1 General presentation 1. 2 Team Composition 2

Transcription

1 Team: MESCAL Scientific leader: Bruno Gaujal Reporting Period : 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2009 Web site: Parent Organizations: University Grenoble 1, University Grenoble 2, Grenoble INP, CNRS, INRIA Contents 1 General presentation 1 2 Team Composition 2 3 Research Themes Theme One: Large Systems Modeling and Analysis Theme Two: Exploitation of Large Architectures Theme Three: Scheduling and Brokering Theme four: Dimensioning of Platforms and Scientific Applications Application domains and social, economic or interdisciplinary impact 9 5 Contracts and grants Industrial Contracts National grants Research Networks (European, National, Regional, Local) Internal Funding Principal International Collaborations 11 7 Visibility, Scientific and Public Prominence Prizes and Awards Software and Research Infrastructure 13 9 Educational Activities Self-Assessment Perspectives for the research team Publications 16 1 General presentation MESCAL is a project-team of INRIA and a team of the LIG Laboratory (under the parent organizations University Grenoble 1, University Grenoble 2, Grenoble INP, CNRS and INRIA). Scientific and Technological Project MESCAL (Middleware Efficiently SCALable) is concerned with large distributed systems and their exploitation for high performance computing. Our approach can be summarized by the following program: we want to get new insights in the dynamics of large distributed systems so that we can design middleware and exploitation mechanisms making high performance computing applications easier and more efficient on such infrastructures. Therefore, our team gathers researchers in the fields of discrete dynamic systems, optimization theory and parallel software design. Our goal is to provide our academic and industrial partners with software tools helping them to obtain high performance on the systems they use (should they be clouds, desktop grids, grids, clusters, cellular networks, embedded systems on chip or NUMA super-computers). We have developed several academic tools making the design and the exploitation of computing platforms easier. OAR and Taktuk are tools for batch scheduling and task deployment over grids. They form the foundation of most middleware over Page 1 on 33

2 Grid SimGrid and ψ 2 are simulation softwares that enable parallel system designers to test several scheduling policies or assess the long-term performance of queuing networks. COINC is a tool implementing our latest algorithms computing the worse case delays for embedded systems. We also value and foster our collaborations with industry. Our collaboration with Bull aims at providing tools for dimensioning their parallel machine architecture to achieve good performance over benchmarks. Another example is our collaboration with BRGM (a mining research institute) and Total (an oil company) where our goal is to accelerate numerical codes used for geological discoveries on NUMA architectures. We also work with STMicroelectronics to assess the performances of work stealing in embedded systems. Our starting collaboration with Alcatel-Lucent (within the common INRIA-Alcatel-Lucent laboratory) aims at providing new algorithms for the cellular infrastructure of self-optimizing networks. Team History (Optional) Mescal was created in Jan as a new INRIA Project-Team. It also became a team of LIG at the creation of the laboratory. Mescal and Moais are both offsprings of the former APACHE project-team, that ended in Team Composition Permanent Researchers Name First name Function Institution Arrival date Denneulin Yves Full Professor GINP Sep 98 Gaujal Bruno Research Director INRIA Sep 03 Kondo Derrrick Research Scientist INRIA Sep 07 Legrand Arnaud Research Scientist CNRS Oct 04 Martin Vania Associate Professor UJF Sep 04 Méhaut Jean-François Full Professor UJF Jan 04 Perronnin Florence Associate Professor UJF Sep 06 Plateau Brigitte Full Professor GINP Oct 95 Richard Olivier Associate Professor UJF Sep 00 Touati Corinne Research Scientist INRIA Nov 06 Vincent Jean-Marc Associate Professor UJF Sep 95 Post-docs, engineers and visitors Name First name Function and % of time Institution Arrival date Anselmi Jonatha Expert engineer INRIA Jan 09 Cavagna Romain Expert engineer INRIA Jan 09 Emeras Joseph Expert engineer INRIA Oct 07 Javadi Jahantigh Bahman Post-doc INRIA Nov 08 Doctoral Students Name University Supervisors Funding (sources and dates) Adamou H. Barrios C. Bertin R. hernandez UJF Jean-François Méhaut, Maurice Tchuente Date of first registration EGIDE Aug 07 - Nov 10 Aug 07 U. Nice Michel Riveill, Yves Denneulin EGIDE Oct 05-Jun 09 Oct 05 GINP Brenner L. GINP Brigitte Plateau Arnaud Legrand, Corinne Touati ANR DOCCA Dec 07 - Nov 10 Brazilian Grant Sep 04 - Dec 08 ; ATER UJF Jan 09 - Aug 09 Dec 07 Sep.06 Page 2 on 33

3 ANR NANO Apr 09 - Mar Castro M. UJF Jean-François Méhaut Apr Bruno Gaujal, Philippe Navaux, Brazilian grant May 08 - Cera M. UJF May 08 Nicolas Maillard Apr 09 Chakode Noumowe Jean-François Méhaut, Maurice UJF CILOE Nov 08 - Oct 11 Nov 08 R. Tchuente Coucheney P. GINP Bruno Gaujal, Touati Corinne INRIA grant Feb 08 - Jan 11 Feb 08 Gast N. UJF Bruno Gaujal MENRT Sep 07 - Aug 10 Sep 07 Georgiev K. UJF CIFRE Jan 09 - Dec 11 Jan 09 Georgiou Y. UJF Sep.06 Harbaoui A. GINP Oct 06 Ospici M. UJF Nov 08 Prada Rojas C. UJF Jean-François Méhaut Oct 07 Oct 07 - Sep 10 Brazilian Grant Jan 08 - Nov Ribeiro C. Jan 08 Rosa braghetto K. Jan 09 Sales A. GINP Brigitte Plateau Sept. 06 Touati N. UJF May 06 Velho P. UJF Nov 06 Videau B. UJF MENRT Oct 05- Jun 09 Oct. 05 Richard Jean-François Méhaut, Jean- Vienne J. UJF Marc Vincent, Jean-François Cifre Bull Sept 06- Aug 09 Sept. 06 Lemerre Cameroon grant Jan 05 - Oct Yenke B. UJF Jean-François Méhaut Jan Jean-François Richard Vincent, Bruno Dillenseger UJF Sep09 cent Méhaut, 06 - Oct 09 Dec 09 Vania Jean-François Méhaut CIFFR Bull Sep 06- Aug Martin Brigitte Jean-François Méhaut, Thierry U. Bruno Gaujal, Jean-Marc Vin- Jean-François Méhaut, Arnaud Plateau, CIFRE BULL Nov 08 - Oct San territorial grant May 06 - Brazilian Grant Nov 06 - Jean-Marc Joao Eduardo Ferreira, CIFRE France-Télécom Oct Jean- Brazilian Grant Jan 09 - Dec Jean-François Méhaut, Olivier Deutsch Paolo Legrand 11 Nov 10 Marc Vincent 09 CIFRE ST Microelectronic Brazilian Grant, Jean-François Méhaut, Olivier Sep 05- Habilitation Theses defended during period Name First name Defense date University Current position Denneulin Yves Feb. 08 Grenoble INP Professor, Ensimag Past team members Past Members Oct Oct Name First name Position Employer Arrival date Briat Fourneau Jacques Jean-Michel Associate Professor Sabbatical from Versailles U. Departure date Current position UJF Oct 00 Jun 06 retired INRIA Oct 06 Sep 08 Prof. at Versailles University Name Date of first registration Date of departure Past Doctoral students University Supervisor Current position Bernard N. Sep. 04 Sep. 07 UJF Jean-François Méhaut Ass. pr. Univ. of Luxembourg Page 3 on 33

