ON-SITE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THAILAND
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1 ON-SITE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THAILAND Dr. Variga Sawaittayotin Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Dr. Chaiyo Juisiri Domestic Wastewater Department Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Workshop on On-site Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia November 20-21, 2013, Tokyo, Japan
2 Population 64,623,000 million City = 29,662,000 million Local area = 34,961,000 million
3 Surface Water Resources in Thailand Surface Water Resources: divided into 25 River Basins Salaween Khong Kok Chi Mun Ping Wang Yom Nan Chao Phraya Sakae Krang Pasak Tha Chin Mae Klong Prachinburi Bang Pakong Tonele Sap Eastern Coast Phetchaburi Western Coast South-East Coast Tapi Songkhla Lake Pattani South-West Coast 3
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6 The main reason causing water quality deterioration, considering from the parameters, was due to the wastewater from communities. This also included wastewater from other activities, such as industrial activities and agricultures which discharged wastewater to water sources without prior water treatment. As a solution to these causes, there should be campaign encouraging the public to reduce water usage in order to reduce wastewater t and to manage wastewater at the point source by treating the wastewater from household and recycling the wastewater.
7 The main reason causing water quality deterioration, considering from the parameters, was due to the wastewater from communities. As a solution to these causes, there should be campaign encouraging the public to reduce water usage in order to reduce wastewater and to manage wastewater at the source by treating the wastewater from household and recycling the wastewater. The local government should construct community wastewater treatment system. Following by - charge a fee for wastewater treatment - encourage the business owners to apply clean technologies - enforce wastewater treatment before draining to the environment - control low quality water drainage through irrigation or agricultural areas to reduce - enforce the law on the drainage water standard
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9 Status of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Thailand Location of 101 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Thailand Constructed 92 Plants Under Construction 8 Plants Delayed (Samutprakan Province) 1 Plant 9 9
10 Technology for Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Thailand Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems defined by System
11 Types of Collection Systems Central Wastewater Treatment Combined Sewer System Design Criteria for Central Wastewater Treatment drain both runoff and sewerage within one system The type of collection systems BOD (mg/l) SS (mg/l) Separate Sewer System Combined Sewer System (80) (80) sewerage and runoff are collected in separate piping systems Separate Sewer System (160) (160)
12 Number and Capacity of Municipal Wastewater Treatment System
13 The collection of wastewater treatment fee
14 Sources of Water Pollution Domestic : Industry : 1,687 Municipalities, >120,000 factories 6,089 LAOs, Approximately 2.8 M m 3 /d BMA, Pattaya City Approximately 9.8 M m 3 /d Agriculture : Pig farm+ Aquaculture (Point source) 0.1 M m 3 /d Paddyfield (Non Point source) 150 M m 3 /d 14
15 Municipal Wastewater Management in Thailand (1,687) Municipalities MWW~2.5 M m 3 /d BMA, Pattaya City MWW. ~2.5 M m 3 /d (6,089) LAOs MWW~ 9.0 M m 3 /d Treatment capacity ~ 3.2 M m 3 /d (~ 22.9% of total MWW) Total MWW~14M m 3 /day Total BOD Loading ~ 2,600 Ton BOD/day Total Budget 83,152 M Baht
16 The Main Problem
17 Municipal Wastewater Management in Thailand Municipal i Wastewater: t is one of the most serious environmental problems in Thailand. approximately 14 Mm 3 /day of municipal wastewater generated by the population around the country in year 2008, including : 1,687 Municipalities ~ 2.5 M m 3 /d 6,089 LAOs ~ 9.0 M m 3 /d BMA, Pattaya City ~ 2.5 M m 3 /d 101 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the country have been constructed (approximately 3.2 millions m 3 /day or app 22.9 % of total wastewater treated)
18 Constraints : Constraints in Municipal Wastewater Management in Thailand Many urban communities lack appropriate municipal wastewater management The communities and people still lack understanding in wastewater problem and awareness to protect the environment The local administration organizations are still unable to manage municipal wastewater Lack of budget for construction of the new wastewater collection system and wastewater facilities
19 Operational Problems of Municipal Wastewater Treatment System 1. Operation and Maintenance. 2. Management of Central System and Wastewater Treatment. 3. Promotional Campaign and Communities Involvement in the Central Wastewater Treatment System Management. 4. Law Enforcement, Regulating Mechanism, and Driving Local Administration to Act Progressively. 5. TARGET
20 The Main Problem in Wastewater Facilities Management Weak Wastewater : the systems are sized to treat highly diluted wastewater Sewerage leakage : pumped mains experience substantial leakage with potential contamination a o of groundwater Sewer sedimentation : high levels of i t i d l h d li fil i intrusion and low hydraulic profiles in gravity sewers.
