A Communication Protocols:UART, RS232

Transcription

1 A Communication Protocols:UART, RS232 In this tutorial, we are going to discuss the serial/uart communication of After understating the basics of 8051 UART module, We will see how to use the ExploreEmbedded libraries to communicate with any of the UART devices. Contents 1 UART Registers 2 UART Register Configuration 3 Baud Rate Calculation 4 Uart Init Steps 5 Steps To Send Char 6 Steps To Receive Char 7 Code 8 Using ExploreEmbedded Libraries 9 Downloads UART Registers The below table shows the registers associated with 8051 UART. Register Description SCON Serial Control Register TCON Timer Control Register for Baud Rate Generator TMOD Timer Mode Control for Baud Rate Generator SBUFF Serial Buffer holds the data to be transmitted and the data received UART Register Configuration Now lets see how to configure the individual registers for UART communication. SCON

2 SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI SM0 SM1 Operation Description Baud Rate Source 0 0 Mode 0 8-bit UART 1/12 the quartz frequency 0 1 Mode 1 8-bit UART Determined by the timer Mode 2 9-bit UART 1/32 the quartz frequency 1 1 Mode 0 9-bit UART Determined by the timer 1 SM2 - Serial port mode 2 bit, also known as multiprocessor communication enable bit. When set, it enables multiprocessor communication in mode 2 and 3, and eventually mode 1. It should be cleared in mode 0. REN - Reception Enable bit enables serial reception when set. When cleared, serial reception is disabled. TB8 - Transmitter bit 8. Since all registers are 8-bit wide, this bit solves the problem of transmitting the 9th bit in modes 2 and 3. It is set to transmit a logic 1 in the 9th bit. RB8 - Receiver bit 8 or the 9th bit received in modes 2 and 3. Cleared by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 0. Set by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 1. TI - Transmit Interrupt flag is automatically set at the moment the last bit of one byte is sent. It's a signal to the processor that the line is available for a new byte to transmit. It must be cleared from within the software. RI - Receive Interrupt flag is automatically set upon one-byte receive. It signals that byte is received and should be read quickly prior to being replaced by a new data. This bit is also cleared from within the software. TMOD Timer1 Timer Gate C/T M1 M0 Gate C/T M1 M0 Gate Control 0 = Timer enabled 1 = Timer enabled if INTx\ is high C/T:Counter or Timer Selector 0 = Internal count source (clock/12) 1 = External count source (Tx pin) M1-M0:Mode Control 00-Mode 0, 13 bit count mode 01-Mode 1, 16 bit count mode 10-Mode 2, Auto reload mode 11-Mode 3, Multiple mode TCON TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 TRx: Timer x run control

3 0 = Timer not running 1 = Timer running TFx: Timer x OverFlow flag 0 = Timer has not overflowed/rolled over 1 = Timer has overflowed/rolled over Baud Rate Calculation The main criteria for UART communication is its baud rate. Both the devices Rx/Tx should be set to same baud rate for successful communication. For the 8051 the Timer 1' is used to generate the baud rate in Auto reload mode. Fig: Baud rate at Mhz Crystal The crystal frequency Fclk is divided by 12 internally which is used to execute instructions also known as Machine Clock. Mclk. The timer again divides the Mclk by 32 and uses it as the timer frequency, say Tclk. Usually, an Mhz crystal oscillator is used to provide the clock to The value seems to be odd but we see how it makes sense. From above discussion Mclk = Fclk / 12 = MHz/12 = 921.6KHz Tclk = Mclk/32= 921.6KHz/32 = 28.8KHz If we look at the standard baud rates used for serial communication shown in the table below, we can observe that all the baud rates are factors or multiples of the Tclk (28.8K)! This results in low error rates and hence is a commonly used crystal with Baud Rate Factor) 2400 Tclk/ Tclk/ Tclk/ Tclk/2 The above factors should be loaded to Timer1(TH1) in Mode2 in order to generate the required baud rate. The final formula for baud rate is as below. Baudrate = Fosc/(32 * 12 * (256-TH1)) $$TH1 = (Fosc/(32 * 12 * Baudrate))$$ //If( SMOD==0 in PCON register) $$TH1 = (Fosc/(32 * 6 * Baudrate))$$ //If( SMOD==1 in PCON register) Now with Fosc = Mhz, TH1 value for 9600 baudrate will be: TH1 = 256-( *10^6)/(32 * 12 * 9600) = 253 = 0xFD = -3 Uart Init Steps 1. Select the 8-bit, 1-Start and 1-Stop bit mode in SMOD 2. Configure the Timer1 for auto reload mode(mode-2) 3. Load the baud rate generator value to TH1 4. Start the Timer for baudrate generation

4 Steps To Send Char 1. Load the new char to be transmitted int SBUF. 2. Wait till the char is transmitted. TI will be set when the data in SBUF is transmitted. 3. Clear the TI for next cycle. Steps To Receive Char 1. Wait till the Data is received. RI will be set once the data is received in SBUF register. 2. Clear the receiver flag(ri) for next cycle. 3. Copy/Read the received data from SBUF register. Code Below is the sample code to Transmit and receive the chars at 9600 baudrate with Mhz clock. Using ExploreEmbedded Libraries In the above tutorial we discussed how to configure and use the inbuilt 8051 UART. Now we will see how to use the ExploreEmbededd UART library. For this you have to include the uart.c/uart.h files and associated gpio/stdutils files. Note:Refer the uart.h file for more info.

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