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2 , 2001 Copyright BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM TURKEY, September /

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6 . 1,, , -,. :, 3.,,,,, , - 85%. 11% -. -, 6. -,, %, ( 7% - 7 ),,, , 99%. 1% : ) «-» Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Profile 2000 Turkey, London 2000, p Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42nd edition, London 2001, p Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, Europa Publications, 2001, p. 6 Atlapedia Online, Country Profiles Turkey: Key Facts and Statistics on The Country Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London 2001, p Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, : Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London 2001, p Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, United Nations, General Assembly, Interim Report on Elimination of all forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion, Belief, prepared by Abdelfatah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights in accordance wit the GA Resolution 54/159, A 55/280/Add.1/ , , p. 3. 6

7 . : , ,,, -,, , «,» , 550, 5.,, , , (Democratic Left Party DLP) 136. (National Movement Party ) 130,. (Motherland Party) 88,. - (True Path Party TPP) (Fezilet Partisi FP ) FP D FP, FP. (People s 12 EIU, Country Profile 2000 Turkey, London, 2000, p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, November 2000, p Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile,

8 Democratic Party HADEP), 4,75% % ( ) HADEP ,. -,,,, -,, -., -, 18.,,, (Shari a) ,.,.,.,. 19., -,.,,,, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna 13-14/ , p Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p Amnesty International, Turkey: The Duty to Supervise, Investigate and Prosecute, 4/

9 ., , -., :. -, -. :,, ( ), -,, -. :. -,, : : 143,,,, -». 312 ( ). : , , 161, 168, 169, 171, 172, / Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), , p Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, London: Europa Publications, p

10 Incal , ,,., , -, -,,,,, /,, -, , Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p Council of Europe, European Commission, 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey s progress towards accession, , p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa, 47 th edition, Europa Publications,

11 ( ), -. -, , : , ( ) :,,,,, -,,, -,,,,,. ( ) 27 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, Including Questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, Item 11 (b) of the provisional agenda, E.CN.4/ /Add.2, , paras International Committee of Red Cross, ICRC, Annual Report 1998 and

12 ( ) 29., ( 2000) :, -,,., 2001,,, Nordrhein- Westfalen , , - (Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak, Tunceli) , Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNCHR/ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile

13 Europa Regional Surveys of the World : Anavatan Partisi (ANAP Motherland Party) : -, -,. :. Büyük Birlik Partisi (BBP) Cumhuriyat Halk Partisi (CHP) : (Sosyal Democrat Halkçi Partisi). :. De isen Türkiye Partisi (DEPAR) Demokrasi ve Bari Partisi (DBP) : -. Demokrat Türkiye Partisi (DTP) :. - :. Demokratik Sol Partisi (DSP) :,. :. Do ru Yol Partisi (DYP) : -, :. Fazilet Partisi (FP) :,.,. :. Halkin Demokrasi Partisi (HADEP) : -. :. çi Partisi. Liberal Demokratik Partisi (KDP). Millet Partisi (MP). Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) : 1983,. :. : ( Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan): , 34 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p

14 , «-». Daily News (DHKP-C Revolutionary People s Liberation Party Front): Dev-Sol ( ) DHKP - C 1996 Dev-Sol,, : DHKP/C (Devrimci Halk Kurtulus Partisi/Cephesi) THKP/C Dev-Sol (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Devrimci Sol) TIKB/B (Türkiye Ihtilalci Komünistler Birli i/ Bol evik) TKIP (Türkiye Komünist I çi Partisi) 35 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p Bundesamt fuer die Anerkennung auslaendischer Fluechtinge Informationszentrym Asyl Tuerkei, Erkenntnisse des Bundesamtes, 2/