4 Bohrer Avila R. Sep 03 Sep 06 UJF Jean-François Méhaut Ass. pr. Univ. Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul blabl, Porto Alegre (UERGS) Bouillard A. Sep. 03 Sep. 06 ENS LYON Bruno Gaujal Ass. pr. ENS Cachan Czekster R. Jan 07 Dec 07 GINP Paulo Fernandez, Bruno PhD Gaujal Brazil student, Da Costa G. Sep 03 Sep 06 UJF Olivier Richard Ass. pr., Toulouse Euloge E. Sep. 02 Sep. 05 UJF Jean-Marc Vincent, Trystram Denis Post-doc Dublin, Ireland Lebre A. Apr 03 Jul 06 GINP Autre, Yves denneulin Post-doc IRISA Martinasso M. Jan 07 Jul 07 UJF Jean-François Méhaut Chercheur Shell, N.L. Pillon M. A. Sep 03 Sep 06 UJF Jean-François Méhaut Ass. pr. Univ. Estadual de Santa Catarina, Joinville, Brazil Nguyen D. Oct 05 Sep 07 UJF Jean-François Méhaut, Vania Martin PhD interrupted Nlong J.-M. Apr 02 Dec 06 GINP Jean-François Méhaut Ass. pr. Univ. of Ngaoundéré, Cameroun, Nussbaum L. Oct 05 Dec 08 UJF Jean-François Méhaut Post-doc ENS Lyon Sbeity I. Oct 03 Sep 06 GINP Brigitte Plateau Ass. pr. Damascus, Syria Valentin O. Oct 03 Aug 08 GINP Webber Dos Santos T. Brigitte Plateau, Yves Denneulin PhD interrupted Nov 06 Jan 08 GINP Jean-Marc Vincent Post-doc Siemens, Princeton, USA Past post-doctoral researchers, engineers and visitors Name First name Function Date of Date of Home Institution arrival departure (if appropriate) Bouillon Thierry ITA T Sep 04 Dec 05 Busic Ana Post-doc Oct 07 Sep 08 INRIA Capit Nicolas Expert engineer Dec 04 Dec 06 INRIA Carissimi Alexandre Visitor Jan 06 Feb 06 EGIDE Fernandes Paulo Visitor Dec 05 Jan 06 PURCS Kameda Hisao Visitor May 08 Jun 08 Tsukuba Unv. Lagrange Sebastien Post-doc Nov 06 Aug 07 INRIA Martinasso Maxime Expert engineer Jul 07 Nov 07 INRIA Oulahal Said ITA T Feb 01 Dec 07 INRIA Peyrard Johann Expert engineer Sep 05 Jun 06 INRIA Evolution of the team: During the evaluation period, the team was fortunate enough to hire two INRIA researchers (Corinne Touati and Derrick Kondo) as well as one assistant professor (Florence Perronnin) while Yves Denneulin was promoted full professor at Ensimag. These changes have brought subtle evolutions in our research directions. On a methodological level, there is a new emphasis in MESCAL on game theory, self-optimization, fluid limits and mean field approximations as well as on hybrid systems. Our former focus on distributed Markovian systems is still very active and Page 4 on 33

5 research on perfect simulation in particular, has been very productive. On a practical level, our research is switching to the study of less structured systems. While our main focus has been on clusters of homogeneous processors connected through a regular mesh and on grids made of such clusters, our new focus also includes multicore super-computers, peer-to-peer computing, desktop grids, clouds, wireless networks and parallel systems on chips. As for applications, our long-standing focuses on geographical maps and geological computations are followed by quite a new trend towards nano-simulation and electromagnetic equations. 3 Research Themes 3.1 Theme One: Large Systems Modeling and Analysis List of participants: Leonardo Brenner, Ana Bušić, Ricardo Czekster, Jean-Michel Fourneau, Nicolas Gast, Bruno Gaujal, Derrick Kondo, Arnaud Legrand, Florence Perronnin, Brigitte Plateau, Olivier Richard, Afonso Sales, Corinne Touati, Nazha Touati, Pedro Velho, Jérôme Vienne, Jean-Marc Vincent, Thais Webber. Scientific issues and positioning of the team: Understanding qualitative and quantitative properties of distributed systems and parallel applications is a major issue. The a posteriori analysis of the behavior of systems or the design of predictive models are notoriously challenging problems. As for a priori models, our current research focuses on capturing the distributed behavior of large dynamic architectures. Actually, both formal models and numerical tools are being used to get predictions on the behavior of large systems. The performance evaluation community is very large. In France, other groups (Versailles and Paris universities, Dionysos, Maestro, Preval, Rap and Trec INRIA projects) have a strong focus in Performance evaluation, and several other groups exist in Europe: in Eindhoven and CWI around O. Boxma, in Imperial College around P. Harrison and E. Gelenbe, in Cambridge around F. Kelly and Dortmund around P. Buchholtz. In the US, most major universities are active in Performance Evaluation (Berkeley, Amherst, Duke,...), as well as industrial laboratories (Bell Labs, IBM,Sprint). However, almost all of them are mainly concerned with networks. MESCAL is one of few teams that devotes part of its activity to performance evaluation for HPC (High Peformance Computing) where the models are very specific. There exists a group in Urbana Champaign with similar interests, as well as in the University of California (around G. Ciardo). The models we are using (SAN, stochastic Petri nets) are well adapted to synchronizations and parallelism (rampant in HPC). One group in Brazil (around P. Fernandes), one in North Carolina (around W. Stewart) and one in Edinburgh (around J. Hillston) are working on SAN or similar models (stochastic process algebra). Research in Stochastic Petri Nets is active in Torino (with M. Ajmane-Marsan, G. Balbo, S. Donatelli), Zaragoza (around M. Silva) or the University of Cape Town (P. S. Kritzinger). As for performance guarantees, we use Network Calculus techniques introduced by (R.L. Cruz, J-Y. Le Boudec and C.S. Chang). Major results Jan Oct. 2009: For large parallel systems, the non-determinism of parallel composition, the unpredictability of execution times and the influence of the outside world are usually expressed in the form of multidimensional stochastic processes that are continuous in time and with a discrete state space. The state space is often infinite or very large and several specific techniques have been developed to deal with what is often termed as the curse of dimensionality. MESCAL deals with these questions using several complementary tracks. Our main scientific achievements concern Simulation algorithms able to deal with very large systems based on new paradigm: perfect sampling for Psi2 and fluid limits for SimGrid (both software are detailed in the software section 8). Fluid limits and hybrid systems (used for simulation, analysis and optimization): When the size of systems grows very large, one may use asymptotic techniques to get a faithful estimate of their behaviors. We innovated by providing an analysis of hybrid systems (where one component is treated in the fluid limit and one component remains discrete) and applying this to analyze P2P systems [118, 11] We also innovated by introducing the concept of optimal mean field, where the fluid limit is taken over optimization problems to compute the optimal limit system [246]. Decompositions of the state spaces: Several techniques have been developed in our group to provide efficient numerical solutions for Continuous-time Stochastic Automata Networks, based on bounds, lumpability, symmetry and properties of the Kronecker product [157, 169] as well as product forms [9] Most of them have been integrated in a software tool (peps). Page 5 on 33

