal to or greater than Secondary flow. Secondary Pumps 18
19 Primary/Secondary at Design Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1500 Tons (5280kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 3000gpm (189 l/s) 0gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 100% Load = 100% Sec Flow 100 ft (303 kpa) Head 44.0 F (6.7 C) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) 0 44 ºF ºC 19 ( ºC) 50 ft (152 kpa) Head 3000 ( ºC)
20 Primary/Secondary at 75% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 1125 Tons (3960kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 2250gpm (142 l/s) 750gpm (47 l/s) Delta T 9 o F (5 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ºF (11.7 ºC) Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 75% Load 75% = 75% Sec Flow 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) ºF ºC ºF ( ºC) 2250 ( ºC) 20
21 Primary/Secondary at 50% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 750 Tons (2640kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 2000gpm (126 l/s) 1500gpm (95 l/s) 500gpm (32 l/s) Delta T 9 o F (5 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 50% Load 50% = 50% Sec Flow 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) ºF ºC ºF ( ºC) 1500 ( ºC) 21
22 Primary/Secondary at 25% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 375 Tons (1320kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 1000gpm (126 l/s) 750gpm (47 l/s) 250gpm (16 l/s) Delta T 9 o F (5 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 25% Load 25% = 25% Sec Flow 53 ºF (11.7 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) ºF ºC ºF ( ºC) ºC) 22
23 What Controls the Flow of the Secondary Loop? But what controls the VSD s? 23
24 Valve Controls Leaving Air Temperature (LAT) 24
25 Valve Controls Leaving Air Temperature (LAT) Set Point = 55º (12.8º) LAT T 25
26 Valve Controls Leaving Air Temperature (LAT) Set Point = 55º (12.8º) LAT T 26
27 Valve Controls Leaving Air Temperature (LAT) Set Point = 55º (12.8º) LAT T 27
28 As Valve Opens, Pressure in loop lowers As Valve Closes, Pressure in loop rises 28
29 Pressure Differential Sensor Controls Secondary Pump Speed Differential Pressure sensor on last coil controls speed to Set Point (coil WPD+Valve PD+Piping PD+Safety) located at end of Index Circuit for best efficiency P Set Point P=25 ft (76 kpa) 29
30 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) Advantages Easy to Control Easy to Commission Loop separation Easier trouble-shooting Separating isolated loads/buildings for lower total pump energy Lower Plant Energy (can sequence chillers and ancillary equipment) Versatile multi-circuit capability Lower pump energy cost than CPF Disadvantages Higher Pump Energy Cost vs VPF Highest Installed Cost (Sec Pumps, Piping, etc.) Potential for higher plant energy loss because of Low Delta T syndrome 30
31 Variable Primary Flow 31
32 Variable Primary Flow Load = Flow X DeltaT Variable Primary Flow at 100% System Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils Primary Pumps Chillers Closed 32
33 Primary/Secondary System Four Differences? Variable Primary System Primary Pumps Chillers 33
34 Variable Primary Flow at Design Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1500 Tons (5280kW) Primary Bypass Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 0gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow 100% at 100% Load System = 100% Load Flow Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 1000 GPM each (63 l/s) 500 Ton (1760 kw) Chillers 0 44 ºF ºC Closed 3000 ( ºC) ( ºC)
35 Variable Primary Flow at 75% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 1125 Tons (3960 kw) Primary Bypass Flow 2250 gpm (189 l/s) 0 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow 75% at Load 75% System = 75% Flow Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 750 GPM each (47 l/s) 2250 ( ºC) ºF ºC Closed 2250 ( ºC)
36 Variable Primary Flow at 50% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 750 Tons (2640 kw) Primary Bypass Flow 1500 gpm (95 l/s) 0 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow 50% at Load 50% System = 50% Flow Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) 36 Primary Pumps 750 GPM each (47 l/s) 1500 ( ºC) 0 44 ºF ºC Closed 1500 ( ºC)