15 KDH/L (Komünist Devrim Hareketi/Leninist) KDB (Komünist Devrimci Birlik) THKP/C Dev Yol (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Devrimci Yol) THKP/C Acilciler (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Acilciler) MLSPB (Marksist Leninist Silahli Propaganda Birli i) TKKKÖ (Türkiye ve Kuzey Kürdistan Kurtulu Örgütü) HDÖ (Halkin Devrim Öncüleri) TDP (Türkiye Devrim Partisi) TKP (M-L) DABK (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Do u Anadolu Bölge Komitesi) TKP / M-L Kons. Kes (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Konferansçi Kesim) MLKP (Marksist Leninist Komünist Partisi) KP-IO (Komünist Partisi In a Örgütü) BP/KK-T (Bol evik Parti/Kuzey Kürdistan Türkiye) TKP/ (ML) Birlik (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist) - Birlik TKP/ M-L MPM (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Maoist Parti Merkezi Spartaküs) TKP IS (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/ I çinin Sesi) DSIH (Devrimci Sosyalist I çi Hareketi) TDKP (Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi) TIKB (Türkiye Ihtilalci Komünistler Birli i) TKEP/L (Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist) TKEP (Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi) KKP (Kürdistan Komünist Partisi) TKP/K (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Kivilcim) PKK (Kürdistan I çi Partisi) PSK (Kürdistan Sosyalist Partisi) PRK/Rizgari (Kürdistan Kurtulus Partisi) PDK (Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi) PDK/Bakur (Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi Kuzey) PRNK (Kürdistan Ulusal Örgürlük Partisi) RNK/KUK (Kürdistan Ulusal Kurtulu çular) Devrim Partisi-Kawa (Partiye Sore -Kawa) RDSK (Kürdistan Demokratik Sosyalist Örgütü) PSK (Devrimci Kürdistan Partisi Partiya Sore a Kürdistan) Hizbullah/Ilim Gruhu Hizbullah/Mezil Grubu IBDA/C (Islami Büyük Do u Akincilar Cephesi) IHÖ (Islami Hareket Örgütü) Müslüman Gençlik Grubu Sözde Vasat Grubu/Ehl-I Sünnet vel Cemaat Mezhepsizler Grubu Selam Grubu 15

16 :,,, (1928),, ( 1934),,,, -., (C ) (D ), (Adalet Partisi) , ,, : , The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 40 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey 16

17 30, -. (Nationalist Democracy Party NDP), (Populist Party PP), (Motherland Party ANAP) : : 1990, , ,. -, -., -., , S S CHP , 100 -, 550., 42, : 1995 (Welfare Party Refah Party) -, RP DYP -, - 42 The Europa World Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p USDOS, Bureau for Europe, Background Notes: Turkey, 10/1999, p

18 , Refah -, Refah Party (RP) «-» FP Refah Party - FP, RP 46. : 1997 :, -,,. -, : ,. 1998, ,,., Ticaret Bankasi. Susurluk , , FP. 1998, 44 The Europe World Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Facts on File News Service, Turkey Country Profile, Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p

19 : 1999 DSP DSP 22%, 18% FP 16%. DYP 13% 12%. -, DSP, , HADEP 1999 HADEP , : , 1998, , , HADEP The Europe Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 49 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p Ibid. 51 Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 19

20 Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak Tunceli 52., : , , ,, -. : ,4 -, , , , ,,.. -, 1999, - ( ). -, -. : ,,, Ibid. 20

21 , -,., , 1993 «, -,» «-», » : The Europe Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Turkey Role of the International Community. 55 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2001, Turkey, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Role of the International Community. 57 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments, p

22 , -, , 2000,,, -,, incommunicado #., -, - ( ) ,, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2001, Turkey, p. 9. #. : -,. 59 International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), 2001, Turkey in Human Rights in OSCE Region: the Balkans, the Causasus, Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2001 (Events of 2000), pp Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP), 9/2000, KHRP Offers Recommendations as Turley s EU Accession Moves Forward, Newsline, Issue 11/12, p. 6, summer/autumn The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, 7/2001, Turkey, p The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Forecast, 7/2001, Turkey, p

23 : , , F. -.,, , , F , 7-5, ,, :,, , Fetullah Gulen, Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th, edition, Europa Publications, p

24 2000, - FP - RP ( ): 2000., 64., $ $ : , Ilisu ,.. -, : 64 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p Facts on File News Service, Turkey Country Profile, The Europe World Year Book, 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p

25 ) (1951) (1967) ( ) ( ) (1948) ( ) (1979) , ( ) (1984) ( ) : UNHCR/CDR RefWorld 2000, untreaty.un.org , : (1954) (1961) - (1966) (1989) - (1968) Apartheid (1973) (1966), (1966), (1999) (1965) , -. 25