6 Structural and qualitative analysis: One of the most promising technique to provide deterministic guarantees in distributed systems with exogenous traffic is the Network Calculus.In MESCAL, we have developed a set of algorithms and a tool box (COINC) to compute the main operations used in Network Calculus and a set of techniques to optimize the worst cases [8, 98]. Game theory methods for addressing network and resource allocation problems: we propose a fully distributed algorithm that converges to optimal allocation between mobile application and networks that also avoids numerous (costly) handovers. Our approach is very efficient in terms of: scalability of the convergence speed with respect to the size of the system; adaptivity to arrivals and departures of mobile users; preservation of convergence speed as well as throughput performance against variability of the cell capacity; resilience to different types of users (with real time or elastic traffic demands); robustness with respect to mouse and elephant types of users [54, 53]. Perspectives: Several new research directions have been started recently. Our work on limit theorems and the analysis of fluid and hybrid systems have taken an innovative turn by introducing a control parameter: we consider the limits of controlled systems and study the limiting behavior of the control law. This make the mean field approach usable for optimization purposes. Our work on the algorithmic issues of Network Calculus will also continue with a new collaboration with ONERA. Finally, the use of game theory in network problems allows us to tackle self-optimizing issues on a well founded, efficient and very promising paths. 3.2 Theme Two: Exploitation of Large Architectures List of participants: Carlos Barrios, Yves Denneulin, Yiannis Georgiou, Derrick Kondo, Arnaud Legrand, Lucas Nussbaum, Olivier Richard, Corinne Touati, Vania Marangozova-Martin, Brice Videau. Scientific issues and positioning of the team: Most distributed systems deployed nowadays are characterized by a high volatility of their entities and the increasing probability of failure. Therefore, as the size of the system increases, it becomes necessary that it adapts, as automatically as possible, to the changes of its components. This requires a selforganization capacity of the system with respect to the arrival and departure of participants, data, or resources. In particular it is essential to design dedicated algorithms and infrastructures handling a large amount of users and/or data. Many teams are working on this broad theme in the world, the main ones being in Europe: in the Netherlands (around H. Bal), Edinburgh (EPCC) or in Barcelona (BSC). Their goals are to build distributed middlewares based on the service abstraction. This is also the case of the Globus project, leader of the full featured grid middleware interconnecting heterogeneous hardwares and softwares. Our approach of grid computing is quite orthogonal. We want to use the grid as a cluster of clusters over which we have a rather complete control on the configuration and the operating system. This approach has advantages (simplicity and efficiency) and drawbacks (it requires the complete access to the machines). Indeed, this is one way to guarantee a quality of service to users of the grid, while Globus solutions discard this kind of solutions by nature. In France, several groups address the same general theme (Besancon and Toulouse Universities, GRAAL, Runtime, Grand Large, Sardes, Paris INRIA projects). The specificity of the MESCAL project lies in the strong interaction between theoretical and practical aspects. MESCAL investigates on several complementary tracks: Network Topology Discovery for Grid Computing Platforms: Most tools are not suited to Grids, as they rely on low-level network protocols like SNMP or BGP, whose usage is generally restricted for security reasons. We have shown that none of the main existing techniques build models that enable one to accurately predict the running time of simple application kernels for actual platforms. In contrast, our new algorithms give excellent results in a wide range of situations [106]. Large Scale Data Management. On the access side, we addressed the problem of data server congestion by designing a new approach to schedule I/O requests globally on a cluster with impressive results in terms of speed. Many interesting issues have been addressed including environment deployment, robustness and batch scheduler integration [151, 150]. Deployment and Management Tools: a set of tools (katools) have been designed to help the installation and the use of a cluster of PCs [147]. Simple and Scalable Batch Scheduler for Clusters and Grids: Most known batch schedulers (PBS, LSF, Condor,...) are built monolithically, with the purpose of fulfilling most of the exploitation needs. OAR is an attempt to address these issues. OAR is used as the main batch scheduler on grid5000 [165]. Page 6 on 33

7 Perspectives: Our future investigation on middleware development are focused on energy aware resource infrastructure and middleware for large scale distributed systems. This is done partly within the GreenNet initiative ( NET). In particular, turning individual cores on and off dynamically according to the current load is a challenge yet to be solved. An even finer approach consists in making on-line voltage adjustments that result in slowing down and speeding processors rather than switching them on and off. Another important direction of research concerns metrology for grids and complex systems. In the same manner as metrology for the internet has become a deep and fruitful domain for investigations (since the discovery of heavy tail distributions for connections sizes and new indexing measures (such as page rank), we believe the same has to be done for large computing systems where unbiased trace recording and statistical analysis are missing. This is the object of the new ALEAE project. 3.3 Theme Three: Scheduling and Brokering List of participants: Rémi Bertin, Nicolas Gast, Bruno Gaujal, Derrick Kondo, Arnaud Legrand, Lucas Nussbaum, Olivier Richard, Corinne Touati. Scientific issues and positioning of the team: Scheduling and brokering are fundamental when one seeks performance in a distributed system. Therefore, since the advent of distributed computer systems, an active field of research has been the investigation of scheduling strategies for parallel applications on parallel machines. The classical approach is to employ static scheduling heuristics. Such an approach is not relevant anymore on large-scale distributed platforms (Grid computing platforms, enterprise networks, peer-to-peer systems). The blend of different skills (deterministic scheduling, game theory, stochastic models, performance evaluation, middleware design) of the MESCAL members makes it possible to propose innovative results. Our main contribution can thus be organized along the following lines: scheduling and game theory, and/or stochastic scheduling. Many other teams use similar tools (e.g., Maestro, Dionysos INRIA groups) but MESCAL is one of the few teams whose application domain is computing platforms. The scheduling community is very wide and it is thus hard to position with respect to it without entering too much in the details. Some of our work based on game theory lies in the on-line scheduling framework and is thus particularly related to the work of Susanne Albers (Freiburg, Germany), Michael Bender (State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA) or Muthu Muthukrishnan (Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, USA). Another part of the game theoretic scheduling is related to the steady-state scheduling pioneered by Dimitris Bertsimas and David Gamarnik (MIT, USA) but again, our work differs on the particular emphasis on the issues raised by sharing a platform between many users. This work is also closely related to the work of Christos Papadimitriou (University of California at Berkeley, USA) on efficiency measures (price of anarchy, ɛ-approximation of the Pareto set). Some other researchers like Evripidis Bampis (University of Evry, France) also focus on scheduling and game theory but their work mainly focus on other game theoretic aspects (like truthfulness and bi-criteria optimization) so far. Major results Jan Oct. 2009: Within the evaluation period, we can emphasize our work on Optimizing user-centric metrics (stretch) for scheduling flows of requests. Using the divisible load framework with negligible communication costs for which very few results had been proposed and game theory notions, we have been able to propose fair and efficient scheduling algorithms for managing servers of biological requests [12, 152]. Centralized versus distributed schedulers of multiple Bag-of-Task applications. The study of such systems provide insights into the important question of fairly and optimally scheduling heterogeneous applications on heterogeneous grids in a fully decentralized way [76, 5, 127]. Index Routing Policies for Grids that have been investigated using our whole panoply of tools (perfect simulation, Markov decision processes, optimal mean field computations) [17, 97]. Balanced structures that have both elegant construction pertaining to the domain of combinatorics and number theory and prove optimal in scheduling problems where the best schedule must be of the type as regular as possible or as balanced as possible [117, 116]. Page 7 on 33

8 Perspectives: These activities have been a strong point of MESCAL. Our work on stochastic and game theory is very encouraging. We plan to continue to work in this direction and we have just received support from the ANR to design collaboration mechanisms for the future fully distributed collaborative computing platforms. Our participation in the Alcatel-Lucent-INRIA laboratory will also support our investigations using game theory techniques. The recent hiring of Derrick Kondo in the team should also allow us to directly experiment our ideas with already existing collaborative computing platforms (e.g., desktop grids and network computing infrastructures). 3.4 Theme four: Dimensioning of Platforms and Scientific Applications List of participants: Blaise Yenké. Jean-François Méhaut, Vania Marangozova-Martin, Brice Videau, Carlos Rojas, Christiane Pousa, Scientific issues and positioning of the team: As computer platforms and scientific applications become more and more complex, the question of dimensioning i.e of finding the best platforms for applications to guarantee performance becomes a major issue. It is a problem to manufacturers who need to propose novel and better solutions that respond to applications requirements. It is also a problem to scientists whose applications require important computation and storage facilities and, in consequence, demand adequate platforms. Indeed, what architecture should a company specialized in embedded systems choose for its new generation of cell phones to stay competitive? How many processors should include the chips and what should be their inter-connection? What platform should physicists invest into in order to be able to carry simulations at the nano-level? How many machines, how many cores, how much memory? To answer such questions, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the way platforms manage their resources at the low level, of the programming tools, as well as of applications behavior. There is a need for tools that, given applications and platforms characteristics are able to evaluate and improve the resulting performances. Indeed, to guarantee good performance, there is a need to profile both applications and execution platforms. From the application point of view, one should be able to answer to questions concerning parallelization, communication schemes, data structures and manipulation, etc. With this information it should be possible to adapt applications to the existing platform. For example, embedded applications should turn to solutions proposed for parallel applications as future embedded systems will include an increasing number of multi-core processors. From the platform point of view, one should need knowledge on the policies for resource sharing. When multiple applications are executed, how is memory managed and what are the access schemes? How are scheduled the execution units and on which processors, on which cores? We can mention the Runtime INRIA project-team with which we have strong collaborations within the ANR/NUMASIS project. Other groups in Europe are working on optimization issues for HPC such as BSC in Spain, HLRS in Germany or the CINECA consortium in Italy, but they do not focus on infrastructure dimensioning issues. Major results Jan Oct. 2009: The work on dimensioning is a hot topic and the obtained results are more than encouraging. We consider as a major achievement to have succeeded the following points. Parallel Implementation of the STL for multi-core machines: We have designed the PaSTeL library based on a new model of parallel programming and on a pragmatic work-stealing execution model. In particular, we use optimized thread synchronization and activation mechanisms [207]. Lightweight Emulation to Study Peer-to-Peer Systems: we present the design and the evaluation of P2PLab, a framework to study peer-to-peer systems by combining emulation and virtualization [236, 24]. Experiment Engine for Lightweight Grids: This work shows that despite the precautions taken, many parameters that could have an effect on the result were at first overlooked. It also shows that benchmarking plays a key role on making an experiment correct and reproducible [130]. Predictive Models for Bandwidth Sharing in High Performance Clusters: applications may introduce complex communication behaviors over the network cluster. We have built a class of predictive models of bandwidth sharing, knowing, on the one hand the flow control mechanisms and, on the other hand, a set of experimental results [93, 129]. Joint work with social and economical actors: Dimensioning has been the object of PhD work supervised in cooperation with societies such as BULL and STMicroelectronics. We have research projects (IGGI, NUMASIS, CILOE) with BULL, MANDRIVA, TOTAL and several startups specialized in microtechnology. Page 8 on 33