37 Variable Primary Flow at 25% Load Per Chiller System Load 375 Tons (1320kW) 375 Tons (1320 kw) Primary Bypass Flow 750 gpm (95 l/s) 0 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow 25% at Load 25% System = 25% Flow Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) 37 Primary Pumps 750 GPM (47 l/s) 750 ( ºC) 0 44 ºF ºC Closed 750 ( ºC)
38 Variable Primary Flow in Bypass Mode System flow below chiller min flow (250 gpm) Per Chiller System Load 50 Tons (176kW) 50Tons (176 kw) Primary Bypass Flow 250 gpm (95 l/s) 150 gpm (9.5 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow at 25% System Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 48.8 ºF (9.3 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 250 GPM (15.8 l/s) ºF ( ºC) ºF ºC Open 100 ( ºC)
39 Varying Flow Through Chillers - Issues Issue 1 - During Normal Operation Chiller Type (centrifugal fast, absorbers slow) Chiller Load (min load - no variance, full load - max variance) System Water Volume (more water, more thermal capacitance, faster variance allowed) Active Loads (near or far from plant) Typical VSD pump ramp rate setting of 10%/minute (accel/decel rates set to 600 seconds) 39
40 Varying Flow Through Chillers - Issues Issue 1 - During Normal Operation Chiller Type (centrifugal fast, absorbers slow) Chiller Load (min load - no variance, full load - max variance) System Water Volume (more water, more thermal capacitance, faster variance allowed) Active Loads (near or far from plant) Typical VSD pump ramp rate setting of 10%/minute (accel/decel rates set to 600 seconds) 40
41 Varying Flow Through Chillers - Issues Issue 1 - During Normal Operation Chiller Type (centrifugal fast, absorbers slow) Chiller Load (min load - no variance, full load - max variance) System Water Volume (more water, more thermal capacitance, faster variance allowed) Active Loads (near or far from plant) Typical VSD pump ramp rate setting of 10%/minute (accel/decel rates set to 600 seconds) Issue 2 - Adding Chillers Add chiller to sequence operating chillers experience nuisance trips off-line (annoying) 41
42 Variable Primary System Staging on chillers & changes in flow rate Current Situation 1 chiller running Per Chiller Variable Primary Flow at 100% System Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 500 Tons (1934kW) ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 500 GPM each (32 l/s) Closed 1000 ( ºC) 42
43 Variable Primary System Staging on chillers & changes in flow rate Current Situation building load increases, valve opens, second chiller starts ºF ºC Per Chiller Variable Primary Flow at 100% If valve System opens too quick: Load System Load 275 Tons (967kW) 550 Tons (1934kW) Chiller 1 shuts down on low chilled Two-way valves control capacity water temp cutout By varying flow of water in coils Best practice! Open valve over 1.5 to 2 minutes to allow for system stabilization 45.0 F (7.2 C) Primary Pumps 550 GPM each (35 l/s) Closed ºF ( ºC) 57 ºF (13.9 ºC) 43
44 Variable Primary Flow (VPF) System Arrangement Advantages Lower Installed Cost (approx. 5% compared P/S) No secondary Pumps or piping, valves, electrical, installation, etc. Offset somewhat by added 2W Bypass Valve and more complex controls Less Plant Space Needed Best Chilled Water Pump Energy Consumption (most optimeady configuration) VSD energy savings Lower Pump Design Head 44
45 Primary/Secondary (Total Head is = 150 ft) Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 100 ft (303 kpa) Head 44.0 F (6.7 C) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) 0 44 ºF ºC 45 ( ºC) 50 ft (152 kpa) Head 3000 ( ºC)
46 Variable Primary Flow (Total Head is = 140) Variable Primary Flow at 100% System Load Two-way valves control capacity By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 1000 GPM each (63 l/s) 500 Ton (1760 kw) Chillers 0 44 ºF ºC Closed 3000 ( ºC) 140 ft (424 kpa) Head ( ºC)
47 Pump Energy (water as fluid) BHP = GPM X Head 3960 X Pump Eff 47
48 Variable Primary Flow (VPF) System Arrangement Advantages Lower Installed Cost (approx. 5% compared P/S) No secondary Pumps or piping, valves, electrical, installation, etc. Offset somewhat by added 2W Bypass Valve and more complex controls Less Plant Space Needed Best Chilled Water Pump Energy Consumption (most optimeady configuration) VSD energy savings Lower Pump Design Head Higher Pump Efficiency 48