26 : (2000), (2000) (1990) : ) (1950) (1952) (1994) (1993) (1993) : UNHCR / CDR RefWorld 2000, (1984), (2000), (1988) (1983). ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) USDOS, Bureau for Europe, Background Notes: Turkey, 10/1999, p

27 - : :. 141, , -. -.,, «-,». 1 «-,,,,, -,,,,, -». 8 -.,, ( ) : «, -, » 70. : , Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p The Anatolia News Agency, Ankara, Parliament passes repentance law to encourage Kurdish rebels to surrender, 27/8/

28 . : , , -, ,,,.,, -. incommunicado -., - -., , Human Rights Watch , United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, , para USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Development. 28

29 , , ,,. 1999, -, ,,, : ,, -, «-». 2000, -, European Commission, Regular Report on Turkey s Progress Towards Accession, 11/ Amnesty International, Open Letter to EU Heads of State and Heads of Government, Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p

30 (HRA Insan Haklari Dernegi) - (HRF Insan Haklari Vakfi). - HRF, -. HRA :. -.,. 1998,, , 159 ( ) 312 ( ) ,, - «-» ,»,, -, -., -, Nigel Rodley, , United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, , para Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 30

31 , , -,, 82. HRF , -, ( 1997) United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, E/CN.4/1999/61/ADD.1, , para United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organisation in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 83 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, 42 nd edition, Vol. II, London, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 85 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 86 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 31

32 ,, : Erdinc Aslan, Human Rights Watch , « ( ) , 2000, -. 20,, «-», F ,, -,,. -,, (TIKKO Workers and Peasant s Army of Turkey) ,. DHKP-C Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 90 Council of Europe, European Commission, 1999 Regular Report from the commission on Turkey s progress towards the accession, , p USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Turkey, 2/2001, p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 93 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 32

33 (Marxist-Leninist Communist Party - MLCP) Esma Jahangir -, : ,., -,,. 1984, -., , , : ,,,, , ,, -,, 94 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p Kurdish Observer, Usnsolved deaths will be examined by UN, 2/ Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment, Turkey, , p Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p

34 ,, , : -.,. -., , - : 2000, HRF, HRF,, United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced or involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add. 2, , para United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, , para Turkish Daily News, «Tension rises, Torture escalates, Turkish Probe issue no. 425,

35 ,,, -, ,,., - -, -., ,. 7 «-,». - : 243 -, :» , Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p

36 ,,... - :,,,,,.,.. ( ), - ( ),,,.. - -, Reuters Sema Piskinsüt, -,,,». -. : -. Taylan Genc, , , 36

37 : F, ,., Bayrampassa F -.,. 104 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, , para Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E.CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, , para Amnesty International, Isolation over Turkey s new prisons, 6/ BBC News, Turkish Forces let inmates burn,

38 109. : -. -., Incommunicado : 1998,,. -.., , , IKM Belgium Committee against Torture through Isolation, Force feeding of political prisoners on hunger strikes, Announcement and Appeal to participate in Human Rights Delegation in Turkey, 3/ Aksoy, , (. 1000/1995/606/695) United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, , para

39 2000 Erzincan - «-». Tunceli incommunicado : -,, -,. -.,,,., -., : «-,,» , : -,., -. -,, Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/

40 . - -., - 399, - Sagmalcilar - Wernicke-Korsakoff.. -, , ,, HRF. «-»,, «-», «- 30.2» United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, , para Physicians for Human Rights, Campaigns-Update on cases in Turkey, 6/

41 : , HRA 90% ,, -., -.,. : -,,.. -,., : Mural Yildiz 1995: Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/ USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2002, p United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced and involuntary Disappearances, 55 th, session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, , para USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/

42 Neslihan Uslu, Hasan Aydogan, Metin Andac, Mehmet Mandal Ilya Eren 73 Fikri Ozgen -. Human Rights Watch / , -, -.,, 122. : HADEP, Human Rights Watch 1999 HADE. 1999, Murat Bozlak, , Ahmet Turan Demir , RP FP Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 122 Amnesty International, Turkey, The Amnesty Law An Ambiguous step, No. EUR 44/052/2001, Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 124 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p