9 Perspectives: Multidisciplinary cooperation: The NUMASIS project whose goal is seismic simulation has brought us to work with geologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians. Relations with research institutes: The work on dimensioning has brought us to establish relations with the BRGM institute (geoscience, Orleans), with the center of atomic energy (CEA DAM/Saclay, LETI/Grenoble) and recently with CEMAGREF (Clermont-Ferrand). The platforms and the models obtained in Mescal for good application exploitations are still partial and consider different aspects (distribution algorithms, memory access, communication models) in a disjoint manner. We think that it is important to study the relations between these different aspects and models, propose more global ones and work on the development of corresponding software. We have also initiated a collaboration on nano-simulation with physicists and chemists from the CEA in Grenoble. We think that joint work with scientists from other domains opens new perspectives to computer science. 4 Application domains and social, economic or interdisciplinary impact High performance computing has proved essential in many scientific disciplines requiring a lot of numerical and/or symbolic computations, that are as diverse as genetics, astrology, digital circuit simulations and tests, molecular biology. In addition to these general considerations, specific impacts of MESCAL over the years include The NUMASIS project whose goal is seismic simulation has brought us to work with geologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians. We have also initiated a collaboration on nano-simulation with physicists and chemists from the CEA in Grenoble. We think that joint work with scientists from other domains opens new perspectives to computer science, in particular our current projects focus on nano-simulations. The work on dimensioning has brought us to establish relations with the BRGM institute (geoscience, Orleans), with the center of atomic energy (CEA DAM/Saclay, LETI/Grenoble) and more recently with CEMAGREF (Clermont-Ferrand). Our multi-disciplinary project HyperCarte proposes a new software environment, that builds maps on large data sets and allows exploration of these data via interaction with the visualized map. This software suite was developed with IMAG-LSR, UMR Géographie-cites and UMS Riate. It has been applied successfully on demographic data on Europe at level (Nuts 5, more than 10 5 administrative units) and presented in the ESPON European project, at the European Parliament (Brussels) and at the Environment European Agency. 5 Contracts and grants As mentioned before, the activity of Mescal is of fundamental as well as experimental nature which requires a lot of man power for software coding, maintenance and support. Therefore, it is important for us to find financial support to sustain our ambition to offer software solutions which are both innovative and used by large community. In addition, we need to ground our proposition with industrial contracts. In total, the external funding of Mescal amounts to a little more than 500 keuros per year since Industrial Contracts CIFRE with BULL, Yiannis Georgiou. CIFRE with France Telecom R&D, Ahmed Harbaoui. CIFRE with STMicroelectronics, Carlos Rojas. Sceptre with STMicroelectronics, (Divisions STS and HEG), INRIA Rhône-Alpes (MOAIS, MESCAL, Arenaire, Comp- Sys), TIMA/SLS, Verimag, CAPS-Entreprise and IRISA (CAPS) Sceptre is a minalogic project, supported by the Pôle de Compétitivité Minalogic. CILEO with BULL, Compagnie des Signaux, TIMA, CEA-LETI, LIG, Edxact, Infiniscale, Probayes, SCelectronique, Page 9 on 33

10 Common laboratory with Alcatel Lucent This common laboratory involves the Bell Laboratories of Alcatel Lucent and INRIA, created in MESCAL leads the research group (ADR) on self optimizing networks. Nano 2012 (Minalogic contract) , with STMicorelectronics and Moais. 5.2 National grants Sure Path, , ACI SECURITY. Partners (MESCAL, IRISA-Armor, PRISM-Epri). Data Grid explorer, , ACI GRID. Partners (LRI, LIP). HyperCarte , ACI Masse de Données. Partners (MESCAL, IMAG-LSR, UMR Géographie-cités, UMS Riate). GEDEON, , ACI Masse de Données. Partners ( MESCAL, IMAG-LSR). Grid 5000, , ACI GRID. Partners (MESCAL, INRIA FUTURS, INRIA Sophia, IRISA, LORIA, IRIT, LABRI, LIP, LIFL). DSLLab, , ANR Jeunes Chercheurs. Partners (MESCAL, INRIA-FUTURS). DSLlab is a research project aiming at building and using an experimental platform about distributed systems running on DSL Internet. NUMASIS, , ANR Calcul Intensif et Grilles de Calcul. Partners (MESCAL, Total, BRGM). ALPAGE, , ANR Masses de Données. Partners (MESCAL, LIP ENS Lyon, INRIA Bordeaux, INRIA Rennes, INRIA Nancy). SMS, , ANR blanche. Partners (MESCAL, Prism). DOCCA, ANR Jeunes Chercheurs. Partners (MESCAL) Check-bound, ANR SETIN. Partners (MESCAL,Prism, University Paris 1). ACI blanche MEG Partners (MESCAL, LAAS). USS-SimGrid ANR ARPEGE Partners (MESCAL, LIP ENS-Lyon, CC IN2P3, INRIA Nancy, INRIA Bordeaux, Crestic, INRIA Saclay). Clouds@home, ANR Jeune chercheur Partners (MESCAL, LIG, LIP, LRI). SPADES, , ANR verso. Partners (MESCAL, LIP, IN2P3, Cerfacs, LAL, LIP6). Prompt, ANR Cosinus Patners (MESCAL,INRIA Bordeaux). 5.3 Research Networks (European, National, Regional, Local) Network Of Excellence CoreGrid ( ). Network Of Excellence EuroNGI (Next Generation Internet) ( ). ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network). PAI Van Gogh with Leiden University ( ). PAI Germaine de Stael with EPFL ( ). Regional cluster Isle. Regional Ciment project. Regional Grappe2000 meso-center initiative. Page 10 on 33