49 Pump Curves - Pump Efficiency 49
50 Pump Curves - Pump Efficiency 50 With VPF you will need larger impellors compared to P/S, but they will be operating at a more efficient point, yielding energy savings
51 Pump Energy (water as fluid) BHP = GPM X Head 3960 X Pump Eff 51
52 Variable Primary Flow (VPF) System Arrangement Advantages Medium Installed Cost (approx. 5% compared P/S) No secondary Pumps or piping, valves, electrical, installation, etc. Offset somewhat by added 2W Bypass Valve and more complex controls Less Plant Space Needed (vs P/S) Best Chilled Water Pump Energy Consumption (most optimeady configuration) VSD energy savings Lower Pump Design Head Higher Pump Efficiency Lower potential impact from Low Delta T (can over pump chillers if needed) 52
53 Variable Primary Flow (VPF) System Arrangement Advantages Medium Installed Cost (approx. 5% compared P/S) No secondary Pumps or piping, valves, electrical, installation, etc. Offset somewhat by added 2W Bypass Valve and more complex controls Less Plant Space Needed (vs P/S) Best Chilled Water Pump Energy Consumption (most optimeady configuration) VSD energy savings Lower Pump Design Head Higher Pump Efficiency Lower potential impact from Low Delta T (can over pump chillers if needed) Disadvantages 53 Requires more robust (complex and properly calibrated) control system Can be limited on flexible expandability of the plant Requires coordinated control of chillers, isolation valves, and pumps Potentially longer commissioning times to tune the system Need experienced facility manager to operate/maintain properly
54 Low Delta T Syndrome Secondary Pumps Design Delta T = 12ºF 44 F 56 F 54
55 Major Causes of Low Delta T Dirty Coils 55
56 Chilled Water Coil T 56
57 Chilled Water Coil Load = Flow X Delta T 57
58 Chilled Water Coil Load = Flow X Delta T 58
59 Major Causes of Low Delta T Dirty Coils Controls Calibration Leaky 2-Way Valves Coils Piped-Up Backwards 59
60 Chilled Water Coil T 60
61 Major Causes of Low Delta T Dirty Coils Controls Calibration Leaky 2-Way Valves Coils Piped-Up Backwards Mixing 2-Way with 3-Way Valves in the same system 61
62 Low Delta T Syndrome 3 Way Valves Mixed with 2 Way Secondary Pumps 44 F 56 F 62
63 Primary/Secondary at Design Ideal Operation Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1500 Tons (5280kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 3000gpm (189 l/s) 0 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 100% Load = 100% Sec Flow 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) 12ºF (6.7ºC) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) 0 44 ºF ºC ( ºC) 3000 ( ºC) 63
64 Primary/Secondary at 67% Load Ideal Operation Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1000 Tons (3518kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 2000gpm (126 l/s) 2000gpm (126 l/s) 0 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (4.4 o C) 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 67% Load = 67% Sec Flow 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) 12ºF (6.7ºC) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) 0 44 ºF ºC 2000 (189 ( ºC) 2000 ( ºC) 64
65 Primary/Secondary at 67% Load Low DeltaT Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1000 Tons (3518kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 2000gpm (126 l/s) 2280gpm (144 l/s) 280 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 10 o F (5.6 o C) 10 o F (5.6 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 67% Load = 76% Sec Flow 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) 44 F (6.7 C) 10ºF (5.6ºC) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) ºF ºC ºF (189 ( ºC) ºF ( ºC) 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) 65
66 Primary/Secondary at 67% Load Low DeltaT Per Chiller System Load 417 Tons (1467kW) 934 Tons (3286kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 2000gpm (126 l/s) 2280gpm (144 l/s) 280 gpm (18l/s) Delta T 10 o F (5.6 o C) 10 o F (5.6 o C) ---- Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 67% Load = 76% Sec Flow 54 ºF? (12.2 ºC?) 45.2 ºF (7.3 ºC) 54 ºF? (12.2 ºC?) 45.2 F (7.3 C)??? (63 l/s) (1760 kw) 280? 54 ºF? 17.7? ºC? ºF? (126 ( ºC)?) 2280? 54 ºF? (144? 12.2 ºC?) 54 ºF? (12.2 ºC?) 66