43 . RP, RP (Democratic Kurdish Party DKP) -. FP - RP : /1983, -,,,, Gaziantep HRA Mazlum-Der, , HRA Akin Birdal,, Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 126 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey. Adopted on , CRI (2001) 37, Strasbourg, , para. C Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 43

44 , 130.,,.,, : , ,, , -, , 133. : 130 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 132 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/37 on Civil and Political Rights including questions of Torture and Detention, Commission on Human Rights, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/61/Add.1, , para Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 44

45 , ,,,,, ( ),, ( ), 15,,. 24, ,,, -, , 1979, , 134 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), , p United Nations, General Assembly Interim Report by Abdelfattah Amir, the Special Rapporteur for the Commission on Human Rights on Elimination of all forms of intolerance and of discriminations based on religion or belief, A/55/280/Add.1, , p.9. 45

46 ( - ) HADEP , Human Rights Watch , -, Hasan Cezal Guzel,, Recep Tayyip Erdogan Merve Kavakci FP - (, ). Kavakci FP Merve Kavakci 139. : -,,,,,, 136 Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 137 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), , p Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 139 Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 46

47 140. Human Rights Watch -.,, -, 141., -. -, : 312 ), 155 ( - ), 159 ( ) , - Andrew Finkel, Time, Oral Calislar 20 8, Metin Goktepe : Kanal , , , , -., RP, 2001.,. Akin Birdal, - HRA 140 Amnesty International, Turkey The Amnesty Law An Ambiguous Step, No EUR 44/052/2001, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 142 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), , p Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 47

48 . Akin Birdal -, , Leyla Xana, Hatip Dicle, Selim Sadak Orhan Doan ( ) Esber Yagmurdereli, «( - )» , , ,, Fikret Baõkaya, Özgür Bak2 «;» Yeni Evrensel HRA, Amnesty International, Turkey The Amnesty Law An ambiguous step, No. EUR 44/052/2001/ Amnesty International: Turkey, Creating a silent society, 2/ Amnesty International, The colours of their clothes: parliamentary deputies serve 15 years imprisonment for expressions of Kurdish Political identity, No EUR 44/85/ Amnesty International, Turkey 17 years in the balance: Lawyer E. Yamyrdereli returns to prison in freedom of expression case, 11/ Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), , p Amnesty International, Dr. Fikret Baõkaya: Prisoner of conscience for the second time, , 44/042/ The Committee to Protect Journalist, Middle East and North Africa, Country Report Turkey

49 . -. -,. HRA , ,, - «,,».. : : Diyarbakir, Tunceli, Hakkari Sirnak , , : -, -, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001) , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Report by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 54 th session, Geneva, No

50 . «-» ,, ,, : : «2000» - 70 ( 191 ). :,,, -, : (, 37 44) 153 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racisme and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey Adopted on , CRI (2001), 37, Strasbourg, , para G US Committee for Refugees, The World of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p The World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey, Ethnic Groups Worldwide, A Ready Reference Handbook David Levison, Oryx Press,

51 ,,,.,, : , -,, ( ) -, ( ) -., - ( - ), ,, , 157 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, Adopted on , CRI (2001), 37, Strasbourg, , para. J Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, , Country Assessment Turkey. 160 Global IDP Project, IDPs in Turkey, Profile Summary, 8/ Immigration and Refugees Board, Turkey: the Situation of the Kurds, Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 2/

52 ,,, : Kurmanji Zaza. Kurmanji,, Tunceli Elazig - Zaza. 163.,., , MED TV,. - KTV ( ). 1999, MEDIA TV CTV ( ) 2000 METV ,,,,. 1998, (Vakiflar Geneal Mudurlugu),,.,,, Global IDP Project, IDPs in Turkey, Profile Summary, 8/ Ehtnologue, 13 th edition 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics. 164 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey , p Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, Adopted on , CRI (2001) 37, Strasbourg, , para. J26. 52