11 5.4 Internal Funding INRIA ADT SimGrid, (INRIA Lorraine). INRIA ADT Aladdin-G5K, (INRIA FUTURS, INRIA Sophia, IRISA, LORIA, IRIT, LABRI, LIP, LIFL): Romain Cavagna. Digitalis plateform (INRIA and LIG funding). INRIA ARC IFANY, (Information and networks) INRIA ARC COINC, (computational Issues in Netwok Calculus). INRIA ARC Popeye, (population games). INRIA ARC GreenNet (energy and grids). INRIA ARC ALEAE (metrology for grids). INRIA postdoc: Bahman Javadi. INRIA ODL 2008 (software Engineer): Joseph Emeras. 6 Principal International Collaborations CloudComputing@Home, INRIA associated team with Berkeley University ( ). NSF Project with W. Stewart (NC State University), G. Ciardo (College William and Mary), S. Donatelli (University of Torino), DIODE ( ) Associate Team funded by INRIA with the MOAIS project of INRIA, and the Brazilian University UFRGS. PICS ( ) CADIGE funded by the CNRS with the universities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (UFRGS, UFSM, PUC, UNISINOS), around PC clusters, grid and performance evaluation tools. CAPES/COFECUB grant ( ) with the UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil around grid and PC clusters. ECOS grant ( ) Colombia: joined project with the universities of Los Andes, Bogota, and UIS, Bucaramanga, on the topic of grids for computation and data management. MESCAL takes part in the SARIMA (Soutien aux Activités de Recherche Informatique et Mathématiques en Afrique) project and more precisely with the University of Yaoundé 1 in Cameroon. Collaboration with Pr. Kameda from Tsukuba University, Japan on optimization algorithms. Collaboration with Delft University on grid traces through ALEAE (INRIA collaboration program). 7 Visibility, Scientific and Public Prominence Management of Scientific Organisations Brigitte Plateau is the director of the LIG laboratory since Brigitte Plateau is a member of the scientific council of INP Grenoble. Olivier Richard is member of the steering committee of the national-wide Grid 5000 platform. Bruno Gaujal is the co-leader of the action de recherche Selfnets (regrouping 9 INRIA teams) within the Alctel-Lucent- INRIA common laboratory. Bruno Gaujal is member of the Bureau du Comité des Projets of INRIA. Yves Denneulin is the coordinator of the LIG platform project. Olivier Richard is member of the Bureau of GDR calcul. Page 11 on 33

12 Editorial Boards and Plenaries Bruno Gaujal is an invited editor of the Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems. Bruno Gaujal was an invited plenary speaker at the conference Bionetics in Organisation of Conferences and Workshops, chairs Euro-par 2007, Bruno Gaujal was the program committee chair of the performance evaluation track. Ninth Workshop on Performance Evaluation (AEP9), 2008 (Jean-Marc Vincent, General Chair, Bruno Gaujal program committee chair). Game Theory for Analysis and Optimization of Computer Systems (GameComp), 2008 (Corinne Touati, General Chair). Fourth International BOINC Workshop on Volunteer Computing and Distributed Thinking, 2008 (Derrick Kondo, Cochair). Program committee members 2005 Grid; CDUR; RenPar 2005; GAN; MSR; VLDB Workshop; EPEW 2006 VECPAR; Valuetools; IPEW; ISCIS; NGI; AlgoTel; Mascots; GAN; NSMC 2007 MSR; Europar; EuroPVM/MPI; HPCVirt; EuroNGI; AlgoTel; Valuetools; IPEW; Mascots; Iscis; Qest Valuetools; RenPar 18; HPCVirt; EuroPVM/MPI; Grid;, IEEE WCNC; WNCO; IWGP2PC Valuetools; Net-Coop; Gamenets; Euro PVM; RenPar; HPCVirt. Expertise Brigitte Plateau is a member of the scientific counsel of IFIP. Brigitte Plateau is a member of the scientific counsel of ACI Calcul Intensif and Simulation. Brigitte Plateau is member of the scientific counsel of the fondation du RTRA Toulousain Aéronautique et Espace. Brigitte Plateau is the president of the ANR program Systèmes embarqués et Grandes Infrastructures Jean-François Méhaut has been an expert for ITA European projets. Bruno Gaujal, Arnaud Legrand and Jean-François Méhaut have been experts for the ANR in 2005 and Mescal members have been involved in the Comités de sélections for UJF, GINP, INRIA, Univ. Lyon 1, ENSERB Bordeaux, Univ. of Annecy. 7.1 Prizes and Awards Jean-François Méhaut and Mathieu Ospici are members of the BigDFT project, recipient of the Bull- Joseph Fourier prize for numerical simulations, in During ALADDIN-G5K s kick-off meeting, Olivier Richard was given the first ALADDIN-G5K award in 2008, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the architecture and key software of ALADDIN / Grid Lucas Nussbaum was given the second ALADDIN-G5K award in 2009, in recognition of his contribution to ALADDIN / Grid 5000, initiated when a member of Mescal. The paper by Anne Bouillard, Bruno Gaujal, Eric Thierry, and Sebastien Lagrange, entitled Optimal routing for end-toend guarantees: the price of multiplexing, received the best paper award at the Valuetools conference in Characterizing Error Rates in Internet Desktop Grids by Derrick Kondo, Filipe Araujo, Paul Malecot, Patricio Domingues, Luis Moura Silva, Gilles Fedak, Franck Cappello European Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing (Euro- Par), 2007, Best Paper Award. Page 12 on 33

13 The paper by Nicolas Gast and Bruno Gaujal, entitled A Mean Field Approach for Optimization in Particle Systems and Applications, received the best student paper award at the Valuetools conference in Software and Research Infrastructure Software Publication Again, software development is very important to us since our tools can be seen as a capitalization of our theoretical propositions as well as a measure of their impact and applicability. Most of our software suites are freely available, distributed under light licenses (LGPL, GPL,... ) and can be downloaded from our web page ( and/or the INRIA forge. One exception is COMPUTEMODE which was exploited by our start-up Icatis until recently. Middleware CiGri: is a grid middleware which, in combination with OAR batch scheduler, provides a transparent technique of harnessing the computing power of idle cluster resources. Used in production in the local CIMENT grid. COMPUTEMODE: is a software suite providing a seamless cluster infrastructure within an Intranet. It is included in the Mandriva Linux Distribution. The main ComputeMode users are the BRGM (Orléans), Santander University (Colombia), and the University of Yaoundé 1 (Cameroon) and our start-up ICATIS. Kadeploy: a deployment tool for clusters and grids. kadeploy must cooperate with batch schedulers, like OAR, and use a parallel launcher like Taktuk [147]. Taktuk: this is a tool to launch or deploy parallel applications on large clusters, and simple grids.the development is mainly done by the MOAIS project [50]. OAR: this is a batch scheduler that focuses on robust and highly scalable batch scheduling for clusters and grids. OAR is the batch scheduler deployed on grid5000 [165]. NFSp and Gxfer: parallel file systems. PASTEL: A Parallel STL for multicore processors. PaSTeL is available on the INRIA gforge for Intel and AMD multicore processors. aioli: l parallel I/O access patterns. samory: a runtime software providing resiliency to high performance computing applications running on a virtual cluster. Simulation, Measurements and Analysis SimGrid is a toolkit that provides core functionalities for the simulation of distributed applications in heterogeneous distributed environments [80, 71] SimGrid is cited by 10 to 12 papers per year since 2006 (among those, 3-4 are coauthored by SimGrid developers). SimGrid has received a support from ANR (USS-SimGrid project) ( ) and from INRIA (ADT SimGrid) ( ). Paje: traces over distributed programs. Paje was formerly developed by members of the Apache project. Even if no real research effort is anymore done on this software, members of the MESCAL project use it in their everyday research and promote its use. This software is now mainly maintained by Benhur Stein from Federal University Santa Monica (UFSM), Brazil. COINC: is a software tool developed within the ARC INRIA COINC, mainly developed in Angers University today. It implements the best known algorithms for carrying elementary and composed Network Calculus operations. It is available as a Scilab library. ψ and ψ 2 :softwares implementing perfect simulation of Markov Chain stationary distributions using the coupling from the past technique [83, 131, 110]. PEPS: numerical solver for large discrete event systems. PEPS may be applied to the modeling of computer systems, telecommunication systems, load traffic, or manufacturing systems [36, 99]. Page 13 on 33

