Lecture Contents: The Boolean Type Comparison Operators Control Structures. Logical Operators 2/23/2014. Lecture 5:Decisions

Transcription

1 CS : PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE I Computer Science Department Lecture 5:Decisions Lecture Contents: 2 The Boolean Type Comparison Operators Control Structures if statement: Single-selection statement. if statement: Double-selection statement. switch statement: Multiple-selection statement. Logical Operators 1

2 3 The Boolean Type and Operators Often in a program you need to compare two values, such as whether i is greater than j. Java provides six comparison operators (also known as relational operators) that can be used to compare two values. The result of the comparison is a Boolean value: true or false. boolean b = (1 > 2); Comparison Operators 4 Java Mathematics Name Example Result Operator Symbol (radius is 5) < < less than radius < 0 false <= less than or equal to radius <= 0 false > > Relational greater than radius > 0 true >= operators greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true == = equal to radius == 0 false!= not equal to radius!= 0 true Equality operators 2

3 Example 5 Control Structures 6 Three types of selection statements. 1-if statement: Performs an action, if a condition is true; skips it, if false. Single-selection statement selects or ignores a single action (or group of actions). 2- if statement: Performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false. Double-selection statement selects between two different actions (or groups of actions). 3- switch statement Performs one of several actions, based on the value of an expression. Multiple-selection statement selects among many different actions (or groups of actions). 3

4 1- if Single-Selection Statement 7 Pseudocode If student s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print Passed If the condition is false, the Print statement is ignored, and the next pseudocode statement in order is performed. If in Java: if ( studentgrade >= 60 ) System.out.println( "Passed" ); 1- if Single-Selection Statement 8 4

5 9 1- if Single-Selection Statement (example): Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible by 2, print HiEven.? The answer: 10 5

6 2- if Double-Selection Statement 11 if double-selection statement specify an action to perform when the condition is true and a different action when the condition is false. Pseudocode If student s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print Passed Else Print Failed If Else in Java: if ( grade >= 60 ) System.out.println( "Passed" ); System.out.println( "Failed" ); if Double-Selection Statement 6

7 13 2- if Double-Selection Statement Conditional operator (?:) shorthand if. Ternary operator (takes three operands) Operands and?: form a conditional expression Operand to the left of the? is a boolean expression evaluates to a boolean value (true or false) Second operand (between the? and:) is the value if the boolean expression is true Third operand (to the right of the :) is the value if the boolean expression evaluates to false if Double-Selection Statement Example: System.out.println( studentgrade >= 60? "Passed" : "Failed" ); Evaluates to the string "Passed" if the boolean expression studentgrade>=60 is true and to the string "Failed" if it is false. 7

8 15 2- if Double-Selection Statement Can test multiple cases by placing if statements inside other if statements to create nested if statements. Pseudocode: If student s grade is greater than or equal to 90 Print A If student s grade is greater than or equal to 80 Print B If student s grade is greater than or equal to 70 Print C If student s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print D Print F if Double-Selection Statement This pseudocode may be written in Java as if ( studentgrade >= 90 ) System.out.println( "A" ); if ( studentgrade >= 80 ) System.out.println( "B" ); if ( studentgrade >= 70 ) System.out.println( "C" ); if ( studentgrade >= 60 ) System.out.println( "D" ); System.out.println( "F" ); If studentgrade >= 90, the first four conditions will be true, but only the statement in the if part of the first if statement will execute. After that, the part of the outermost if statement is skipped. 8

9 17 2- if Double-Selection Statement Most Java programmers prefer to write the preceding nested if statement as if ( studentgrade >= 90 ) System.out.println( "A" ); if ( studentgrade >= 80 ) System.out.println( "B" ); if ( studentgrade >= 70 ) System.out.println( "C" ); if ( studentgrade >= 60 ) System.out.println( "D" ); System.out.println( "F" ); The two forms are identical except for the spacing and indentation, which the compiler ignores if Double-Selection Statement The Java compiler always associates an with the immediately preceding if unless told to do otherwise by the placement of braces ({ and }). Referred to as the dangling- problem. The following code is not what it appears: if ( x > 5 ) if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); System.out.println( "x is <= 5" ); Beware! This nested if statement does not execute as it appears. The compiler actually interprets the statement as if ( x > 5 ) if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); System.out.println( "x is <= 5" ); 9

10 19 2- if Double-Selection Statement To force the nested if statement to execute as it was originally intended, we must write it as follows: if ( x > 5 ) { if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); } System.out.println( "x is <= 5" ); The braces indicate that the second if is in the body of the first and that the is associated with the first if if Double-Selection Statement The if statement normally expects only one statement in its body. To include several statements in the body of an if (or the body of an for an if statement), enclose the statements in braces. Statements contained in a pair of braces form a block. A block can be placed anywhere that a single statement can be placed. Example: A block in the part of an if statement: if ( grade >= 60 ) System.out.println("Passed"); { System.out.println("Failed"); System.out.println("You must take this course again."); } 10