67 Primary/Secondary at 67% Load Low DeltaT Per Chiller System Load 333 Tons (1172kW) 1000 Tons (3518kW) Primary Secondary Bypass Flow 3000gpm (189 l/s) 2280gpm (144 l/s) 720 gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 8 o F (4.4 o C) 10 o F (5.6 o C) ºF (11.1 ºC) 52 ºF (11.1 ºC) Secondary Pumps ºF ºC 67% Load = 76% Sec Flow 44 ºF (6.7 ºC) 52 ºF (11.1 ºC) 44 F (6.7 C) 10ºF (5.6ºC) (63 l/s) (1760 kw) ºF ºC ºF ( ºC) ºF ( ºC) 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) 67
68 Primary (Constant) / Secondary (Variable) Rule of Flow Secondary Pumps Primary flow must always be equal to or greater than Secondary flow. 68
69 Negative Effects of Low Delta T in P/S Systems Consequences: Higher secondary pump energy pumps run faster Higher chilled water plant energy Ancillary equipment Can t load up chillers more than ratio Act DT / Des DT 10/12 = 83% or 417 tons 69
70 Variable Primary Flow at 67% Load Ideal Operation Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1000 Tons (3518kW) Primary Bypass Flow 2000gpm (126l/s) 0gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 12 o F (6.7 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow at 100% System Load 67% Two-way Load valves = control 67% capacity Flow By varying flow of water in coils ºF ºC 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 666 GPM each (42 l/s) 500 Ton (1760 kw) Chillers 0 GPM 0 l/s Closed 2000 ( ºC) ( ºC)
71 Variable Primary Flow at 67% Load Low DeltaT (can over-pump chillers) 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) Per Chiller System Load 500 Tons (1760kW) 1000 Tons (3518kW) Primary Bypass Flow 2280gpm (144l/s) 0gpm (0 l/s) Delta T 10 o F (5.6 o C) ---- Variable Primary Flow at 100% System Load 67% Two-way Load valves = control 76% capacity Flow By varying flow of water in coils 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) ºF ºC 54 ºF (12.2 ºC) 44.0 F (6.7 C) Primary Pumps 760 GPM each (48 l/s) 1140 GPM (72 l/s) ea Chiller Flow 0 GPM 0 l/s Closed ºF ( ºC) ºF ( ºC) 54 ºF (12.2 ºC)
72 Negative Effects of Low Delta T in VPF Systems Consequences: Higher secondary pump energy pumps run faster Higher chilled water plant energy Ancillary equipment Can t load up chillers more than ratio Act DT / Des DT 10/12 = 83% or 417 tons 72
73 Solution to (or reduce effects of) Low Delta T Address the causes Clean Coils Calibrate controls periodically Select proper 2W valves (dynamic/close-off ratings) and maintain them No 3W valves in design Find and correct piping installation errors Over deltat chillers by resetting supply water down (P/S) Over pump chillers at ratio of Design Delta T / Actual Delta T (VPF) Use VSD Chillers & Energy-based sequencing (from 30 to 80% Load) Solve at Load, Mitigate at Plant 73
74 Review Chilled Water Piping Configurations Name the 3 basic piping configurations Finish Equation: Load =? X? What is the Rule of Flow in P/S configuration? What are the three negative impacts of Low DeltaT Syndrome 74
75 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Chillers Equal Sized Chillers preferred, but not required Maintain Min flow rates with Bypass control (1.5 fps) Maintain Max flow rates (11.0 to 12.0 fps) and max WPDs (45 for 2P, 67 for 3P) Modulating Isolation Valves (or 2-position stroke-able) set to open in 1.5 to 2 min Don t vary flow too quickly through chillers (VSD pump Ramp rate typical setting of 10%/min) Sequence If CSD Chillers Load-based sequencing run chillers to max load (Supply Temp rise). Do not run more chillers than needed (water-cooled, single compressor assumed) 75
76 Energy-Based Sequencing of Chillers (CSD Example) 76
77 Max Cap Sequencing of Chillers (CSD Example) 77
78 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Chillers Equal Sized Chillers preferred, but not required Maintain Min flow rates with Bypass control (1.5 fps) Maintain Max flow rates (11.0 to 12.0 fps) and max WPDs (45 for 2P, 67 for 3P) Modulating Isolation Valves (or 2-position stroke-able) set to open in 1.5 to 2 min Don t vary flow too quickly through chillers (VSD pump Ramp rate typical setting of 10%/min) Sequence If CSD Chillers Load-based sequencing run chillers to max load (Supply Temp rise). Do not run more chillers than needed (water-cooled, single compressor assumed) If VSD Chillers Energy-based sequencing run chillers between 30% and 70% load (depending on ECWT and actual off-design performance curves). Run more chillers than load requires. 78