14 Applications The Hyperatlas software have been jointly developed with LSR-IMAG in the framework of the ESPON European project. It includes visualization and analysis of socio-economical data in Europe at different levels providing analysis of dependence and spatial interaction. Research Infrastructure To carry out dimensioning experiments, MESCAL has bought (together with MOAIS) two NUMA multiprocessor platforms. The first platform holds 8 dual-core AMD Opteron 2.2 GHZ NUMA chips (hence a total of 16 cores) and 32 GB of memory. The second platform is a Bull Novascale multiprocessor machine with 8 Intel Itanium 1.5 GHZ chips and 16 GB of memory. Both teams have also specified the features of the future DIGITALIS-2048 infrastructure (replacing both the grimage and icluster2 clusters in Grenoble), based on multicore chips. In addition to these local experimental equipment, here are our contributions to platforms used in a community. MARVELIG (coordinated by Y.Denneulin) is the LIG platform for capitalization and support of the prototypes of LIG, mutualization of resources and Communication. The CIMENT project (Intensive Computing, Numerical Modeling and Technical Experiments, fr/) gathers a wide scientific community involved in numerical modeling and computing (from numerical physics and chemistry to astrophysics, mechanics, bio-modeling and imaging) and the distributed computer science teams from Grenoble. Grappe200 project: MENRT-UJF-INPG, Rhône-Alpes Region, INRIA, ENS-Lyon have funded a cluster composed of 110 bi-processors Itanium2 connected with a Myrinet (donation of MyriCom) high performance network. Grid 5000 is a 5000 CPUs nation-wide infrastructure for research in Grid computing. Grid 5000 is designed to provide a scientific tool for computer scientists similar to the large-scale instruments used by physicists, astronomers, and biologists Olivier Richard is member of the managing committee and Mescal provides many middleware for this infrastructure (OAR, Taktuk, Kadeploy). 9 Educational Activities Teaching Members of the MESCAL team are actively involved in teaching. Their activities are balanced between graduate students and post-graduate students. The most important ones are listed below. Jean-Marc Vincent heads the SAR track in 2nd year of Research Master (Grenoble) (operating systems, parallel and distributed applications, networks and multimedia). Jean-Marc Vincent heads the Magistère d Informatique (senior undergraduate level) in University Joseph Fourier. Jean-Marc Vincent and Arnaud Legrand gave a series of lectures at the Master s level in Porto Alegre (UFRGS, Brazil) on Performance Evaluation, in the period Jean-François Méhaut is managing the first year cursus in Polytech Grenoble. Jean-François Méhaut is responsible for a full course on operating systems and networks at the 2nd year of Research Master (Yaoundé, Cameroon). Yves Denneulin is responsible for the Informatique et finance curriculum in the ENSIMAG computer science school. As for full time researchers, Bruno Gaujal is involved in the MPRI (2nd year of Research Master (Paris)) (12 hours per year). Bruno Gaujal and Arnaud Legrand are involved in the 2nd year of Research Master (Grenoble) (12 hours per year). 2nd year of Research Master (Yaoundé, Cameoun) Operating systems and networks. Here is a list of research courses taught by members of MESCAL. discrete event systems and network calculus. Page 14 on 33

15 Cluster architectures for high-performance computing and high throughput data management. Data measurement and analysis for network and operating systems performance evaluation. Modeling and simulation for network and operating systems performance evaluation. Building parallel and distributed applications. Algorithms and basic techniques for parallel computing. Operating systems and networks (2nd year of Research Master (Yaoundé)). Creation of Startups ICATIS is a startup from Apache, the predecessor of Mescal. Some members of Mescal are partners of Icatis, that provides transparent distributed computing capabilities over the desktop PCs of organizations of any size from small companies to large centers. RealTimeAtWork.com is a startup from INRIA Lorraine created in December Some members of Mescal are involved in the startup (as scientific advisers and founding members) Its main target is to provide software tools for solving real time constraints in embedded systems, particularly for superposition of periodic flows. Such flows are typical in automotive and avionics industries who are the privileged potential users of the technologies developed by RealTimeAtWork.com. 10 Self-Assessment Strengths and weaknesses The main strength of Mescal is its ability to combine theoretical studies at the front edge of research with expertise in middleware technology and the low layers of computing systems. However, some activities carried out in MESCAL can be seen as very formal with no direct perspective of implementations. Similarly, some tools developed by MESCAL are not based on the latest discoveries on scheduling and performance theory. Also, our software development does not have the impact it deserves in the distributed computing community, especially out of France. This means that we must make sure that our software suites are more properly disseminated and promoted than in the past. We believe that we can have a deeper impact and increase the notoriety of our software development by pursuing our effort on narrowing the gap between leading edge theory and widely used software. The collaborations within the team are not one directional (from models to implementation) but examples of cross-fertilization abound. Theoretical problems that MESCAL members have been working on lately, have only been possible through the feedback from our own software. For example a large part of the work on non-cooperative scheduling would not have been possible without a tool like SimGrid. The recent young researchers ANR DOCCA project (on the design and optimization of collaborative computing architecture) is also targeting some problems raised and experienced by OAR, a tool developed by other members of the group. Opportunities Our opportunities to have an impact on high performance computing paradigms have never been higher than in the current context. This statement is supported by two recent evolutions. First, the local industrial context is becoming more and more favorable. The local pôle de compétitivité provides a new framework for our collaboration with industry: in the Sceptre contract with STMicrolectronics, we study the performance of work-stealing algorithms implemented on embedded systems and in the new CILOE contract, we propose to use the under-utilized computing power available over desktop computers of a middle-size structure, to carry intensive computations. This contract involves local companies of various sizes. Second, the current trend in the whole world is to shift from computing centers to distributed infrastructure with little or no supervision. This is in phase with our theoretical expertise on game theory and distributed optimization as well as our own techniques for performance evaluation of very large systems. This expertise is currently applied in the common lab between INRIA and Alcatel-Lucent within the Action De Recherche Self-Optimizing Cellular Networks where game theory techniques are used to solve optimal distributed allocation problems. Also, Orange labs has recently defined their main targets for collaboration with academia and INRIA after a round of discussions involving the Mescal team. Two of their top priorities are scalability and auto-optimization of systems, which are two major research themes of Mescal. Page 15 on 33

16 11 Perspectives for the research team One of the main characteristic of our field is the major role played by technology. Indeed, our research activity is centered on computing systems that are evolving very fast. Over the last 5 years, high performance computing has been shifting from supercomputers and homogeneous clusters to grids of clusters based on multicore chips and hierarchical memory. Also, other paradigms have emerged such as desktop computing, peer-to-peer computing and clouds. All this makes Mescal a natural actor of the theme infrastructures (multicore and dektop grids) of the LIG. Our investigations have been well in phase with these evolutions and keep contributing to them within the LIG. Actually, several new long term initiatives are already modifying MESCAL s perspectives for the coming years that fit the LIG main research themes: ambiant and sustainable computing. Virtualization. When considering the evolution of high performance computing over the last few years, one can see a clear change from resource centered structures to systems that are more centered around users or applications. This shift has been possible thanks to virtualization. Virtualization provides flexibility to the user or the application and hides the resources (computation and communication). In terms of performance guarantees however, it can be seen as a danger because it makes the system even more complex. This is the case if virtualization is obtained by adding layers over layers in the middleware of the system. In fact, virtualization is also an opportunity, not to make the middleware layers thicker and thicker, but rather more permeable to each others. In some sense virtualization is a chance for the application level to provide infomation to the very low layers of the system so that they can make better choices. This is the route that Mescal has been following in the last 4 years and intend to pursue in the future. Therefore, Mescal is at the heart of one of the challenges of the LIG, namely virtualization and performance. Energetic issues. Another emerging question with respect to high performance computing is the issue of resource utilization. While the race for even more power and memory is still going on, people have started realizing the importance of other points, like energy consumption or impact of computations on the community. These new questions can be gathered under the idea of efficiency. The new challenge is not to make computations run as fast as possible, but rather to make them run fast as efficiently as possible (in terms of energy consumption, network utilization, impact on the community). Our experience on energy consumption, game theory, middleware design should enable us to provide interesting answers to these questions, that participate to the LIG main goal of promoting sustainable computing. These perspectives also go along our activities around data management that can now be seen on a long-term perspective within the LIG. Yves Denneulin who has been promoted professor in INPG will be leading this activity. Nano-simulations. On the application side, a new activity is being created around nano-simulation. It involves several members of MESCAL and their collaborators in CEA Grenoble, fostering a closer link with the CEA. Regarding software development, we wish to promote our portfolio of software not only by making them available to partners and to the general public but also by demonstrating them at major conferences and in software development communities. 12 Publications International peer reviewed journal [ACL] 2009 [1] L. Brenner, P. Fernandes, J.-M. Fourneau, and B. Plateau. Modelling Grid5000 point availability with SAN. Electronic Notes In Theoretical Computer Science, 232: , Mar [2] N. Gast and B. Gaujal. Infinite Labeled Trees: from Rational to Sturmian Trees. Theoretical Computer Science, Accepted for publication. [3] L. Genovese, M. Ospici, T. Deutsch, J.-F. Méhaut, A. Neelov, and S. Goedecker. Density Functional Theory Calculation on many-cores Hybrid CPU-GPU architectures. Journal of Chemical Physics, 131(3):034103, July [4] B. Yenke, J.-F. Méhaut, and M. Tchuenté. Scheduling of Computing Services on Intranet Networks. IEEE Transactions on Computing Services, Accepted for publication. Page 16 on 33

