Additives Primer Blown Films, Cast Films & Extrusion Coating
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1 2007 PLACE Conference September St Louis, MO Additives Primer Blown Films, Cast Films & Extrusion Coating Dr. Prakash R. Patel Director R&D Ampacet Corporation
2 Common Additives for PE & PP Films Slips Antiblocks Antistats Antifogs Antioxidants UV absorbers UV inhibitors Fillers
3 Exotic Additives Nucleating/Clarifying agents Flame Retardants Antimicrobials Oxygen scavengers Odor absorbers Desiccants
4 Processing Temperatures for PE films Blown Film- Typically < 400F Cast Film- Range from 450 to 550F Extrusion Coating Generally > 600F Challenges for high temp. processes (Cast film & extrusion coating) Thermal Stability of additives Moisture adsorption by additives
5 Slips: Mechanism Plastic Film Layers Of Slip molecules Plastic Film Slip Migration
6 Slips Erucamide & Oleamide- most commonly used Challenges: COF Control- Correct Loading Thermal Stability (CF, EC) Heat sealing Printing Maintenance of corona treatment Adhesive laminations Transfer on a roll
7 Antiblocks- Mechanism Antiblock Particles PE film layers Film with Antiblock Film without Antiblock
8 Antiblocks Diatomaceous earth (DE) and Talc- the most commonly used Challenges: Quality of dispersion Particle size & film layer ratios Abrasiveness Haze/Clarity Correct loading (Related to polymer type) Synergy with slips
9 Antistats- Mechanism Charge Dissipation Layer of Antistat molecules H H O H H O H H O H H O Plastic Film Antistat Migration
10 Antistats Various Chemistries- Amines, Amides & Esters most common Challenges: Knowledge of specifications Humidity Dependent Migration slow- properties are time dependent Polymer selection (Diff. AS chemistry) Correct Loading (Multilayer films)
11 Antistats Challenges: Thermal stability (CF, EC) Heat Sealing Printing (Ink Adhesion) Maintenance of corona treatment Adhesive Laminations Other additives
12 Antifogs- Mechanism Flat film of water Layer of Antifog molecules Plastic Film Antifog Migration
13 Antifogs Chemistries must be FDA approved Limited Chemistries Challenges: Migration slow- properties are time dependent Polymer selection (Diff. AF chemistry) Correct Loading (Multilayer films) Performance dependent on film structure, type of test, test equipment etc.
14 Antifogs Challenges: Thermal stability (CF, EC) Heat Sealing Printing (Ink Adhesion) Maintenance of corona treatment Adhesive Laminations Other additives
15 Electromagnetic Spectrum λ IR Infrared (IR) : nm Visible light : nm Red : nm Orange : nm Yellow : nm Green : nm Blue : nm Violet : nm Ultra Violet (UV) : nm X Rays : nm Intensity of the total sun irradiation is expressed in Kilolangleys (Kly) : 1 Kly = KJ/cm2 UV
16 UV Absorbers vs. UV Inhibitors UV light (high energy)- can degrade the polymer as well as degrade the contents of a plastic package UV inhibitors- added to prevent polymer degradation and protect the film or the plastic package itself UV absorbers- added to absorb UV light & protect contents of a package Organic UV absorbers Inorganic UV absorbers
17 Efficiency Organic UV Absorbers Lambert-beer s law Abs = k.t.c Abs = Absorbency k = extinction coefficient t = thickness c = concentration UV absorbency is proportional to additive concentration and film thickness Only for thick film (above 100µm) Compatibility limit : ppm
18 Organic UV Absorbers UV Screening of 100µm films containing 2000ppm Organic UV Absorber 1 (2% 10057) and 2000ppm Organic UV Absorber 2 (100645) 91,6 80 %T Pure LDPE 2% % ,1200, ,0 Wavelength s
19 UV Absorbers Challenges: Blocking UV light completely in a thin, transparent film (< 100 µ) Organic UVAs Additive migration Yellowish color Inorganic UVAs Quality of dispersion Haze/poor clarity
20 UV Inhibitors Protect the polymer from degradation caused by exposure to UV light Scavenge free radicals Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) are the most common ones
21 Auto Oxidation Cycle HALS polymer RH R. UV light/heat Oxygen HALS RO.+HO. ROO. R. + ROOH RH HALS
22 UV Inhibitors Challenges: Correct loading Proper selection of HALS Interaction with other additives Interaction with acidic chemicals such as pesticides & herbicides
23 Antioxidants Protect the polymer from thermal degradation Processing Long term storage under hot conditions Hindered phenols (primary AO) and phosphites (secondary AO) are the most common
24 Auto Oxidation Cycle Phenols polymer RH R. UV light/heat Oxygen RO.+HO. ROO. Phosphites R. + ROOH RH Phenols
25 Antioxidants Challenges: Discoloration such as pinking or yellowing caused by phenolic AOs (biggest challenge) Hydrolysis of phosphites Correct loading
26 SUMMARY Additive Challenges: Proper chemistry selection & correct loading Migration (slips, antistats, antifogs) Thermal Stability/Smoking (cast film & extrusion coating) Heat sealing, Printing & Adhesive Lamination
27 Thank You Prakash R. Patel, Ph.D. Director R&D Ampacet Please remember to turn in your evaluation sheet...
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