Learning Theory Graphic Organizers. By: Constance Gillison 5/5/2011

Transcription

1 Theory Graphic Organizers By: Constance Gillison 5/5/2011

2 Introduction to Theory Behaviorism Social Cognitivism Theory Cognitivism Constructivism

3 Much of it started here Behaviorism Conditioning Theories Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Stimulusresponse Focused Type S Conditioning Type R Conditioning Reinforcement focused

4 And this is how they relate Stimulus elicits a response from the organism Learners are automatically reinforced Classical Conditioning Lead to specific behaviors Use Associations Extinction Operant Conditioning Responses are controlled by their consequences Learners are reinforced when specific behaviors occur Limited somewhat to biological behaviors Discrimination Provides instructional implications via Shaping, chaining, and scaffolding is behavioral change

5 Behaviorism to Social Cognitivism Conditioning Theories Social Cognitivism

6 Social Cognitivism On to Social Cognitivism Human learning occurs in a social environment People gain knowledge, skills, beliefs, and attitudes through observing others Social Theory Students may acquire knowledge they may not demonstrate at the time of learning

7 Is a form of Social Theory Response Facilitation Social Prompts create motivational inducements for observers to model the actions Is a form of Social Theory Modeling Inhibition/ Disinhibition Modeled behavior create expectations for observers that consequences will be similar Is a form of People learn through observing other peoples behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of behavior Observational Processes include attention, retention, production, and motivation Behavior is explained through reciprocal interaction between behaviors, environment, and personal factors

8 Cognitive Theories Cognitive Theory Focuses on inner mental processes is seen as a learner s change in schemata Is a type of Schema Theory Use metaphor of mind as a computer Meaningful Explain development in terms of interaction btwn behavioral, environmental, and personal factors Actions are a consequence of one s thinking Theory of Cognitive Development Is a type of Conditions of

9 through provides through Schema Theory Experience with people, objects, and events in the world Not all information is added to schemas Schemas Can be Created Provides Implications for learning Are Represent Mental structures of information in memory Can be modified Accretion Tuning Restructuring Provide themes for content Encourage students to read titles and headings Ask questions to determine students preexisting schemas Create Graphic Organizers

10 Meaningful that is Meaningful Combinatorial Superordinate Prior Knowledge Occurs through 4 processes Derivative Subsumption Correlative Subsumptionn

11 Is a process of Depends on Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Biological maturation Cognitive Development Experience w/physical environment Experience w/social environment assimilation Equilibrium accommodation Occurs in 4 stages Sensorimoter Birth to 2 Preoperational 2-7 Concrete Operational 7-11 Formal Operational 11 to adult

12 Gagne s Conditions of is Intellectual Skills Learners capabilities are seen in 5 outcomes Verbal Information Skills Occurs in phases complex Phases of Attending Expectancy Retrieval Selective Perception Semantic Encoding Retrieval and Responding Reinforcement Cueing retrieval Generalizability Motor skills Problem Solving Attitudes

13 This is how they relate. Derivative Subsumption Correlative Subsumption Assimilation Accomodation Accretion Tuning Meaningful Subordinate and Combinational Restructuring Schema Theory New information should build on prior knowledge Theory of Cognitive Development

14 A Cognitivism and Constructivism Comparison Cognitivism i Learner is actively involved in learning process Interaction between behavioral, personal, and environmental factors are recognized Internal processes influence learning Social interaction is important for learning Believe that learners relate new information to prior learning Constructivism

15 Constructivism Constructivism is an active, constructive process Learners make meaning through interaction with their environment, people, experiences, and reflection Situated Theory Not a theory, but an epistemology

16 Situated Theory Context Community of Practice Culture Activities