17 2008 [5] O. Beaumont, L. Carter, J. Ferrante, A. Legrand, L. Marchal, and Y. Robert. Centralized Versus Distributed Schedulers for Multiple Bag-of-Tasks Applications. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Systems, 19(5): , May [6] M. Ben Mamoun, J.-M. Fourneau, and N. Pekergin. Analyzing Weighted Round Robin policies with a Stochastic Comparison Approach. Computers and Operation Research, 35, [7] A. Bouillard and B. Gaujal. Backward Coupling in Bounded Free-Choice Nets Under Markovian and Non-Markovian Assumptions. Journal of Discrete Event Dynamics Systems, theory and applications, 18: , Special issue of selected papers from the Valuetools conference. [8] A. Bouillard, B. Gaujal, E. Thierry, and S. Lagrange. Optimal end-to-end routing for networks with multiplexing. Performance Evaluation, 65: , special issue on Valuetools selected papers. [9] J.-M. Fourneau, B. Plateau, and W. J. Stewart. An algebraic condition for product form in stochastic automata networks without synchronizations. Performance Evaluation, 85: , [10] B. Gaujal and J. Mairesse. Minimization of circuit registers: retiming revisited. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 56: , [11] B. Gaujal, F. Perronnin, and R. Bertin. Perfect simulation of a class of stochastic hybrid systems with an application to peer to peer systems. Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, 18(2): , June Special Issue on Hybrid Systems. [12] A. Legrand, A. Su, and F. Vivien. Minimizing the Stretch When Scheduling Flows of Divisible Requests. Journal of Scheduling, [13] I. Sbeity, L. Brenner, B. Plateau, and W. J. Stewart. Phase-type distributions in stochastic automata networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 186(3): , [14] I. Szczesniak, T. Czachórski, and J.-M. Fourneau. Packet Loss Analysis in Optical Packet-Switched Networks with Limited Deflection Routing. Photonic Network Communications, 16, [15] M. Tchuenté, P. M. Yonta, J.-M. Nlong II, and Y. Denneulin. On the Minimum Average Distance Spanning Tree of the Hypercube. Acta Applicandae Mathematicae: An International Survey Journal on Applying Mathematics and Mathematical Applications, [16] M. Ben Mamoun, A. Busic, and N. Pekergin. Generalized class C Markov chains and computation of closed-form bounding distributions. Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences, 21(2): , [17] V. Berten and B. Gaujal. Brokering strategies in computational Grids using stochastic prediction models. Parallel Computing, Special Issue on Large Scale Grids. [18] P. Dube, C. Touati, and L. Wynter. Capacity planning, Quality-of-Service and Price Wars. ACM Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review, 35(3):31 33, Dec Special issue: Performance 2007 posters. [19] B. Gaujal, A. Hordijk, and D. Van der Laan. On the Optimal Open-Loop Control Policy for Deterministic and Exponential Polling Systems. Probability in Engineering and Informational Sciences, 21: , [20] B. Gaujal and N. Navet. Dynamic Voltage Scaling under EDF Revisited. Real Time Systems, 31(1):77 97, [21] B. Gaujal and L. Rabehasaina. Open-Loop Control of stochastic Fluid Systems and Applications. Operations Research Letters, 35: , [22] D. Kondo, A. A. Chien, and H. Casanova. Scheduling Task Parallel Applications for Rapid Application Turnaround on Enterprise Desktop Grids. Journal of Grid Computing, 5(4): , Dec [23] D. Kondo, G. Fedak, F. Cappello, A. A. Chien, and H. Casanova. Characterizing Resource Availability in Enterprise Desktop Grids. Journal of Future Generation Computer Systems, 23(7): , Aug [24] L. Nussbaum and O. Richard. Lightweight emulation to study peer-to-peer systems. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, Page 17 on 33

18 2006 [25] R. Bolze, F. Cappello, E. Caron, M. Daydé, F. Desprez, E. Jeannot, Y. Jégou, S. Lanteri, J. Leduc, N. Melab, G. Mornet, R. Namyst, P. Primet, B. Quetier, O. Richard, E.-G. Talbi, and T. Irena. Grid 5000: a large scale and highly reconfigurable experimental Grid testbed. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, 20(4): , Nov [26] A. Busic and J.-M. Fourneau. Bounding transient and steady-state dependability measures through algorithmic stochastic comparison. SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 34(2):11 12, [27] R. Chanin, M. Corrêa, P. Fernandes, A. Sales, R. Scheer, and A. F. Zorzo. Analytical Modeling for Operating System Schedulers on NUMA Systems. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 151(3): , [28] J.-M. Fourneau and D. Nott. Convergence Routing under Bursty Traffic: Instability and an AIMD Controller. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci., 151(3):97 109, [29] A. Inoie, H. Kameda, and C. Touati. A paradox in Optimal Flow Control of M/M/n Queues. Computers & Operation Research, 33(2): , [30] C. Touati, E. Altman, and J. Galtier. Generalized Nash Bargaining Solution for Bandwidth Allocation. Computer Networks, 50(17): , Dec [31] J.-M. Vincent and J. Vienne. Perfect simulation of index based routing queueing networks. Performance Evaluation Review, 34(2):24 25, [32] L. Baldo, L. Brenner, L. G. Fernandes, P. Fernandes, and A. Sales. Performance Models for Master/Slave Parallel Programs. Electronic Notes In Theoretical Computer Science, 128(4): , Apr [33] O. Beaumont, H. Casanova, A. Legrand, Y. Robert, and Y. Yang. Scheduling Divisible Loads on Star and Tree Networks: Results and Open Problems. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Systems, 16(3): , [34] O. Beaumont, A. Legrand, L. Marchal, and Y. Robert. Pipelining Broadcasts on Heterogeneous Platforms. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Systems, 16(4): , Apr [35] O. Beaumont, A. Legrand, L. Marchal, and Y. Robert. Steady-State Scheduling on Heterogeneous Clusters. Int. J. of Foundations of Computer Science, 16(2): , [36] A. Benoit, B. Plateau, and W. J. Stewart. Réseaux d automates stochastiques à temps discret. TSI, 24- num 2-3/2005, [37] A. Bouillard, B. Gaujal, and J. Mairesse. Extremal throughputs in free-choice nets. Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, [38] L. Brenner, P. Fernandes, and A. Sales. The Need for and the Advantages of Generalized Tensor Algebra for Kronecker Structured Representations. International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science & Technology, 6(3-4):52 60, Feb [39] J.-M. Fourneau, B. Plateau, I. Sbeity, and W. J. Stewart. SANs and Lumpable Stochastic Bounds: Bounding Availability. Computer System, Network Performance and Quality of Service, Editeur Imperial College Press, [40] B. Gaujal, E. Hyon, and A. Jean-Marie. Optimal Routing in two parallel queues with exponential service times. Journal of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems, To appear in the special issue of selected papers from WODES. [41] B. Gaujal and N. Navet. Maximizing the Robustness of TDMA Networks with Applications to TTP/C. Real-Time Systems, 31(1-3):5 31, [42] B. Gaujal, N. Navet, and C. Walsh. Shortest Path Algorithms for Real-Time Scheduling with Minimal Energy Use. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 4(4), [43] A. Legrand, L. Marchal, and Y. Robert. Optimizing the Steady-State Throughput of Scatter and Reduce Operations on Heterogeneous Platforms. Journal Parallel and Distributed Computing, 65(12): , Page 18 on 33

