Combating Terrorism: US CT Policy. LTC Bryan Price, PhD

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1 Combating Terrorism: US CT Policy LTC Bryan Price, PhD

2 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this brief are the author s and do not reflect those of the U.S. Military Academy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government.

3 Agenda Combating Terrorism Center at West Point Evolution of U.S. Counterterrorism Policy A 1983 case study Pre-9/11 Policy Post-9/11 Policy Contemporary Challenges of U.S. Counterterrorism Discussion

4 Combating Terrorism Center Arming current and future leaders with the intellectual tools necessary to understand terrorism and counterterrorism Teach 5-course Terrorism minor at U.S. Military Academy at West Point Practitioner Education FBI, Army, Navy, and Marine Special Forces, NATO, DHS Research Harmony Program CTC Sentinel Strategic & operational AQ, Ayman al-zawahiri, has referenced CTC 5 x times Advise Rigorous and objective CT policy advisement Military - GEN Odierno (CSA) - GEN Votel (SOCOM) - GEN Rodriguez (AFRICOM) - LTG Thomas (JSOC) - MG Nagata (SOCCENT) Government - Nick Rasmussen (NCTC) - Michael Steinbach (FBI) - Chairman McCaul (House HS) - Congress (HASC/SASC)

5 American CT in one quote

6 Common CT Approaches and Tools Approaches/Models War model Criminal justice / law enforcement model Reconciliation model CT Tools (DIME) Diplomatic terrorist designations and treaties National Security Council, State Department, Congress Information intelligence and strategic communications Intelligence Community (NSA, CIA, NCTC), State Dept CSCC Military/Law Enforcement direct action, BPC, drones Dept of Defense, CIA, FBI Economic sanctions and embargoes Treasury Dept (OFAC)

7 When you think of US CT today

8 but consider US CT before 9/11 Apr 1983 US Embassy in Beirut - 63 killed (17 US) Oct 1983 US Marine Barracks US killed Beirut x attacks against US facilities 306 US citizens killed by terrorist attacks 3 x US hostages US State Dept pushed for military strike; DoD against How did U.S. respond to these attacks? Mar 1984 CIA Officer William Buckley taken hostage Sept 1984 US Embassy Annex in Beirut - 23 killed (2 US) French response?

9 Timeline Events shaping US CT Plane hijackings, Israeli-Palestinian conflict Entebbe, Uganda Operation Thunderbolt West German special forces - Mogadishu 1979 Iranian Revolution US hostage crisis End of Cold War & Gulf War I Delta Force Desert One operation (fail) DoS creates ambassador at large Marine Barracks, hostages, Beirut Embassy bombings* Berlin bomb kills 2 Americans, airstrikes vs. Libya Pan Am Libya UBL fatwa #2 WTC Black Hawk Down* US airstrikes - Baghdad 1996 Millennial plots, LAX Aum Shinrikyo OKC Khobar Towers 2000 French Bojinka plot UBL fatwa East Africa embassy bombings USS Cole

10 NSCT Enemy the enemy is terrorism enemy is a transnational movement of extremist orgs, networks, and individuals we are at war with a specific organization al Qa ida Vision Our goal will be reached when Americans can lead their lives free of fear from terrorist attacks. Defeat violent extremism & Global environment inhospitable to violent extremists Defeat al-qai da, its affiliates, and adherents Strategy 4D Strategy Defeat, Deny, Diminish, Defend Long-term: DEMOCRACY Short-term: prevent attacks, deny WMD, deny state sponsors, deny sanctuary Disrupt, dismantle, defeat - Adhere to core values - Build Security Partnerships - Apply CT Tools Appropriately - Build culture of resilience Unilateral/ Multilateral We will not hesitate to act alone including acting preemptively Must strengthen coalitions and partnerships The US alone cannot eliminate every terrorist partnerships are essential. Misc Poverty contributes to terrorism Ideology (6) Terrorism is not the inevitable byproduct of poverty Emphasis on ideology (21) democracy (17) No mention of poverty, democracy (2), ideology (22)

11 NSCT Enemy the enemy is terrorism enemy is a transnational movement of extremist orgs, networks, and individuals we are at war with a specific organization al Qa ida Vision Our goal will be reached when Americans can lead their lives free of fear from terrorist attacks. Defeat violent extremism & Global environment inhospitable to violent extremists Defeat al-qai da, its affiliates, and adherents Strategy 4D Strategy Defeat, Deny, Diminish, Defend Long-term: DEMOCRACY Short-term: prevent attacks, deny WMD, deny state sponsors, deny sanctuary Disrupt, dismantle, defeat - Adhere to core values - Build Security Partnerships - Apply CT Tools Appropriately - Build culture of resilience Unilateral/ Multilateral We will not hesitate to act alone including acting preemptively Must strengthen coalitions and partnerships The US alone cannot eliminate every terrorist partnerships are essential. Misc Poverty contributes to terrorism ideology (6) Terrorism is not the inevitable byproduct of poverty Emphasis on ideology (21) democracy (17) No mention of poverty, democracy (2), ideology (22)

12 NSCT Enemy the enemy is terrorism enemy is a transnational movement of extremist orgs, networks, and individuals we are at war with a specific organization al Qa ida Vision Our goal will be reached when Americans can lead their lives free of fear from terrorist attacks. Defeat violent extremism & Global environment inhospitable to violent extremists Defeat al-qai da, its affiliates, and adherents Strategy 4D Strategy Defeat, Deny, Diminish, Defend Long-term: DEMOCRACY Short-term: prevent attacks, deny WMD, deny state sponsors, deny sanctuary Disrupt, dismantle, defeat - Adhere to core values - Build Security Partnerships - Apply CT Tools appropriately - Build culture of resilience Unilateral/ Multilateral We will not hesitate to act alone including acting preemptively Must strengthen coalitions and partnerships The US alone cannot eliminate every terrorist partnerships are essential. Misc Poverty contributes to terrorism Ideology (6) Terrorism is not the inevitable by-product of poverty Emphasis on ideology (21) democracy (17) No mention of poverty, democracy (2); ideology (22)

13 2003 NSCT

14 2011 NSCT

15 2003 NSCT

16 2011 NSCT

17 Contemporary Challenges in US CT Balancing security vs. liberty e.g. Patriot Act US cannot unilaterally solve terrorism it requires the help of other nations but this is hard The siren song of tactical solutions Over-reliance on the military and lack of investment in the other elements of power to attack root causes Drones can only provide time and maneuver space for other CT tools to work

18 Questions?? LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D

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