UNIX Sockets. BSD Sockets. Connection-oriented example (TCP) Client-Server Paradigm
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1 BSD Sockets UNIX Sockets Beej s Guide to Socket Programming R. Stevens, UNIX Network Programming Vol. 1 Networking protocols are implemented as part of the operating system The exported networking API is the socket interface Originally provided by BSD 4.1c ~1982. The principal abstraction is a socket Point at which an application attaches to the network Defines operations for creating connections, attaching to network, sending/receiving data, closing Paradigm Connection-oriented example (TCP) 1. Create a TCP socket 2. Assign a port to socket 3. Set socket to listen 4. Repeatedly: a. Accept new connection b. Communicate c. Close the connection 1. Create a TCP socket 2. Establish connection 3. Communicate 4. Close the connection Block until connection Process request bind() listen() accept() recv() send() Connection establishment Data (request) Data (reply) connect() send() recv() 3 4
2 Connectionless example (UDP) bind() recvfrom() sendto() Data (request) Data (reply) sendto() recvfrom() Generic IP Specific struct sockaddr { unsigned short sa_family; /* Address family (e.g., AF_INET) */ char sa_data[14]; /* Protocol-specific address info */ struct sockaddr_in { unsigned short sin_family; /* IP (AF_INET) */ unsigned short sin_port; /* Port (16-bits) */ struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address (32-bits)*/ char sin_zero[8]; /* Not used */ struct in_addr { unsigned long s_addr; /* Internet address (32-bits) */ sockaddr Preparation step: Address Setup Family Blob 2 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes sockaddr_in Family Port Internet address Not used 5 6 Network vs. Host Byte Ordering Little-Endian Big-Endian Store 32-bit integer value in memory, for example 4A3B2C1D Native (host) representation (Little-Endian, MSB last) sin_family can be in Host Byte Order 1D 2C 3B 4A Network byte order (Big-Endian, MSB first) Use for multi-byte, binary data exchange htonl(), htons(), ntohl(), ntohs() sin_port and sin_addr must be in Network Byte Order 4A 3B 2C 1D 7 socket int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) domain is either AF_UNIX, AF_INET, or AF_OSI, or.. AF_UNIX is the Unix domain, it is used for communication within a single computer system. [AF_LOCAL is the Posix name for AF_UNIX.] AF_INET is for communication on the internet to IPv4 addresses. type is either SOCK_STREAM (TCP, connection oriented, reliable), or SOCK_DGRAM (UDP, datagram, unreliable), or SOCK_RAW (IP level). protocol specifies the protocol used. It is usually 0 to say we want to use the default protocol for the chosen domain and type. Returns, if successful, a socket descriptor which is an int. It returns -1 in case of failure. 8
3 bind connect int bind(int sd, const struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen) sd: File descriptor of local socket, as created by the socket function. addr: Pointer to protocol address structure of this socket (e.g. sockaddr_in or sockaddr_un) addrlen: Length in bytes of structure referenced by addr. Returns an integer, the return code (0=success, -1=failure) int connect(int sd, const struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen) sd file descriptor of local socket addr pointer to protocol address of other socket (i.e. the one you want to connect to) addrlen length in bytes of address structure. Returns an integer (0=success, -1=failure) 9 10 listen int listen(int fd, int qlen) fd file descriptor of a socket that has already been bound qlen specifies the maximum number of connection requests that can wait to be processed by the server while the server is busy servicing another connection request. Returns an integer (0=success, -1=failure) accept int accept(int fd, struct sockaddr *addressp, int *addrlen) fd is an int, the file descriptor of the socket the server was listening on [in fact it is called the listening socket], i.e. on which the server has successfully completed socket, bind, and listen. addressp points to an address. It will be filled with address of the calling client. We can use this address to determine the IP address and port of the client. addrlen is an integer that will contain the actual length of address structure of client. Returns an integer brand new socket file descriptor (-1 in case of failure). It is the socket that the server will use from now on to communicate with the client that requested connection [in fact it is called the connected socket]. Different calls to accept will result in different connected sockets. Remember that the default behaviour for this function is to block the calling process until a connection is actually accepted (you can change that with fcntl) 11 12
4 send int send(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags) sockfd is the socket descriptor you want to send data to (whether it's the one returned by or the one you got with accept().) msg is a pointer to the data you want to send. It can be any sort of structure. flags. I am told you should leave this as 0 but see the man page for more info. Returns the number of bytes actually sent. If less than len then you must resend the rest. sendto (for sending over UDP) int sendto(int sd, char *buff, int len, int flags, struct sockaddr *addressp, int addrlen) sd, socket file descriptor buff, address of buffer with the information to be sent len, size of the message flags, usually 0; could be used for priority messages, etc. addressp, address of process we are sending message to addrlen, length of message Returns number of bytes sent. It is -1 in case of failure recv recvfrom (recv for UDP) int recv(int sockfd, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags) sockfd is the socket descriptor to read from buf is the buffer to read the information into len is the maximum length of the buffer, and flags can again be set to 0. (See the recv() man page for flag information.) Returns the number of bytes actually read into the buffer, or -1 on error. int recvfrom (int sd, char *buff, int len, int flags, struct sockaddr *addressp, int *addrlen) sd, socket file descriptor buff, address of buffer where message will be stored len, size of buffer flags, usually 0; used for priority messages, peeking etc. addressp, buffer that will receive address of process that sent message addrlen, contains size of addressp structure; Returns number of bytes received. It is -1 in case of failure
5 gethostbyname #include <netdb.h> struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name) Returns a pointer to a struct hostent, the layout of which is as follows: struct hostent { char *h_name; char **h_aliases; int h_addrtype; int h_length; char **h_addr_list; #define h_addr h_addr_list[0] And here are the descriptions of the fields in the struct hostent: h_name -- Official name of the host. h_aliases -- A NULL-terminated array of alternate names for the host. h_addrtype -- The type of address being returned; usually AF_INET. h_length -- The length of the address in bytes. h_addr_list -- A zero-terminated array of network addresses for the host. Host addresses are in Network Byte Order. h_addr -- The first address in h_addr_list. 17 Practical issues You have to be very careful when using these calls Specific data structures and formats Ports cannot be less than 1024 You can use other tools to see if things are working netstat and server can be on same system Think about error handling methods must know the server s address and port only needs to know its own port 18
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