19 International peer-reviewed conference proceedings [ACT] 2009 [44] J. Anselmi and B. Gaujal. Performance Evaluation of Work Stealing for Streaming Applications. In International Conference On Principles Of Distributed Systems (OPODIS), Nimes, France, [45] C. Barrios Hernandez, F. Khalil, Y. Denneulin, H. Aubert, F. Coccetti, and R. Plana. Deployment of CEM Applications On Large Scale Architectures. In Latin American Conference on High Performance Computing, Merida state, Venezuela, Sept [46] M. Bastos Castro, L. G. Fernandes, C. Pousa, J.-F. Méhaut, and M. Aguiar. NUMA-ICTM: A Parallel Version of ICTM Exploiting Memory Placement Strategies for NUMA Machines. In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Scientific and Engineering Computing (PDSEC), Roma, Italy, May [47] A. Benoit, M. Gallet, B. Gaujal, and Y. Robert. Computing the throughput of replicated workflows on heterogeneous platforms. In Int. conf. on Parallel Processing, ICPP, Vienna, Austria, [48] A. Bouillard, B. Cottenceau, B. Gaujal, L. Hardouin, S. Lagrange, M. Lhommeau, and E. Thierry. COINC Library : A toolbox for Network Calculus. In Fourth International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools, Valuetools, Pisa, Italy, [49] M. C. Cera, Y. Georgiou, O. Richard, N. Maillard, and P. O. A. Navaux. Supporting MPI Malleable Applications upon the OAR Resource Manager. In Colloque d Informatique INRIA Brésil, Coopérations, Avancées, Défis (COLIBRI), [50] B. Claudel, G. Huard, and O. Richard. TakTuk, Adaptive Deployment of Remote Executions. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC), June [51] P. Coucheney, E. Hyon, C. Touati, and B. Gaujal. Myopic versus clairvoyant admission policies in wireless networks. In 3rd ICST/ACM International Workshop on Game Theory in Communication Networks, Pisa, ICST. invited paper. [52] P. Coucheney, C. Touati, and B. Gaujal. Different Dynamics for Optimal Association in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. In The 5th workshop on Resource Allocation, Cooperation and Competition in Wireless Networks (RAWNET/WNC3), June [53] P. Coucheney, C. Touati, and B. Gaujal. Fair and Efficient User-Network Association Algorithm for Multi-Technology Wireless Networks. In Proc. of the 28th conference on Computer Communications miniconference (INFOCOM), [54] P. Coucheney, C. Touati, and B. Gaujal. Selection of Efficient Pure Strategies in Allocation Games. In Proc. of the International Conference on Game Theory for Networks (GameNets), [55] G. Da-Costa, J.-P. Gelas, Y. Georgiou, L. Lefevre, A.-C. Orgerie, J.-M. Pierson, O. Richard, and K. Sharma. The GREEN-NET Framework: Energy Efficiency in Large Scale Distributed Systems. In HPPAC 2009 : High Performance Power Aware Computing Workshop in conjunction with IPDPS 2009, Rome, Italy, May [56] F. Dupros, C. Pousa, A. Carissimi, and J.-F. Méhaut. Parallel Seismic Wave Propagation on NUMA architectures. In Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Computing (ParCO), ENS Lyon, Sept [57] N. Gast and B. Gaujal. A Mean Field Approach for Optimization in Particle Systems and Applications. In Fourth International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools, Valuetools, Pisa, [58] A. Harbaoui, N. Salmi, B. Dillenseger, and J.-M. Vincent. Achieving automatic performance modelling of black boxes for self-sizing. In HotAC IV, Barcelona, June [59] B. Javadi, D. Kondo, J.-M. Vincent, and D. P. Anderson. Mining for Statistical Models of Availability in Large-Scale Distributed Systems: An Empirical Study of SETI@home. In 17th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), Sept [60] H. Joumaa, Y. Demazeau, and J.-M. Vincent. Performance visualization of a transport multi-agent application. In 7th International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, PAAMS09, pages , Salamanca, Spain, Mar Springer Verlag. AISC 55. Page 19 on 33

20 [61] I. Kadi, N. Pekergin, and J.-M. Vincent. Different Monotonicity Definitions in Stochastic Modelling. In ASMTA, number 5513, pages , Madrid, June LNCS. [62] H. Kameda, E. Altman, C. Touati, and A. Legrand. Nash Equilibrium Based Fairness. In Proc. of the International Conference on Game Theory for Networks (GameNets), [63] F. Khalil, A. Rashid, H. Aubert, F. Coccetti, R. Plana, C. Barrios Hernandez, and Y. Denneulin. Application of scale changing technique grid computing to the electromagnetic simulation of reflectarrays. In IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Charleston, South Carolina, June [64] D. Kondo, B. Javadi, P. Malécot, F. Cappello, and D. P. Anderson. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cloud Computing versus Desktop Grids. In 18th International Heterogeneity in Computing Workshop, Rome, Italy, May [65] L. Nussbaum and O. Richard. A Comparative Study of Network Link Emulators. In 12 Communications and Networking Simulation Symposium (CNS 09), San Diego, USA, [66] L. Nussbaum and O. Richard. On Robust Covert Channels Inside DNS. In 24th IFIP International Security Conference, Pafos, Cyprus, [67] B. Plateau and A. Sales. Reachable state space generation for structured models which use functional transitions. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST 09), pages , Budapest, Hungary, Sept IEEE Computer Society. [68] C. Pousa, M. Bastos Castro, F. Dupros, A. Carissimi, L. G. Fernandes, and J.-F. Méhaut. High Performance Applications on Hierarchical Shared Memory Multiprocessors. In Colloque d Informatique INRIA Brésil, Coopérations, Avancées, Défis (COLIBRI), Bento Goncalves, Brazil, July [69] C. Pousa, M. Bastos Castro, L. G. Fernandes, A. Carissimi, and J.-F. Méhaut. Memory Affinity for Hierarchical Shared Memory Multiprocessors. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architectures and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD), Sao Paulo, Brazil, Oct IEEE. [70] C. Prada, V. Marangozova, K. Georgiev, J.-F. Méhaut, and M. Santana. Towards a Component-based Observation of MPSoC. In Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Symposium on Embedded Multicore Systems-on-Chip, Sept [71] P. Velho and A. Legrand. Accuracy Study and Improvement of Network Simulation in the SimGrid Framework. In SIMUTools 09, 2nd International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, [72] B. Videau, É. Saule, and J.-F. Méhaut. Parallel Runtime and Algorithms for Small Datasets. In Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Workshop on Multi-Core Computing Systems (MuCoCoS), Fukuoka, Japan, Mar [73] N. Abed, S. Tripakis, and J.-M. Vincent. Resource-Aware Verification using Randomized Exploration of Large State Spaces. In SPIN, Los Angeles, June [74] A. Andrzejak, D. Kondo, and D. P. Anderson. Ensuring Collective Availability in Volatile Resource Pools Via Forecasting. In DSOM, pages , [75] F. Araujo, P. Domingues, D. Kondo, and L. M. Silva. Using Cliques of Nodes to Store Desktop Grid Checkpoints. In Coregrid Integration Workshop, Crete, Greece, Apr [76] R. Bertin, A. Legrand, and C. Touati. Toward a Fully Decentralized Algorithm for Multiple Bag-of-tasks Application Scheduling on Grids. In IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid), Tsukuba, Japan, [77] L. Brenner, P. Fernandes, J.-M. Fourneau, and B. Plateau. Modelling Grid5000 point availability with SAN. In 3 rd International Workshop on Practical Applications of Stochastic Modelling (PASM 2008), pages 0 14, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Sept [78] A. Busic and J.-M. Fourneau. Stochastic Bounds for Partially generated Markov chains: an algebraic approach. In Fith European Performance Engineering Workshop, EPEW 2008, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Page 20 on 33