11 21 Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool This example creates a program to teach a first grade child how to learn subtractions. The program randomly generates two single-digit integers number1 and number2 with number1 >= number2 and displays a question such as What is 9 2? to the student. After the student types the answer, the program displays whether the answer is correct. 22 The answer: 11

12 23 Problem: Body Mass Index 24 Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight in kilograms and dividing by the square of your height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for people 16 years or older is as follows: BMI Interpretation Below 18.5 Underweight Normal Overweight Above 30.0 Obese 12

13 The answer:

14 3- switch Multiple-Selection Statement 27 switch multiple-selection statement performs different actions based on the possible values of a constant integral expression of type byte, short, int or char switch Multiple-Selection Statement The switch statement consists of a block that contains a sequence of case labels and an optional default case. The program evaluates the controlling expression in the parentheses following keyword switch. The program compares the controlling expression s value (which must evaluate to an integral value of type byte, char, short or int) with each case label. If a match occurs, the program executes that case s statements. The break statement causes program control to proceed with the first statement after the switch. 14

15 29 3- switch Multiple-Selection Statement switch does not provide a mechanism for testing ranges of values every value must be listed in a separate case label. Note that each case can have multiple statements. switch differs from other control statements in that it does not require braces around multiple statements in a case. Without break, the statements for a matching case and subsequent cases execute until a break or the end of the switch is encountered. This is called falling through. If no match occurs between the controlling expression s value and a case label, the default case executes. If no match occurs and there is no default case, program control simply continues with the first statement after the switch switch Multiple-Selection Statement 15

16 Be careful! switch Multiple-Selection Statement When using the switch statement, remember that each case must contain a constant integral expression. An integer constant is simply an integer value. In addition, you can use character constants specific characters in single quotes, such as 'A', '7' or '$' which represent the integer values of characters. The expression in each case can also be a constant variable a variable that contains a value which does not change for the entire program. Such a variable is declared with keyword final. Java has a feature called enumerations. Enumeration constants can also be used in case labels. 16

17 33 3- switch Multiple-Selection Statement As of Java SE 7, you can use Strings in a switch statement s controlling expression and in case labels as in: switch( city ) { case "Maynard": zipcode = "01754"; break; case "Marlborough": zipcode = "01752"; break; case "Framingham": zipcode = "01701"; break; } // end switch Problem: Chinese Zodiac 34 Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year and displays the animal for the year. dog rooster monkey sheep pig horse rat ox tiger rabbit dragon snake year % 12 = 0: monkey 1: rooster 2: dog 3: pig 4: rat 5: ox 6: tiger 7: rabbit 8: dragon 9: snake 10: horse 11: sheep 17

18 The answer: 35 Logical Operators 36 Java s logical operators enable you to form more complex conditions by combining simple conditions. The logical operators are && (conditional AND) (conditional OR) & (boolean logical AND) (boolean logical inclusive OR) ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)! (logical NOT). [Note: The &, and ^ operators are also bitwise operators when they are applied to integral operands.] 18

19 Logical Operators 37 The & (conditional AND) operator ensures that two conditions are both true before choosing a certain path of execution. Logical Operators 38 The (conditional OR) operator ensures that either or both of two conditions are true before choosing a certain path of execution. 19

20 Logical Operators 39 The parts of an expression containing && or operators are evaluated only until it s known whether the condition is true or false. T This feature of conditional AND and conditional OR expressions is called short-circuit evaluation. Logical Operators 40 The boolean logical AND (&) and boolean logical inclusive OR ( ) operators are identical to the && and operators, except that the & and operators always evaluate both of their operands (i.e., they do not perform short-circuit evaluation). This is useful if the right operand of the boolean logical AND or boolean logical inclusive OR operator has a required side effect a modification of a variable s value. 20

21 Logical Operators 41 A simple condition containing the boolean logical exclusive OR (^) operator is true if and only if one of its operands is true and the other is false. Logical Operators 42 The! (logical NOT, also called logical negation or logical complement) operator reverses the meaning of a condition. The logical negation operator is a unary operator that has only a single condition as an operand. 21

22 Logical Operators 43 The %b format specifier displays the word true or the word false based on a boolean expression s value. Logical Operators :Examples 44 System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " + ((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0))); System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " + ((number % 2 == 0) (number % 3 == 0))); System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " + ((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0))); 22

23 The & and Operators: Examples: 45 If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (x > 1) & (x++ < 10) If x is 1, what is x after this expression? (1 > x) && ( 1 > x++) How about (1 == x) (10 > x++)? (1 == x) (10 > x++)? 46 23

24 47 That s all for today!! Text Book: Java : how to program, by P.J. Deitel, H.M. Deitel. -- 9th ed. Sections: 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.6,