53 ,.,, , :,. 2/3, 1/3 1/3 -., Tunceli, Sivas, Corum, Tokat Maras., -. Zaza ( ) 170.,,. Cemevi., USDOS Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, , p United Nations, General Assembly. Interim Report on Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief, prepared by Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights in accordance with the GA resolution, A55/280/Add.1, , , p. 26 para David McDowall, 1992, The Kurds: A Nation Denied, London, Minority Rights Group,

54 «-» : * ,., : , 2000, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, , p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, , p United Nations, General Assembly, Interim Report on Elimination of all forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on the Religion or Belief, prepared by Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights, in accordance with the GA Resolution 54/259, , A55/280/Add.1, , p. 3. *., 15. [, ( ), Ph. Mansel,., 1999, ]. 176.,, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001), 37, para. J Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001), 37, para. J

55 ., -, : , Kirikhan Hatay : -. -, Mardin,. -,,. -, / : USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, , p USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, , p

56 185. HADEP (The People s Democracy Party - ): HEP DEP HADEP ( ) Murat Bozlak , Ahmet Turan Demir Van Hakkari -. HADEP. HADEP, 80 Diyarbakir : -.,, :,, -, / European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001), 37, para. J United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p

57 F 188. IBDA (Islamist Great Eastern Raiders - Front / - ): Salih Izzet Erdis, -. : Husain Velioglu , FP -. DHKP-C (Revolutionary People s Liberation Party Front / - ): DHKP-C,. (Kurdistan Workers Party - ): HADEP Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19,

58 , , , , , (Workers and Peasants Army of Turkey - - ): (HRA),. Diyarbakir, Mardin, Balikesir Bursa HRA Akin Birdal, FIDH. Birdal , Birdal (Mazlum-Der) 191. HRA 190 The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country report Turkey, 5/ United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19,

59 1999. Mazlum Der Mehmet Ali Irtemcelik, - «-» HRA Mazlum Der. -,, - - Lolan Kendakor HRF,. - - Ulaucanlar.,..., , ,, , , Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 193 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 194 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced or involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, , para Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p

60 1993., - -,. -,, , % -, ,. Akdivar - «-» : 1998 Recep Tayyip Edrogan -. -., Doganli Hakkari Kemal Yazicioglu Ordu US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p

61 muhtar (, - ) ,. -.,,, / / : Ashiret , : Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak, Tunceli, Van, Bignol, Bitlis, Mardin Mus «-» , : Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17/23.3), 8/2001, p USDOS, Turkey Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000, 2/

62 .,,,, -, ,, - GAP (Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi), GAP -.. GAP , , : AC- CORD ( - ). 202 US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17/ ), , p US Committee for Refugees, the Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p USDOS, Turkey Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000, 2/

63 ,,, ,.,. -,, ( / ), -,.. ACCORD : -... Ozgur Bakis, 2000 Savet -.,., Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country report Turkey, 5/

64 ,,.. - Lice 2000, 1993 Akcapinar Lice ,..., , , -. -, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p US Committee for Refugees, Country Report: Turkey United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Representative of the Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons, Mr. Francis Deng, submitted pursuant for Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/53, E/CN.4/2001, Freedom in the World , The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 64

65 , 7-3, -, 212.., -.,, -, , -,., -,, : , -,. Zeynep Avci 1996, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights News, Turkey: Virginity Tests Reinstated, International Herald Tribune, Turkey: Honor killings follow women to the city, The Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country Report Turkey, 5/ Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p

66 . -, , , -, , Beyolou Bakirkoy,, - : -,,,, ,3, 5 ( - ) 13 ( - ), Hamsa Hinek, -, Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001) 37, , para. O Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment report Turkey, , p United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/37 on Civil and Political Rights including questions of Torture and Detention, Commission on Human Rights, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/61/Add.1, , para Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 220 Human Rights Action, Turkey child arrests creates outcry, Chris Morris,