21 The Main Problem in Wastewater Facilities Management Staff skills : the treatment technologies require a high level of skilled operator more difficult to resource up-country. Operational cost : Electrical costs are particularly high. Tariff charges : as a result of the low perceived benefit and local political considerations, progress in levying tariffs has been limited to 3 municipalities to date.
22 Solution Problem on Domestic Wastewater Management
23 Structure of Municipal Sewage Management System (MSMS) 2008
24 Term of MSMS2008 Policy Human resource Implement Check & Correction Evaluation Action Planning
25 Bring Back Better Natural Water resources Reduce waste at pollution sources by the simple technologies (Ex. Grease Trap and On-site treatment) Rehabilitate the existing municipal wastewater facilities Construct new wastewater treatment system using appropriate technology Polluter Pay Principal (PPP) 25
26 Alternatives for Municipal Wastewater Management in Thailand On-site, (individual house) Cluster Wastewater Treatment (Group of House) Centralized Wastewater Treatment (High density) 26
27 On-site
28 Household Wastewater Treatment alized Wastewater ment Cluster Wastewater Treatment
29 Household Wastewater Treatment Old House Washer Land Filtration Kitchen Toilet Oil Trap Septic Tank Public Drainage New House Washer Public Drainage Kitchen Toilet Oil Trap Wastewater Treatment Unit Land Filtration
30 Household shower Toilet Washer Kitchen พฤศจ กายน 56 รวมท อมา เข าถ งเกรอะ 30
31 Collection System Treatment System Anaerobic outlet Toilet Septic Oil trap Oil Trap washer Shower
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33 Ko Chang (Trat Province) Flow 1-3 m 3 /d BOD 200 mg/l Inf. AF 1 Ko Chang: Anaerobic Filter (AF) Septic AF 2 AF 3 Eff. BOD <30 mg/l Construction Cost 32,200-61,600 Baht 33 Media 33
34 Cost comparison between centralized and onsite systems Cost per house Centralized type cost curve Household type cost curve Density of house
35 Water Pollution Control Policy Reduce wastewater at pollution sources by simple technologies (Ex. Grease Trap and On-site treatment) Rehabilitate the existing municipal wastewater facilities wastewater facilities Construct new wastewater treatment system using appropriate technologies Polluter Pay Principal (PPP) ) 35
36 Wastewater Management Law Regulation and Enforcement Measures : The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E (NEQA1992) Water Quality Standards : Ambient Water Quality Standards Effluent Standards Other Laws Management Measures : Monitor and Evaluate Water Quality Pollution Control Zone Investment Measures : Establish Wastewater Treatment Facilities 36
37 Challenges in Municipal Wastewater Management in Thailand Challenges : Review current status and update the data of existing wastewater collection network and the drainage system Propose and assess technically and economically feasible options for Centralized, Cluster and Onsite of wastewater treatment system, including identifying types, separate sewage system, or combined sewer system which are appropriate p for LAOs
38 38
39 The current study of fenton ball research in the constructed wetland of ERTC 39
40 Testing of Onsite Commercial Wastewater Treatment Units various types of commercial wastewater treatment tanks are sold in markets No procedure of testing and none government authority to guarantee the efficiency of tank. Because of the lack of technical data to support a verification system
41 Experimental Set up and operation Experiment conditions duratio n Operation condition No. of sampling Start up 3 Influent flow rate 1,000 5 times months L/d ( 10%) Normal 3 Influent flow rate 1,000 situation ti months L/d ( 10%) Stress situation 5 times - 2 times of 2 Influent flow rate 2,000 5 times normal months L/d ( 10%), 5 consecutive days and run in normal situation ti -A half of normal 2 months Influent flow rate 500 L/d ( 10%), 5 consecutive days and run in normal situation 5 times - No influent 2 stop flow 5 consecutive 5 times months days and run in normal situation
42 Results Stress tests do not have effects on removal efficiencies of BOD of the tested tanks. Removal efficiencies of BOD are in the range of % and the average is 68 %. BOD in effluents are in the range of mg/l. For TKN, Phosphorus, sulfide and TDS removal efficiency couldn t well so should add secondary treatment to increase removal efficiency. 42
43 Support system by government Design by PCD Consulting Reduce pollutant from wastewater on-site Polluter Pay Principal: i PPP Discharge standard
44 Popular on-site treatment technology Treatment tank Septic tank Grease tab tank
45 Challenges to promote on-site wastewater treatment in Thailand Low cost Maintenance i system 30 Baht/month
46 46 We acknowledge g the valuable assistance of PCD and ERTC staffs for results and recommendations
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