ACIA Chapter 10 Figure legends (those in bold included below)

Transcription

1 ACIA Chapter 10 Figure legends (those in bold included below)

2 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN A CHANGING ARCTIC NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS CLIMATE CHANGE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES INTERESTS WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION NEWER RESIDENTS INTERESTS Traditional rights Hunting, trapping The diversity of interests in the Arctic Urbanization Mining Hydropower Forestry Subsistence Commercial Tourism Agriculture oil/gas logging harvest harvest herding Figure Management and conservation of wildlife in the Arctic is driven by internal and external forces that involve wide-ranging interests and uses. These include traditional harvest and dependency by indigenous peoples, affects on wildlife of resource extraction and associated industrial development, appreciation of wildlife by visitors through tourism, and valuation of wildlife at national and international levels through legal structures and conservation efforts.

3 Figure Harvesting by indigenous people of wild reindeer in the Russian North and caribou in North America was traditionally done at river crossings on migration routes of the herds. This continues to be an efficient method of hunting of reindeer and caribou in some regions that lends itself to managed control of the harvest. (a drawing needs to be drafted similar to the figure below which is from pg. 19 in People and Caribou in the Northwest Territories, E. Hall [ed.], Dept. of Renewable Resources, Yellowknife, NWT).

4 Canadian Porcupine Caribou Management Agreement (signed October 26, 1985) Agreement signatories, lead agencies, implementing organization, dedicated number of representatives, and designated native user communities Federal Government CWS, DIAND (1 rep.) Government Of No rthwest Territories Renewable Resources (1 rep ) Yukon Territorial Government Renewable Resources (1 rep.) First Nation Council of Yukon Indians (2 reps.) Old Crow (1 of the 2) Mayo Dawson PORCU PINE CARIBOU MANAG EMENT BOARD Chairperson and Secretariat Gwich in of Northwe st Territories Nation (1 rep.) Fort McPherson Aklavik Tsigehtchic Inuvialuit Game Council (1 rep.) Aklavik Inuvik Tuktoyaktuk Yukon Residents at Larg e (1 rep.) Figure Structure of the Canadian Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB), showing proportional representation on the Board of user groups, biologists, and government agency managers.

5 (U.K.),. Figure The co-management process for the Porcupine Herd brings parties of diverse interests together to discuss difficult wildlife management issues. A discussion at a special workshop organized by the PCMB on harvest management policy, held April 2002 in Inuvik NWT, Canada, included Gwich in hunters from Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Inupiaq hunters from Kaktovik, Alaska, wildlife managers from the Canadian Wildlife Service and Yukon Renewable Resources, and representatives of a Yukon sport hunters organization (G.P. Kofinas photo).

6 Figure Throughout the Arctic, traditional modes of transport (a) are being replaced by mechanized all-terrain vehicles (b) that permit people in many regions of the Arctic to range more widely for subsistence hunting. Whereas this spreads wildlife harvest over greater areas it also requires more extensive survey of the status of wildlife populations as a basis for wildlife management (D.R. Klein photos).

7 Figure Management for sustained harvest and conservation of the large herds of caribou and wild reindeer in North America, Greenland, and Eurasia requires periodic aerial monitoring of the populations. Shown here (a) is a survey flight over the Porcupine Caribou Herd shared by the United States and Canada, involving a photo census over summer concentrations, in conjunction with lower level flights to obtain sex and age composition counts (K. Whitten photo). Placing collars equipped with radio transmitters on some of the animals (b), enables tracking and locating the herds in their seasonal movements, and assessing mortality rates, fidelity to calving grounds, and other indicators of population status (P. Valkenburg photo)..

8 Figure The increasing frequency of fires and total area burned in the northern forest zones and in the ecotone between forest and tundra, a consequence of climate warming, poses difficult decisions for wildlife managers. Although fire has been a natural feature of the ecology of these plant communities, a reduction in the ratio of older plant communities with high lichen biomass to post-fire early succession stages can be detrimental to caribou and reindeer that feed on the lichens in winter. The shrubs that are characteristic of the post-fire vegetation, however, provide suitable forage for moose. More intensive efforts at fire suppression may benefit caribou and reindeer to the detriment of moose.

9 Figure These scenes are from oil fields in the Alaskan Arctic where displacement of caribou from calving grounds, obstruction of their movements, and herd fracturing has occurred (D.R. Klein photos). Assessment of the impacts of oil, gas, and mining developments on Arctic wildlife is rendered more complex because of the difficulty of differentiating the influences of the changing climate, thus the task of planning to minimize effects of proposed new developments on wildlife and their habitats has become equally complex..

10 Russia Seals caught (thousand) Harp seals Hooded seals Figure Commercial harvest of harp and hooded seals by Russian vessels (East and West Ice combined). Seals caught (thousand) Canada Year Year Harp seals Hooded seals Figure Commercial catches of harp and hooded seals in Canadian waters.

11 Norway Seals caught (thousand) Harp seals Hooded seals Year Figure Commercial catches of harp and hooded seals in the West Ice by Norwegian vessels.

12 Whales caught Total whales, Norway Minke whales, Norway Total whales, Iceland Year Figure Trends in commercial catches of cetaceans in Norway and Iceland.

13 Figure Harvests of sea birds and some marine mammals for sale in country food markets (shown here at Nuuk, Greenland) may exceed the sustainability of their populations, justifying setting and enforcing harvest quotas and establishment of protected areas (D.R. Klein photos).

14 Figure Recent advances in electronic technology and methodology for handling arctic marine mammals allows for collection of data on movements, seasonal habitat preferences, food chain relationships, and other aspects of their social behavior and ecosystem relationships that were previously unavailable to those responsible for their management and conservation. Here, a): on the sea ice adjacent to Svalbard, an anesthetized polar bear is being weighed and other biological data collected prior to its release by a team of scientists from the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI). In b): a similar team is releasing a beluka whale in the waters adjacent to Svalbard after it had a package glued to its back containing environmental sensing instrumentation, a data logger, and a radio transmitter capable of sending data to receivers in aircraft, ships, and polar-orbiting satellites (photos Kit & Christian NPI).

15 Figure The bowhead whale harvest at Barrow, Alaska is carried out under a regional harvest quota established by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (Dept. Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough photo).

16 Figure Important Bird Areas (IBA) in the Bering and Chukchi sea regions have been identified and are shown on this map generated through the cooperative efforts of scientists in government agencies and NGO s, working with indigenous people and other coastal residents in both Russia and the United States. The map is an essential step in the planning for a network of protected areas critical for the conservation of marine birds and their habitats in the Bering-Chukchi region (National Audubon Society map).

17 RESEARCH, MONITORING, LOCAL KNOWLEDGE CLIMATE CHANGE HARVEST REGULATION S WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT & CONSERVATION PR0TECTED AREAS & CONSERVATION UNITS HARVEST QUOTAS SEASONS OF HARVEST BREEDING SEASON CLOSURES CRITICAL HABITATS METHODS OF HARVEST MEANS OF HARVEST TRADITIONAL, MECHANIZED? BODY CONDITION MEAT QUALITY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS SEX & AGE LIMITATIONS SKINS, IVORY, TROPHIES CALVING GROUNDS ROOKERIES MULTIPLE SPECIES UNIQUE ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS SINGLE SPECIES Fig Figure Effective management of wildlife and its conservation involves accumulation of knowledge of animal population biology and ecological relationships through research, monitoring, and accessing local knowledge. This then provides a basis for defining critical habitats and providing legal protection for them, for establishment of wildlife harvest regulations with local involvement to assure sustainability of wildlife populations with continuing opportunity for their harvest.