79 Energy-Based Sequencing of Chillers (VSD Example) 79
80 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Chillers Equal Sized Chillers preferred, but not required Maintain Min flow rates with Bypass control (1.5 fps) Maintain Max flow rates (11.0 to 12.0 fps) and max WPDs (45 for 2P, 67 for 3P) Modulating Isolation Valves (or 2-position stroke-able) set to open in 1.5 to 2 min Don t vary flow too quickly through chillers (VSD pump Ramp rate typical setting of 10%/min) Sequence If CSD Chillers Load-based sequencing run chillers to max load (Supply Temp rise). Do not run more chillers than needed (water-cooled, single compressor assumed) If VSD Chillers Energy-based sequencing run chillers between 30% and 80% load (depending on ECWT and actual off-design performance curves). Run more chillers than load requires. Add Chiller - CHW Supply Temp or Load (Flow X Delta T) or amps (if CSD) Subtract Chiller - Load (Flow X Delta T) or Amps (if CSD) 80
81 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Pumps Variable Speed Driven Headered arrangement preferred Sequence with chillers (but run an extra pump than # chillers for over-pumping in low delta T situations) Flow-based sequencing Energy-based sequencing (most efficient combination of pumps) Speed controlled by pressure sensors at end of index circuit (fast response important) Direct wired Piggyback control for large distances Optimized - Reset pressure sensor by valve position of coils 81
82 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Bypass Valve Maintain a minimum chilled water flow rate through the chillers Differential pressure measurement across each chiller evaporator Flow meter preferred Modulates open to maintain the minimum flow through operating chiller(s). Bypass valve is normally open, but closed unless Min flow breeched Pipe and valve sized for Min flow of operating chillers High Range-ability (100:1 or better preferred) PSID Ratings for Static, Dynamic, And Close Off = Shut Off Head of Pumps Linear Proportion (Flow to Time) Characteristic preferred Fast Acting Actuator Locate in Plant around chillers/pumps (preferred) Energy Avoid Network traffic (response time is critical to protect chillers from potential freeze-up) 82
83 VPF Systems Design/Control Considerations Load Valves High Range-ability (200:1 preferred) PSID Ratings for Static, Dynamic, and Close Off = Shut-off Head of Pumps Equal Percentage (Flow to Load) Characteristic Slow Acting Actuator Staging Loads Sequence AHUs On/Off in 10 to 15 min intervals 83
84 Summary on VPF Design (optimal design criteria) Chillers Size equally with same WPDs (best) Respect Min/Max Flows (and max WPDs) through chillers Set Pump VSD Ramp function to about 10%/min (600 sec 0 to Max Speed) Use Modulating (preferred) or Stroke-able Valves (if linear flow to time) on chiller evapside, headered pumping Use 2 Position Valves on chiller evaps, dedicated pumping Pumps VSD Controllers Headered Pumping Arrangement (preferred) Dedicated Pumping OK (over-size pumps) 2 Way Valves Select for Static, Dynamic, Close-off ratings (PSID) equal to pump SOH (plus fill pressure) Range-ability 100 to 200:1 If Bypass fast acting, linear proportion (flow to time) If Coils slow acting, equal percentage, On-Off stagger air units (10-15 min intervals) Controls Set-point far out in index circuit (lower the value, the better the pump energy) Set Ramp function in VSD Controller (10%/min average or decel rate of 600 sec from max speed to zero) Run 1 more pump than chillers (when headered) Chillers On by common Supply Temp, Load, Amps Chillers Off by Load, Amps Over-pump Chillers to combat Low Delta T and get Max Cap out of chillers Bypass controlled by flow meter (preferred) or evap WPD of largest chiller (best location in plant for best energy) 84
85 Roy Hubbard Questions?
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