67 Kirikkale : «18» Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit , 10% : Larzac -.., Gesellaschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker (GfbV) Kurdish Human Rights Project, Justice delivered for Kurdish mother of disappeared children Turkey held responsible by European Court and fined pounds, Press release, Human Rights Action, Around 130 children were detained in a central Anatolya town out of fear that they were being corrupted by Internet, Emily Fitzloff, The Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers, Global Report 2001, Turkey. 224 Couturier, C. : «Kurdish rebels send teenagers to war: turkish soldiers say they are gaining the initiative in the war on the south, Financial Times, Leclerc, J.M. : La diaspora kurde sous la loi du racket, Valeurs Actuelles, GfbV appelliert an Bundesregierung: Sorgen Sie fuer die Rueckkehr der von der PKK in Deutschland entfuehrten kurdischen Minderjaehrigen in ihren Familien, GfbV, ,, The Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers, Global Report 2001, Turkey. 67

68 Haluk Gerger Ragip Duran Esber Yagmurdereli , Ocak Yurtcu, Ozgur Gundem: 1998, , Ismail Besikci, , -,, Hasan Deniz - Ozgur Bakis ( ) ,, , Committee to Protect Journalist, The case of Turkey: Verifying Reports of Imprisoned Journalists, Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 231 Committee to Protect Journalists, The Campaign to Free Imprisoned Turkish Journalists, United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Written Statement submitted by Reports Sans Frontieres, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/105, Committee to Protect Journalists, The Campaign to Free Imprisoned Turkish Journalists,

69 Oral Calislar,. Calislar ,., Andrew Finkel,, The Times of London The Economist. Surnak Surnak 234. Nadire Mater, Inter Press Service , «-» :».,, /. - CNN, «-». -, :, -,. -,, Committee to Protect Journalists, CPJ Protests: Committee to Protect Journalists is outraged by conviction of journalist Oral Cilislar, 5/ The Committee to Protect Journalists, Middle East and North Africa, Country Report Turkey, Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), , p

70 ( ) HRA Pro Asyl ( ) -.. -,. - : -.. ( - ).. -,. -.,.. -, , Habur.,., -,., -,,. 70

71 . -.» Abdullah Turgut,,,,,,,. 1999,., , Lower Saxonian Refugee Council Pro Asyl - HRF 32, -., -, , -. -,., 237 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), , p Lower Saxonian Refugee Council/PRO ASYL : von Deutschland in den turkischen Folterkeller Zur Ruckkehergefahrdung von Kurdinnen und Kurden, 2 nd edition, 5/2000, p

72 , , ,,, -. - Bahais. : -,,,, , , Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Writenet Country Papers, The Kurds A Regional Issue: update to April 1998, Sarah Graham-Brown, 4/ UNHCR, Country Profiles, Turkey 9/ Agence France Press Flood of Iranian Refugees passes through Turkey,

73 , 243. : ,, Dogubayazit, Agri : ,,» , / Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001), , para. O Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 246 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/ , p Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, , CRI (2001) 37, , para. O

74 , , 20% -. -.,, -., , 1998 Wiesbaden,. - (Izmir Savas Karsitlari Dernegi - ISKD) ISKD 1996,, -. -,, - - «-» «-» United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including the question of conscientious objection to military service, Report of the Secretary General submitted pursuant to Commission resolution 1998/77, 55 th session, E/CN.4/2000/55, Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/ , p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey ( ), , p Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/ , p

75 , -,. (,, ), -., 16., , $ $ ,., : , incommunicado Cengiz Suslu Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/ , p Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-13/3/2001), 22/8/2001, p The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country Report, Turkey, 7/ Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-13/3/2001), 22/8/2001, p Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p

76 , Murat Ulke, «-», 259. :. 419, ,, Konya Global Appeal 2001 :, -, -,, -,, /. : 1951 ( - ),,,. -., Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentaiton, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna 13/ , p Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p The International Lesbian and Gay Association, Turkey, updated ( 76

77 ,,, ( ) 1951., -, -. -,. : :, -,.. -. : 1951.,,, ( ) -. 77

78 ., , ,,, -,,.. -, -.,,. :, -. -., , -,

79 ,.., : -,,. ( ) -,.. :. -,. -, -. - (, ) , ,. : -, ( ) UNICEF ( - ) CCA/UNDAF. 79

80 . : -,.. : , , (424) (224) ,, - ( ): , -,. ( ) 8% (42% ). (23%) (16%) (15.790) 29% 2000 (12.190).., 2000: , (17.500) , %. 20%. 80