Basic Principles of Aquaculture

Transcription

1 Basic Principles of Aquaculture Species, Economics, Water Sources Water Systems, Conservative & Non-Conservative Aspects Water Quality, Feeds Nutrition & Growth Reproduction & Genetics, Disease & Predation Harvesting Hauling & Processing Environmental Concerns

2 Feeds Nutrition & Growth II Energy & Growth Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Micronutrients Other Factors Binders, Attractants, Pigments, Off Flavors Strategies for Offering Prepared Feeds FCR & FC Efficiency, Feeding Rate, Frequency & Their Interactions Methods of Presenting Feeds Adjusting Feeding Rates

3 Reproduction, Selection & Genetics Spawning Techniques Larval Rearing Techniques Hormone Spawning Sex Control Hybridization, Triploidy, Gynogenesis Selective Breeding Genetics & Genetic Engineering

4 Disease Predation & Cannibalism I Mortality in Aquaculture Sanitation Treatment & Prevention Methodology Vaccines, Isolation, Chemical Control, Calculation of Treatment Levels Examination for Disease Common Aquaculture Diseases Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan

5 Disease Predation & Cannibalism II Common Parasites Helminths Nematode, Tapeworm, Flatworm Copepods Predation - from Land, Sea & Air Cannibalism

6 Harvesting Hauling & Processing Harvesting Culture Systems Intensive, Extensive, Specialized Techniques - Anesthesia Live Hauling Minimizing Stress Depuration Fee Fishing Processing & Marketing

7 Common Environmental Concerns 1. Water Flow Considerations 2. Parasites - Native Populations Nearby 3. Pollution from Effluent 4. Handling Escapees 5. Unhealthy Culture Conditions

8 Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

9 Carp Aquaculture 1. Largest Volume of All Aquaculture Species 2. Cyprinus carpio: Eastern European species, in Danube Drainage, then Roman Europe. 3. In Culture for More than 2,500 years 475 BC Fan Lei - Carp Aquaculture 100 BC AD Romans Aquaculture Carp 4. Considerable Number of Small Farms Eastern Europe, India, China

10 Carp Aquaculture Reference Billard, R., (ed.) Carp: Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries. Praxis Publishing, 342 pps. (Translated from the 1995 French by Dr. Lindsay Laird, Univ. Aberdeen, UK.)

11 Carp Aquaculture Roman Aquarium & Fish Farm

12 Carp Aquaculture Small Scale European Carp Farming

13 Carp Aquaculture Carp Aqua Production Probably >20 Mmt / yr Salmon Aquaculture ~ 2.2 Mmt per year Term Carp is a grade not a taxon. Carp are Members of the Family Cyprinidae 36 genera 280 species, 118 in 1 genus 15 Species account for Most Aqua Production

14 Abundant Aquacultured Carp Species 1. Common Carp Cyprinus carpio 2. Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 3. Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella 4. Mud Carp Cirrhina molitorella 5. Bighead Carp Aristichthys nobilis 6. Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus 7. Catla Catla catla 8. Calbassu Labeo calbasu 9. Rohu Labeo rohita 10. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala 11. White Amur Bream Parabramis pekinensis 12. Crucian Carp Carassius carassius 13. Goldfish Carassius auratus 14. Tench Tinca tinca 15. Roach Rutilus rutilus

15 Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

16 Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

17 Silver Carp - Illinois River Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

18 Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

19 Mud Carp Cirrhinus molitorella

20 Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

21 Black Carp Mylopharygodon piceus

22 Catla (Indian) Carp Catla catla

23 Calbassu Carp Labeo calbasu

24 Rohu Carp Labeo rohita

25 Mrigal Carp Cirrhinus mrigala

26 White Amur Bream Parabramis pekinensis

27 Crucian Carp Carassius carassius

28 Goldfish (not Koi) Carassius auratus

29 Tench Tinca tinca

30 Roach Rutilis rutilis

31 Carp General Observations Unpopular as a Food Fish in North America But Popular as Food In Europe & Asia Higher Lipid Levels, Can Bring Off Flavors Production Includes 15 Different Species Term Carp used as a grade like salmon Production Numbers Are a Guess - Accurate Data Nearly Impossible to Find Huge % of Production is from Small Ponds Mom and Pop Operations

32 Carp Life Cycle Closed Carp Whose Life Cycles have been Closed Cyprinus carpio (common carp) Carassius carassius (crucian carp) Carassius auratus (goldfish) Control Over All Life History Stages Can Include Stage Specific Requirements Control Over Reproduction - Produce Viable Offspring from Cultured Parents

33 Carp Aquaculture China Carp Pond

34 Carp Aquaculture Carp Juvenile Pedicure

35 Carp Aquaculture Czech Carp Harvest

36 Carp Aquaculture Krakow Selling Aquacultured Carp

37 Carp Aquaculture Trebon Harvesting Brail

38 Aquaculture Water Quality Secchi Disc Measuring Turbidity

39 Carp Aquaculture

40 Carp Aquaculture

41 Carp Pituitary Extracts

42 Structure of Fish Eggs

43 SEM of Fertilization Artificial Colors

44 Fertilization

45 Egg Cortical Reaction Butterfly Egg

46 Carp Eggs Zoug Jars

47 Carp Embryo Hatching

48 Carp Life Cycle Common Carp Juvenile

49 Goldfish Juveniles