Encryption. CWE-319: Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
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1 Encryption Laurie Williams John Slankas CWE-319: Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information Condition: Your software sends sensitive information across a network, such as private data or authentication credentials, that information crosses many different nodes in transit to its final destination. Consequence: Attackers can sniff this data right off the wire 1
2 CWE-327: Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm Condition: The use of a non-standard algorithm is dangerous because a determined attacker may be able to break the algorithm and compromise whatever data has been protected. Consequences: Well-known techniques may exist to break the algorithm. CWE-256: Plaintext Storage of a Password Anyone who can get to config.properties can get password Anyone who can get to registry key can get password 2
3 CWE-321: Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key The cryptographic key is within a hard-coded string value that is compared to the password and a true or false value is returned for verification that the password is equivalent to the hard-coded cryptographic key. The use of a hard-coded cryptographic key significantly increases the possibility that encrypted data may be recovered. Encryption Encryption is the process of encoding a message/data so its meaning is not obvious Decryption is the reverse process, transforming an encrypted message/data back into its normal, original form Plaintext: original message/data Ciphertext: encrypted message/data Pfleeger and Pfleeger, Security in Computing, Pearson Education,
4 Encryption Algorithm: set of rules for encryption and decryption Key: key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or visa versa during decryption C = E(K,P) P = D(K,C) Symmetric Algorithms Same key to encrypt and decrypt data. Generally works fast Typical uses: secrecy and integrity of data, messages, files Examples: DEA (Data Encryption Algorithm) which is specified within the DES (Data Encryption Standard). Triple DES (Encrypt, Decrypt, Encrypt) 2 or 3 keys AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) US Standard Skipjack, Blowfish, IDEA 4
5 Asymmetric Algorithms Public-key cryptography One key encrypts data, while the other key decrypts (can reverse the keys) Keys are typically referred to as public and private Generally much slower than symmetric algorithms Typical uses: Key exchange, authentication Hash Algorithms Takes an arbitrarily long data and produces a fixed-size result Uses Message integrity Efficient digital signatures Password hashing Examples: MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256 Cryptography Engineering, Ferguson et al, Wiley,
6 Why Use Encryption? Protect communication channels Protect stored data Exchange keys Digital signatures Choosing an Encryption Algorithm There is no right answer How long must the data be protected? How long must the encryption/decryption process take? Use standard algorithms Keys: Longer key: stronger encryption Longer key: more processing time Combine symmetric and asymmetric algorithms to get the best of both options 6
7 Using Encryption Wisely Use standard algorithms Educate yourself What are the strengths and weaknesses? Block cipher modes? ECB / CBC / OFB / CFB / CTR Weak keys? Semi-weak keys? Stay current DES MD5 Protect the keys Verify certificates Abstraction Encryption Attacks Ciphertext only Known plaintext/ciphertext pairs Man in the Middle Replaying message Side-channel attacks Timing how long something takes to occur Examining memory Don t assume you are safe. Be paranoid 7
8 Encryption in Applications Passwords Hash Don t forget the salt Digital signatures Protect confidential data Transfer users from one authenticated session to another URL / Data parameters Many more uses. SSL / TLS SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) Standard security protocol for communications over a network (ie, the Internet) Provides endpoint authentication (client optional) Encrypts all communication Uses both asymmetric and symetric algorithms For web applications with SSL, use SSL for the entire session (login to logout). Why? 8
9 At the Application Layer Use standard APIs Java Cryptographic Extension (JCE) Cryptographic Application Programming Interfaces (Windows) Mac OS X Security Services Database layer Encryption Functions - MySQL 9
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