A Guide to Understanding Dietary Supplements

Transcription

1 A Guide to Understanding Dietary Supplements Shawn M. Talbott, PhD The Haworth Press New York London Oxford

2 CONTENTS Foreword Foreword Preface James M. Rippe MelvinH. Williams xv xvii xix Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1. Overview of the Dietary Supplement Industry and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1 Introduction 1 What Are Dietary Supplements? 2 Why Are Dietary Supplements So Popular? 2 DSHEA 4 Sources for Additional Information on Dietary Supplements 11 Chapter 2. The Product Development Process for Dietary Supplements 13 Introduction 13 Drug Development As a Model for Dietary Supplements 14 Consumer Product Development As a Model for Dietary Supplements 15 New Product Development Approaches 17 Adapting the NPD Process 24 Encouraging Creativity 25 Summary 26 Chapter 3. Critical Evaluation of Dietary Supplements 27 Introduction 27 History of Use and Safety 27

3 Claims Substantiation 31 Scientific Support 31 Third-Party Screening of Dietary Supplements 36 Putting Dietary Supplement Claims into the Proper Perspective 39 FDA Guidance on Scientific Review of Health Claims 40 Advertising and Claims Substantiation for Dietary Supplements 47 Chapter 4. Supplements for Weight Loss 57 Introduction 57 Exercise versus Diet 57 Step Far Away from the Cheesecake 58 Supplements That May Help 60 Summary 63 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) 64 Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA) 67 Chitosan 71 Glucomannan/Konjac 74 Ma Huang/Ephedra 77 Guarana 82 Synephrine/Zhi Shi 86 Carnitine 89 Pyruvate 93 Bladderwrack 96 White Willow 98 Chapter 5. Sports Supplements and Ergogenic Aids 101 Introduction 101 Supplements for Use with Exercise 102 Functional Categorization of Sports Supplements 106 Summary 110 Creatine 112 Ribose 118 Amino Acids 122 Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAS) 125 Androstenedione 129

4 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 133 Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) 137 Tribulus terrestris (Puncture Vine) 140 Cordyceps sinensis 143 Glycerol 146 Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (OKG) or Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) 149 Gamma-Oryzanol/Ferulic Acid/Rice Bran Oil 152 Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) 156 Sodium Bicarbonate 160 Protein Supplements 164 Whey Protein 167 Carnosine 171 Proteolytic Enzymes 175 Chapter 6. Supplements for Boosting Energy Levels 181 Introduction 181 Daily Eating Strategies 182 Rest 184 Supplements 184 Ginseng 187 Royal Jelly 191 Bee Pollen 195 B-Complex Vitamins 197 Vitamin B l (Thiamine) 199 Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) 201 Rhodiola 203 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) 206 Sea Buckthorn 209 Brewer's Yeast 212 Inosine 214 Chapter 7. Supplements for Bone Health 217 Introduction 217 Factors Associated with Skeletal Health 218 Dietary Supplements for Healthy Bones 220 Calcium 222

5 Magnesium 227 Boron 230 Vitamin D 234 Vitamin K 238 Chapter 8. Supplements for Joint Health 241 Introduction 241 Causes of Arthritis and Conventional Treatments 241 Practical Advice 242 Contributing Factors 242 Dietary Supplements 243 Summary 247 Glucosamine 248 Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) 251 Boswellia (Boswellia serrata) 254 Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) 256 Hydrolyzed Collagen Protein (HCP)/Gelatin 259 Devil's Claw 262 Green-Lipped Mussel 265 Sea Cucumber 268 Chapter 9. Supplements for Mood and Brain Health 271 Introduction 271 The First Step Diet and Exercise 272 Dietary Supplements 272 St. John's Wort Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 282 Phenylalanine/D,L-Phenylalanine (DLPA) 286 Phosphatidylserine (PS) 290 Choline 294 Ginkgo Biloba 298 Huperzine A (HupA) 304 Vinpocetine 308 Kava-Kava 311 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) 316 Valerian 320 Melatonin 324 Feverfew 327

6 Chapter 10. Supplements for Heart Health 331 Introduction 331 Opening Blood Vessels 332 Strengthening the Heart Muscle 335 Controlling Free Radical Damage 337 Summary 338 Red Yeast Rice (RYR) 340 Soy 343 Essential Fatty Acids and Omega-3 Fatty Acids 348 Garlic 356 Hawthorn 360 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10)/Ubiquinone 362 Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic Acid 376 Niacin 380 Arginine 385 Alfalfa 389 Chapter 11. Supplements for Immune System Support 393 Introduction 393 Supporting Immune System Function 393 Supplements 394 Echinacea 399 Goldenseal 403 Astragalus 406 Vitamin A Glutamine 417 Zinc Colostrum 421 Beta-Glucans 425 Perilla Seed 428 Cat's Claw 431 Chapter 12. Supplements for Antioxidant Protection and Eye Health Antioxidants Right Where You Need Them Most 435 Dietary Supplements

7 Key Points Regarding Dietary Supplements for Eye Health 438 Antioxidants 440 Lutein/Zeaxanthin 446 Alpha-Lipoic Acid 450 Bilberry/Blueberry 454 Beta-Carotene 457 Selenium 462 Polyphenols/Bioflavonoids 465 N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) 469 Vitamin E 473 Vitamin C 481 Grape Seed Extract (GSE)/Pine Bark Extract 486 Quercetin 492 Chapter 13. Supplements for Gastrointestinal Health 497 Introduction 497 Common Gastrointestinal Conditions 497 Supplements That May Be Helpful 499 Fiber 503 Aloe Vera 508 Ginger 511 Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)/Prebiotics 515 Probiotics/Acidophilus 519 Slippery Elm 525 Mastic 527 Yellow Dock 530 Capsicum/Cayenne 533 Chapter 14. Supplements for Male Health 537 Introduction 537 Enlarged Prostate 537 Low Libido 538 Supplements for Male Sexual Health 539 Summary 540 Saw Palmetto 542 Pygeum 546

8 Yohimbe/Quebracho 550 Maca 553 Chapter 15. Supplements for Female Health 557 Introduction 557 Menopause 557 Premenstrual Syndrome 559 Summary 560 Damiana 562 Black Cohosh 565 Dong Quai 568 Flaxseed/Linseed Oil 571 Evening Primrose Oil 575 Red Clover 580 Vitex/Chasteberry 583 Uva Ursi/Bearberry 587 Horse Chestnut 591 Cranberry 596 Gotu Kola 599 Chapter 16. Supplements for Support During Cancer 603 Introduction What Is Cancer? Specialized Diets 606 Dietary Supplements 608 Green Tea 616 Milk Thistle Schisandra/Schizandra Lycopene 628 Shark Cartilage/Bovine Tracheal Cartilage 633 Spirulina/Blue-Green Algae 638 Chapter 17. Supplements for Support During Diabetes 643 Introduction 643 Supplements That May Help 644 Summary 649

9 Chromium 651 Vanadium 655 Banaba Leaf/Corosolic Acid 658 Fenugreek 660 Gymnema/Gurmar 663 Dietary Supplement Master Chart 667 Index 675