Concepts in Emergency Management. The basis of EHA Training Programmes in WPRO

Transcription

1 Concepts in Emergency Management The basis of EHA Training Programmes in WPRO

2 Health Sector Emergency Managers are concerned with public safety and public health Our clients are threatened or injured and damaged communities 2

3 A Community consists of 5 elements (each of which has specific vulnerabilities from specific hazards): the people their property (infrastructure,possessions and assets; public, private and cultural) their services (government and nongovernment, commercial and voluntary) their livelihoods (urban and rural, formal and informal) their environment (air, water and soil; urban and rural, built and natural) 3

4 Hazards There are 4 classes of hazard: Natural hazards Technological hazards Biological hazards Societal hazards 4

5 A Hazard is: any potential threat to public health and safety 5

6 An Emergency is: any actual threat to public health and safety 6

7 Risks are: the consequences of exposure to a hazard 7

8 Risks = consequences, outcomes dead and missing; injury (mental and physical); disease (mental and physical); secondary hazards (fire, disease etc.); contamination; displacement; breakdown in security; damage to infrastructure; breakdown in essential services. loss of property; loss of income 8

9 Vulnerabilities are: determinants of risk (outcomes, consequences) 9

10 Determinants of risk (people) Access to health care Measles vaccination coverage rate Under 5 nutrition rate Under 5 mortality rate Access to safe water Access to sanitation Access to adequate housing Access to regular source of income Female literacy rates 10

11 Capacities are: determinants of risk 11

12 Preparedness is: Measures to build capacities 12

13 Ten elements of preparedness Legal Framework National level Policies Procedures Guidelines Local level Plans Resources Authority Personal level Knowledge Skills Attitudes 13

14 A Disaster is: an emergency in which local authorities cannot cope 14

15 Local authorities are unable to cope they don t have capacity to meet urgent needs: find and rescue victims evacuate victims to safe place provide first aid and medical transport treat the injured provide shelter, sanitation, food and water care for the dead and manage the missing establish security re-establish the lifelines (water, power, phone) plan and pay for recovery and reconstruction 15

16 The goal of emergency management is to protect public health and safety regardless of scale/cause 16

17 All disasters are emergencies but not all emergencies are disasters 17

18 Two types of emergencies Non-disaster emergencies The local emergency services are not part of the affected population or group, and can function normally Disaster emergencies The local emergency services are themselves victims and cannot function effectively 18

19 hazard + community threat to public safety emergency Disaster Emergency Reconstruction of the community Emergency services also victims Non-Disaster Emergency Local floods, storms etc. Epidemics Transport / Industrial accidents Environmental pollution 19

20 HAZARD natural technological biological societal threat to public safety Non Disaster Emergency Local capacities can cope Surge in demand Local services intact Resources may or may not be adequate or sufficient COMMUNITY People Property Services Livelihoods Environment Disaster Emergency International, national and local response needed Surge in demand Local services cannot function normally Resources destroyed, damaged, inadequate and/or insufficient 20

21 Disaster Management is: 80% generic 15% specific 5% unique to all disasters to the hazard to the event 1. Organisation EOC earthquake time coordination large numbers of trapped and injured place communications large numbers of homeless and displaced weather transport large numbers of dead and missing logistics geography information dead, injured and missing staff climate reporting damaged critical infrastruture (hospitals) 2. Response loss of water, electricity, phone networks security search and rescue loss of road, sea, air, rail access evacuation politics mass casualty management long period of SAR, victim extraction economy dead and missing high demand for FA, stretchers, triage, medical transport governance security high demand for beds, surgery, blood products, referral temporary shelter high demand for temporary shelter, food, emergency management capacity emergency water, sanitation and energy water, energy, clothing, tents, blankets logistics capacity emergency food supplies wound infections, amputations, tetanus emergency public and environmental health high demand for orthotics, prosthetics, disability, dental leadership emergency engineering and public works demand for specialised spinal and head injury care solidarity 3. Recovery high demand for psychosocial support of victims and staff morale lifelines curative and public health care few outbreaks of communicable diseases corruption education variable demand for medicines and equipment agriculture (acute injury care - high, infectious disease - low, trade and commerce potentially unstable chronic disease - medium) 4. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction people contamination of water, air and soil property toxic chemical and gas leaks/spills services urban fires, explosions livelihoods contaminated, infested and unsafe foods environment increased vector breeding loss of livelihoods, markets, distribution networks 21

22 The Risk Analysis process 1. selects a hazard 2. maps the distribution of the hazard 3. identifies the communities exposed to the hazard 4. predicts the consequences of that hazard interacting with that community at a certain time in a certain season 5. analyses each of the 5 elements of community in terms of that hazard to identify the factors which will lead to each consequence i.e. determines the vulnerabilities of each element 6. identifies the capacities within the community to respond to that hazard 7. Undertake interventions to reduce risks by reducing exposure to hazards, reducing vulnerabilities and building capacities 22

23 Risk analysis risk analysis is based on the formula: Public Safety Risk is proportional to: Probability of hazard X Vulnerabilities Capacities 23

24 Risk analysis The purpose of a risk analysis is to guide communities in planning for protecting health and safety by developing and maintaining 3 sets of plans: Hazard Reduction Plans Vulnerability Reduction Plans Emergency Preparedness Plans 24

25 Outcome of our work Safer and healthier communities 25

26 Key learning points The Risk Management Framework uses: 4 classes of hazard 5 elements of community 10 components of preparedness to produce: 3 sets of community plans to protect public health and safety in communities 26

27 Concepts in Emergency Management Thank you